This report includes development of an already designed solar water heater. The product shall be constructed in a way that it will suit a manufacturing line in Kampala, Uganda. To find the most suitable design for each area a research was carried out which included study visits, interviews and background reading. It provided the following results: Regarding the attachment of in- and outgoing pipes from the water tank many methods were taken into consideration and it was found that the best and most suitable way for this case is to weld the fittings using a weld robot. Regarding the fitting of the acrylic, a suitable solution is to make a flange when vacuum forming the plastic casing to further support the design. This could also be used to waterproof the case by using a sealing material. A suggestion of using pre-molded PU-foam is also presented. Regarding the ability to open the case for maintenance, two solutions were recommended. Either the use of spire clips or having the clips integrated into the casing. Regarding the calculation of material usage when deep drawing the tank and collector, it is possible to do a reasonably accurate assumption. The complicated design in this product makes the estimation less accurate. It is recommended that test draws are done and often the machine producer has more precise numbers. Regarding the coloring of the collector; chemical coloration is not possible on a galvanized surface. The method used is painting, either with powder coating or with wet paint.

Bending process is an important forming process in most industrial fields. Springback and cross-section distortion are commonly faced problems in bending process. Springback behavior of closed and open section beams changes with different parameters such as cross-section type, cross-section dimensions, bend radius and bend angle. For closed sections like tube, the dominating problem is cross-section distortion. The thickness of the tube at intrados (inner surface of tube being in contact with die) increases, whereas the thickness of the tube at extrados (outer surface of tube) decreases. Furthermore, another cross-section distortion type for tubes is flattening at extrados which is undesirable in some manufacturing operations. The present research, using finite element method, focuses on investigating the springback behavior of commonly used aluminum beams which are T-Shaped, U-Shaped and tubular for different cases. A series of analyses is performed for a beam and the changing parameters in the analyses are bend radius and thickness. Furthermore, for tubes, the effects of axial force on springback behavior are investigated. It is seen that the axial force causes stretching and the springback angles are decreased. Moreover, in order to overcome cross-section distortion in flattening for tubes, different internal pressures are used and the effects of internal pressure are investigated. By applying appropriate internal pressure, the flattening distortion is mostly eliminated. Conclusions are drawn revealing springback behaviors and cross-section distortions with respect to bend radius, bend angle, thickness, axial pull and internal pressures. They are in good agreement with other published researches and experimental results. Therefore, the models can be used to evaluate tooling and process design in bending operations.

<p>Intensive competition on the global market puts great pressure on manufacturing companies to develop and produce products that meet requirements from customers and investors. One key factor in meeting these requirements is the efficiency of the product development and the production preparation process. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase efficiency in these two processes.</p><p>The benefits of automating the production preparation process are shortened led-time, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, automation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications with production preparations done in few or in a single step. During the automation process, knowledge about the production preparation process is collected and stored in central systems, thus allowing full control over the design of production equipments.</p><p>Three main topics are addressed in this thesis: the flexibility of design automation systems, knowledge bases containing conflicting rules, and the automation of the finite element analysis process. These three topics are discussed in connection with the production preparation process of rotary draw bending.</p><p>One conclusion drawn from the research is that it is possible to apply the concept of design automation to the production preparation process at different levels of automation depending on characteristics of the implemented knowledge. In order to make design automation systems as flexible as possible, the concept of object orientation should be adapted when building the knowledge base and when building the products geometrical representations. It is possible to automate the process of setting up, running, and interpreting finite element analyses to a great extent and making the automated finite element analysis process a part of the global design automation system.</p>

To model shrink-fitting in metal components, an analytical model for two long compound cylinders with temperature dependent material properties and interference between them is developed for calculating transient temperatures and stresses. A finite element model is developed for the same geometry which incorporated the temperature dependent material properties. A convergence study is performed on the finite element and analytical model. The finite element model is validated by comparing the approximations of finite element model with the analytical solution. In an assembly procedure of fulcrums for bascule bridges, called AP1, the trunnion is shrink-fitted into a hub, followed by shrink fitting the trunnion-hub assembly into the girder of the bridge. In another assembly procedure called AP2, the hub is shrink-fitted into the girder, followed by shrink-fitting the trunnion in the hub-girder assembly. A formal design of experiments (DOE) study is conducted on both AP1 and AP2 using the finite element model to find the influence of geometrical parameters such as radial thickness of the hub, radial interference, and various shrink-fitting methods on the design parameter of overall minimum critical crack length (OMCCL) - a measure of likelihood of failure by cracking. Using the results of DOE study conducted on both the assembly procedures, AP1 and AP2 are quantitatively compared for the likelihood of fracture during assembly. For single-staged shrink-fitting methods, for high and low hub radial thickness to hub inner diameter ratio, assembly procedure AP1 and AP2 are recommended, respectively. For fulcra with low hub radial thickness to hub inner diameter ratio and where staged shrink-fitting methods are used, for AP2, cooling the trunnion in dry-ice/alcohol and heating the girder, and for AP1, cooling the trunnion-hub assembly in dry-ice/alcohol followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen is recommended. For fulcra with high hub radial thickness to hub inner diameter ratio and where staged shrink-fitting methods are used, cooling the components in dry-ice/alcohol and heating the girder is recommended for both AP1 and AP2. Due to the limitations of AP2, assembly procedures by heating the girder with heating coils instead of dipping an already stressed trunnion-hub assembly in liquid nitrogen are studied for decreasing the likelihood of failure by cracking and yielding. In an assembly procedure called AP3-A, only the girder is heated to shrink-fit the trunnion-hub assembly in the girder. This assembly procedure AP3-A is found to be infeasible because the girder fails by yielding if heating is expected to be completed in a reasonable amount of time. An alternative assembly procedure called AP3-B is suggested for shrink-fitting where the heating of the girder is combined with cooling the trunnion-hub assembly in dry-ice/alcohol mixture. This assembly procedure AP3-B is found to be feasible. A complete DOE study is conducted on AP3-B to find the influence of parameters like hub radial thickness and radial interference at trunnion-hub interface on the design parameter of overall minimum critical crack length. The design parameter, OMCCL values during the assembly procedure AP3-B are quantitatively compared with the widely used assembly procedures (AP1 single-stage shrink-fitting and AP1 multi-staged shrink fitting). The results of this work suggest that increasing the hub radial thickness decreases the likelihood of fracture significantly. For hubs with large radial thickness, heating the girder combined with cooling the trunnion-hub in dry-ice/alcohol mixture (AP3-B) is recommended but for hubs with low radial thickness, multistage cooling of the trunnion-hub assembly in dry-ice/alcohol mixture followed by dipping in liquid nitrogen (AP1- multistage cooling) is recommended.

A short-duration production test was undertaken at the Mallik site in Canada’s Mackenzie Delta in April 2007 as part of the JOGMEC/NRCan/Aurora Mallik 2007 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program. Reservoir stimulation was achieved by depressurization of a concentrated gas hydrate interval between 1093 and 1105m (RKB). Geologic and porous media conditions of the production interval have been quantified by geophysical studies undertaken in 2007 and geophysical and core studies undertaken by previous international partnerships in 1998 and 2002. These investigations have documented that the production interval consists of a sand-dominated succession with occasional silty sand interbeds. Gas hydrate occurs mainly within the sediment pore spaces, with concentrations ranging between 50-90%. Laboratory experiments conducted on reconstituted core samples have quantified the effects of pore water salinity and porous media conditions on pressure-temperature stability, suggesting that the partition between gas hydrate stability and instability should be considered as a phase boundary envelope or zone, rather than a discrete threshold. Strength testing on natural core samples has documented the dramatic changes in physical properties following gas hydrate dissociation, with sediments containing no hydrate behaving as unconsolidated sands. While operational problems limited the duration of the production test, a vigorous reservoir response to pressure draw down was observed with increasing gas flow during the testing period. We interpret that pressure temperature (P-T) conditions within the test zone were close to the gas hydrate phase equilibrium threshold, with dissociation initiated at 10 MPa bottomhole pressure (BHP), approximately 1 MPa below in situ conditions. The observation of an increase in production rates at approximately 8.2 MPa BHP may be consistent with the notion of an indistinct gas hydrate stability threshold, with rates increasing as P-T conditions traverse the phase boundary envelope. Significant sand inflow to the well during the test is interpreted to result from the loss of sediment strength during gas hydrate dissociation, with the sediment behaving as a gasified slurry. The increase in gas production rates during the final hours of the test may result from non-uniform gas hydrate dissociation and be affected by accelerated dissociation along water filled natural fractures or fine-scale geologic heterogeneities. These may initiate worm hole or high permeability conduits in association with sand production.

The aim of the study is to apply and compare the performance of two different types of neural networks on the Quick, Draw! dataset and from this determine whether interpreting the sketches as sequences gives a higher accuracy than interpreting them as pixels. The two types of networks constructed were a recurrent neural network (RNN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The networks were optimised and the final architectures included five layers. The final evaluation accuracy achieved was 94.2% and 92.3% respectively, leading to the conclusion that the sequential interpretation of the Quick, Draw! dataset is favourable.

O Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) é uma das técnicas mais utilizadas na prática dos psicólogos e, por outro lado, também é uma das mais questionadas quanto a sua validade. A partir da revisão de literatura, percebe-se a diversidade de sistemas de avaliação do DFH e a carência, em todos eles, de comprovações empíricas que justifiquem sua utilização na prática dos profissionais. Buscando contribuir para a diminuição desta carência, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo a construção e a validação de uma escala infantil para avaliação dos indicadores emocionais do DFH. Para tanto foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro teve como fontes de dados 606 desenhos de crianças de duas faixas etárias: seis a oito anos e nove a doze anos. Destas, 303 crianças estavam em atendimento psicológico e 303 crianças não se encontravam em atendimento. Os resultados indicaram que os itens que discriminaram os grupos foram diferentes conforme os sexos e as diferentes faixas etárias. Os indicadores característicos de cada gênero e de cada faixa etária foram então submetidos à nova análise no segundo estudo. Este teve como participantes 198 crianças, sendo 100 em atendimento psicológico e 98 que não estavam em atendimento. A versão final das escalas contou com um número entre 10 e 13 indicadores, conforme o sexo e a faixa etária da criança. O ponto de corte para indicação de possíveis problemas emocionais variou entre dois e quatro itens e a consistência interna variou entre K-R=0,24 e KR= 0,69. Com exceção dos meninos de 9 a 12 anos, as correlações das somas totais com os principais sintomas apresentados pelas crianças confirmaram a validade das escalas para predição de problemas emocionais específicos. / The Draw-a-Person Test (DAP) is one of the psychological techniques most frequently applied by psychologists. Besides this, it’s one of the most discussed instruments as well. The literature review emphasizes the diversity of DAP evaluations’ systems and the lack of empirical evidences in all of them. Considering this situation, the present research objective is to develop and to validate a DAP scale for emotional symptoms in children. There were conducted two studies. The first one had as data base 606 drawings from children aged between six and twelve years old, divided in two groups: children from six to eight years old and children from nine to twelve years old. Half of the drawings were from children who received psychological assistance and half of the drawings were from children who did not take part in any psychological treatment. The results indicated that the items that differentiated the groups were different by the sex and by the age of the children. The items that characterized each group and each age were analyzed in the second study. The second study sample was composed by 198 children (100 in psychological treatment and 98 non clinical children). The final scale version was composed by a variable number of items (from 10 to 13) accordant to the children’ sex and age. The minimum score that could be an indicative of psychological problems varied between two and four items, and the internal consistency varied between rK=0,24 e rk=0,69. Except for the boys aged from 9-12, the correlations between the DAP total score and the main symptoms referred by the children confirmed the scales validity as an instrument to predict emotional problems.

Este estudo procurou investigar as evidências de validade de estratégias globais de avaliação do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) na identificação de problemas emocionais em crianças. Foram considerados os aspectos de validade de construto a partir de diferentes fontes de evidências para as medidas de qualidade artística, normalidade e diferenciação sexual. Definições operacionais gerais e um conjunto de figuras ilustrativas, diferenciadas por sexo e faixas etárias das crianças que produziram o desenho, foram desenvolvidos para cada uma das escalas, segundo a avaliação de três juízes com ampla experiência na avaliação de desenhos. Além do DFH, os instrumentos utilizados foram as Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, o Child Behavior Checklist, a Escala de Identificação de Problemas, a Escala Infantil de Indicadores Emocionais do DFH e um Questionário Sócio-demográfico. A amostra constituiu-se de 198 crianças de idades entre 6 e 12 anos, sendo 100 em atendimento psicológico e 98 que não estavam em atendimento. Os DFHs foram avaliados por quatro juízes segundo as três escalas globais estudadas. Os resultados foram obtidos através de correlações parciais de Pearson, análises multivariadas de covariância e análises de covariância. A variável inteligência foi controlada em todas as análises. Observaram-se bons índices de fidedignidade entre os juízes e escores significativamente diferentes nas três escalas para os dois grupos de crianças. Os achados forneceram indícios da validade do DFH como instrumento de triagem, sendo adequado para diferenciar grupos clínicos de crianças daqueles com desenvolvimento normal. Por fim, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para que o DFH possa ser considerado uma ferramenta útil no contexto clínico da Avaliação Psicológica. / This study investigated the evidence of validity of global assessments of the Draw-a-person test (DAP) to identify children’s emotional problems. The aspects of construct validity were considered from different sources of evidence for measures of artistic quality, normality, and sexual differentiation. Operational definitions and illustrative figures, separated by sex and age groups of children who produced the draw were developed for each of the scales, according to the evaluation of three judges with extensive experience with the test. In addition to the DAP, the Colored Progressive Matrices of Raven, the Child Behavior Checklist, the School Problem’s Identification Scale, the Child Scale of DAP Emotional Indicators, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire were used. The sample comprised 198 children aged 6 to 12 years (100 in psychological treatment and 98 non-clinical children). Four judges evaluated the DAPs using the three global scales. Analyses included Pearson partial correlations, analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance. The variable intelligence was controlled in each test. Good levels of reliability were observed across raters and significant group differences were observed in the three scales. The findings provided evidence of validity for the DAP as a screening tool, showing that it was able to differentiate clinical groups of children from those with normal development. Finally, we suggest that more studies should be carried out so that the DAP could be considered a useful tool in the clinical context of Psychological Assessment.

Este estudo procurou investigar as evidências de validade de estratégias globais de avaliação do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) na identificação de problemas emocionais em crianças. Foram considerados os aspectos de validade de construto a partir de diferentes fontes de evidências para as medidas de qualidade artística, normalidade e diferenciação sexual. Definições operacionais gerais e um conjunto de figuras ilustrativas, diferenciadas por sexo e faixas etárias das crianças que produziram o desenho, foram desenvolvidos para cada uma das escalas, segundo a avaliação de três juízes com ampla experiência na avaliação de desenhos. Além do DFH, os instrumentos utilizados foram as Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, o Child Behavior Checklist, a Escala de Identificação de Problemas, a Escala Infantil de Indicadores Emocionais do DFH e um Questionário Sócio-demográfico. A amostra constituiu-se de 198 crianças de idades entre 6 e 12 anos, sendo 100 em atendimento psicológico e 98 que não estavam em atendimento. Os DFHs foram avaliados por quatro juízes segundo as três escalas globais estudadas. Os resultados foram obtidos através de correlações parciais de Pearson, análises multivariadas de covariância e análises de covariância. A variável inteligência foi controlada em todas as análises. Observaram-se bons índices de fidedignidade entre os juízes e escores significativamente diferentes nas três escalas para os dois grupos de crianças. Os achados forneceram indícios da validade do DFH como instrumento de triagem, sendo adequado para diferenciar grupos clínicos de crianças daqueles com desenvolvimento normal. Por fim, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para que o DFH possa ser considerado uma ferramenta útil no contexto clínico da Avaliação Psicológica. / This study investigated the evidence of validity of global assessments of the Draw-a-person test (DAP) to identify children’s emotional problems. The aspects of construct validity were considered from different sources of evidence for measures of artistic quality, normality, and sexual differentiation. Operational definitions and illustrative figures, separated by sex and age groups of children who produced the draw were developed for each of the scales, according to the evaluation of three judges with extensive experience with the test. In addition to the DAP, the Colored Progressive Matrices of Raven, the Child Behavior Checklist, the School Problem’s Identification Scale, the Child Scale of DAP Emotional Indicators, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire were used. The sample comprised 198 children aged 6 to 12 years (100 in psychological treatment and 98 non-clinical children). Four judges evaluated the DAPs using the three global scales. Analyses included Pearson partial correlations, analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance. The variable intelligence was controlled in each test. Good levels of reliability were observed across raters and significant group differences were observed in the three scales. The findings provided evidence of validity for the DAP as a screening tool, showing that it was able to differentiate clinical groups of children from those with normal development. Finally, we suggest that more studies should be carried out so that the DAP could be considered a useful tool in the clinical context of Psychological Assessment.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Several issues pass through the mind of the therapist who ventures into the field of child psychotherapy, making them reflect and seek knowledge to guide their practice. This study aimed to investigate how children under psychological care in public health institution, in basic health institution, represent their therapy and their therapist. For this purpose, a qualitative study was carried out, using the draw and tell a story procedures. Eight children between five and twelve years old participated in this study. The children were asked to perform a sequence of three drawing-stories. The data analysis was performed using content analysis. The results are presented in the form of scientific papers. The first article focuses on the representation of the psychotherapy and the second on the representation of a psychotherapist. The results of the first study showed that children experienced their therapy as a place where they could play and talk about themselves. The emphasis given by the children to the ludic resources and to the conversations points out the importance of these therapeutic tools, since they enable children to communicate and work on their issues. Moreover, the treatment was experienced by the children as a place where changes happen in order to achieve therapeutic gains and improvements. The results of the second study suggest that children have a representation of a psychologist as someone who plays and talks with them. In order to make the therapeutic process happen, the ability of the professional to provide a reliable and supported environment was valued. In this place, the child feels safe to bring up their issues, highlighting the holding received during the treatment. The final considerations highlight the possibility of having services of quality in public health institutions, since psychotherapy has been experienced by children as the literature indicates, that is, regardless the place it happens and the people who take it. / Várias questões invadem a mente do terapeuta que se aventura no campo da psicoterapia com crianças, fazendo com que este reflita e busque conhecimentos que norteiem a sua prática. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a forma como crianças que estavam em atendimento psicológico em instituição pública de saúde, em atenção básica, representam a sua terapia e o seu terapeuta. Com este intuito, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo com a aplicação da técnica do desenho-estória. Participaram deste oito crianças com idade entre cinco e doze anos incompletos. Foi solicitado às crianças que realizassem uma sequência de três desenhos-estórias. A análise dos dados coletados foi feita através de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados são apresentados no formato de artigos cientificos. O primeiro artigo versa sobre a representação de psicoterapia e o segundo sobre a representação de psicoterapeuta. Os resultados do primeiro artigo evidenciam que as crianças vivenciaram a sua terapia enquanto um espaço onde elas puderam tanto brincar quanto falar sobre si. O destaque dado pelos infantes aos recursos lúdicos e ao conversar salienta a valorização destes enquanto dispositivos que as possibilitaram comunicar e trabalhar as suas questões. Além disto, o tratamento foi experienciado pelas crianças como um lugar destinado a estas realizarem mudanças com o intuito de alcançarem ganhos terapêuticos e melhorarem. Por sua vez, os resultados do segundo artigo apontam que as crianças têm uma representação de psicólogo enquanto alguém que brinca e conversa com elas. Para que o processo terapêutico se dê, foi valorizada a capacidade do profissional prover um ambiente confiável e amparador, no qual a criança se sinta segura para trazer as suas questões, sendo destacado nesse sentido o holding recebido ao longo do tratamento. As considerações finais destacam a possibilidade da implantação de serviços de qualidade em instituições públicas de saúde, uma vez que a psicoterapia foi vivenciada pelas crianças como a literatura aponta que ela deve ser independente do lugar em que ela se dá e das pessoas que ela atende.