This dissertation describes the improvement of signal analysis in ultrasonic microscopy for nondestructive testing. Specimens with many thin layers, like modern electronic components, pose a particular challenge for identifying and localizing defects. In this thesis, new evaluation algorithms have been developed which enable analysis of highly complex layer-stacks. This is achieved by a specific evaluation of multiple reflections, a newly developed iterative reconstruction and deconvolution algorithm, and the use of classification algorithms with a highly optimized simulation algorithm. Deep delaminations inside a 19-layer component can now not only be detected, but also localized. The new analysis methods also enable precise determination of elastic material parameters, sound velocities, thicknesses, and densities of multiple layers. The highly improved precision of determined reflections parameters with deconvolution also provides better and more conclusive results with common analysis methods. / Die vorgelegte Dissertation befasst sich mit der Verbesserung der Signalauswertung für die Ultraschallmikroskopie in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. Insbesondere bei Proben mit vielen dünnen Schichten, wie bei modernen Halbleiterbauelementen, ist das Auffinden und die Bestimmung der Lage von Fehlstellen eine große Herausforderung. In dieser Arbeit wurden neue Auswertealgorithmen entwickelt, die eine Analyse hochkomplexer Schichtabfolgen ermöglichen. Erreicht wird dies durch die gezielte Auswertung von Mehrfachreflexionen, einen neu entwickelten iterativen Rekonstruktions- und Entfaltungsalgorithmus und die Nutzung von Klassifikationsalgorithmen im Zusammenspiel mit einem hoch optimierten neu entwickelten Simulationsalgorithmus. Dadurch ist es erstmals möglich, tief liegende Delaminationen in einem 19-schichtigem Halbleiterbauelement nicht nur zu detektieren, sondern auch zu lokalisieren. Die neuen Analysemethoden ermöglichen des Weiteren eine genaue Bestimmung von elastischen Materialparametern, Schallgeschwindigkeiten, Dicken und Dichten mehrschichtiger Proben. Durch die stark verbesserte Genauigkeit der Reflexionsparameterbestimmung mittels Signalentfaltung lassen sich auch mit klassischen Analysemethoden deutlich bessere und aussagekräftigere Ergebnisse erzielen. Aus den Erkenntnissen dieser Dissertation wurde ein Ultraschall-Analyseprogramm entwickelt, das diese komplexen Funktionen auf einer gut bedienbaren Oberfläche bereitstellt und bereits praktisch genutzt wird.

Jörn Sieglerschmidt, Bibliotheksservice-Zentrum Baden Württemberg, Konstanz, führte seine Zuhörer durch die schwierigen Aufgaben bei der Vertextung von Museumsgut, wobei er deutlich machte, dass anders als im Bibliothekswesen die Grenzen zwischen Formal- und Sacherschließung fließend sind: http://titan.bsz-bw.de/cms/museen/musis/publ/sieglerschmidt_freiburg2007.pdf

The possibility of direct preforming in the near net shape of final component structure with load- and shape-conforming fiber orientations is highly essential in composite production, not only to reduce costs but also to attain better mechanical properties and form stability. Based on the concept of varying the reinforcement yarn lengths during the feed-in (warp yarn delivery) and segmented doffing, synchronous working numerically controlled warp yarn delivery and doffing machine modules have been newly developed for multiaxial warp knitting machines to create a resource efficient textile process chain by a single-step, large-scale oriented production of load- and form-conforming warp knitted three-dimensional shell preforms with free-form geometrical surfaces. Such customized preforms in the near component net shape offer higher material utilization and increased lightweight potential.

This dissertation describes the improvement of signal analysis in ultrasonic microscopy for nondestructive testing. Specimens with many thin layers, like modern electronic components, pose a particular challenge for identifying and localizing defects. In this thesis, new evaluation algorithms have been developed which enable analysis of highly complex layer-stacks. This is achieved by a specific evaluation of multiple reflections, a newly developed iterative reconstruction and deconvolution algorithm, and the use of classification algorithms with a highly optimized simulation algorithm. Deep delaminations inside a 19-layer component can now not only be detected, but also localized. The new analysis methods also enable precise determination of elastic material parameters, sound velocities, thicknesses, and densities of multiple layers. The highly improved precision of determined reflections parameters with deconvolution also provides better and more conclusive results with common analysis methods.:Kurzfassung......................................................................................................................II Abstract.............................................................................................................................V List ob abbreviations........................................................................................................X 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation.....................................................................................................................2 1.2 System theoretical description.....................................................................................3 1.3 Structure of the thesis..................................................................................................6 2 Sound field.........................................................................................................................8 2.1 Sound field measurement............................................................................................8 2.2 Sound field modeling..................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Reflection and transmission coefficients.........................................................11 2.2.2 Sound field modeling with plane waves..........................................................13 2.2.3 Generalized sound field position.....................................................................19 2.3 Receiving transducer signal.......................................................................................20 2.3.1 Calculation of the transducer signal from the sound field...............................20 2.3.2 Received signal amplitude..............................................................................21 2.3.3 Measurement of reference signals..................................................................24 3 Ultrasonic Simulation......................................................................................................27 3.1 State of the art............................................................................................................27 3.2 Simulation approach..................................................................................................28 3.2.1 Sound field measurement based simulation...................................................28 3.2.2 Reference signal based simulation.................................................................30 3.3 Determination of the impulse response.....................................................................31 3.3.1 1D ray-trace algorithm....................................................................................31 3.3.2 2D ray-trace algorithm....................................................................................33 3.3.3 Complexity reduction – optimizations.............................................................35 4 Deconvolution – Determination of reflection parameters............................................38 4.1 State of the art............................................................................................................39 4.1.1 Decomposition techniques..............................................................................39 4.1.2 Deconvolution.................................................................................................41 4.2 Analytic signal investigations for deconvolution.........................................................42 4.3 Single reference pulse deconvolution........................................................................44 4.4 Multi-pulse deconvolution..........................................................................................47 4.4.1 Homogeneous multi-pulse deconvolution.......................................................48 4.4.2 Multi-pulse deconvolution with simulated GSP profile....................................49 5 Reconstruction.................................................................................................................50 5.1 State of the art............................................................................................................50 5.2 Reconstruction approach...........................................................................................51 5.3 Direct material parameter estimation.........................................................................52 5.3.1 Sound velocities and layer thickness..............................................................52 5.3.2 Density, elastic modules and acoustic attenuation.........................................54 5.4 Iterative material parameter determination of a single layer......................................56 5.5 Reconstruction of complex specimens......................................................................60 5.5.1 Material characterization of multiple layers ....................................................60 5.5.2 Iterative simulation parameter optimization with correlation...........................62 5.5.3 Pattern recognition reconstruction of specimens with known base structure. 66 6 Applications and results.................................................................................................71 6.1 Analysis of stacked components................................................................................71 6.2 Time-of-flight and material analysis...........................................................................74 7 Conclusions and perspectives.......................................................................................78 References.......................................................................................................................82 Figures.............................................................................................................................86 Tables...............................................................................................................................88 Appendix..........................................................................................................................89 Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................100 Danksagung...................................................................................................................101 / Die vorgelegte Dissertation befasst sich mit der Verbesserung der Signalauswertung für die Ultraschallmikroskopie in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. Insbesondere bei Proben mit vielen dünnen Schichten, wie bei modernen Halbleiterbauelementen, ist das Auffinden und die Bestimmung der Lage von Fehlstellen eine große Herausforderung. In dieser Arbeit wurden neue Auswertealgorithmen entwickelt, die eine Analyse hochkomplexer Schichtabfolgen ermöglichen. Erreicht wird dies durch die gezielte Auswertung von Mehrfachreflexionen, einen neu entwickelten iterativen Rekonstruktions- und Entfaltungsalgorithmus und die Nutzung von Klassifikationsalgorithmen im Zusammenspiel mit einem hoch optimierten neu entwickelten Simulationsalgorithmus. Dadurch ist es erstmals möglich, tief liegende Delaminationen in einem 19-schichtigem Halbleiterbauelement nicht nur zu detektieren, sondern auch zu lokalisieren. Die neuen Analysemethoden ermöglichen des Weiteren eine genaue Bestimmung von elastischen Materialparametern, Schallgeschwindigkeiten, Dicken und Dichten mehrschichtiger Proben. Durch die stark verbesserte Genauigkeit der Reflexionsparameterbestimmung mittels Signalentfaltung lassen sich auch mit klassischen Analysemethoden deutlich bessere und aussagekräftigere Ergebnisse erzielen. Aus den Erkenntnissen dieser Dissertation wurde ein Ultraschall-Analyseprogramm entwickelt, das diese komplexen Funktionen auf einer gut bedienbaren Oberfläche bereitstellt und bereits praktisch genutzt wird.:Kurzfassung......................................................................................................................II Abstract.............................................................................................................................V List ob abbreviations........................................................................................................X 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation.....................................................................................................................2 1.2 System theoretical description.....................................................................................3 1.3 Structure of the thesis..................................................................................................6 2 Sound field.........................................................................................................................8 2.1 Sound field measurement............................................................................................8 2.2 Sound field modeling..................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Reflection and transmission coefficients.........................................................11 2.2.2 Sound field modeling with plane waves..........................................................13 2.2.3 Generalized sound field position.....................................................................19 2.3 Receiving transducer signal.......................................................................................20 2.3.1 Calculation of the transducer signal from the sound field...............................20 2.3.2 Received signal amplitude..............................................................................21 2.3.3 Measurement of reference signals..................................................................24 3 Ultrasonic Simulation......................................................................................................27 3.1 State of the art............................................................................................................27 3.2 Simulation approach..................................................................................................28 3.2.1 Sound field measurement based simulation...................................................28 3.2.2 Reference signal based simulation.................................................................30 3.3 Determination of the impulse response.....................................................................31 3.3.1 1D ray-trace algorithm....................................................................................31 3.3.2 2D ray-trace algorithm....................................................................................33 3.3.3 Complexity reduction – optimizations.............................................................35 4 Deconvolution – Determination of reflection parameters............................................38 4.1 State of the art............................................................................................................39 4.1.1 Decomposition techniques..............................................................................39 4.1.2 Deconvolution.................................................................................................41 4.2 Analytic signal investigations for deconvolution.........................................................42 4.3 Single reference pulse deconvolution........................................................................44 4.4 Multi-pulse deconvolution..........................................................................................47 4.4.1 Homogeneous multi-pulse deconvolution.......................................................48 4.4.2 Multi-pulse deconvolution with simulated GSP profile....................................49 5 Reconstruction.................................................................................................................50 5.1 State of the art............................................................................................................50 5.2 Reconstruction approach...........................................................................................51 5.3 Direct material parameter estimation.........................................................................52 5.3.1 Sound velocities and layer thickness..............................................................52 5.3.2 Density, elastic modules and acoustic attenuation.........................................54 5.4 Iterative material parameter determination of a single layer......................................56 5.5 Reconstruction of complex specimens......................................................................60 5.5.1 Material characterization of multiple layers ....................................................60 5.5.2 Iterative simulation parameter optimization with correlation...........................62 5.5.3 Pattern recognition reconstruction of specimens with known base structure. 66 6 Applications and results.................................................................................................71 6.1 Analysis of stacked components................................................................................71 6.2 Time-of-flight and material analysis...........................................................................74 7 Conclusions and perspectives.......................................................................................78 References.......................................................................................................................82 Figures.............................................................................................................................86 Tables...............................................................................................................................88 Appendix..........................................................................................................................89 Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................100 Danksagung...................................................................................................................101

Three-dimensional (3D) profiled woven fabrics with varying cross-sections along the component parts are needed in a number of industrial applications. One of the main advantages of the ribbon loom weaving technique is the ability to produce highly diverse structures with open or closed edges. The realization of 3D profiled woven fabrics that satisfy the requirements is directly connected to the ability to process high-performance fibers in the weft direction. The processing of high-performance yarns in the weft direction with low fiber damage will open new application areas for shuttle weaving machines. By employing modified mechanical loom elements, the variety of producible structures can be increased significantly.

Reliable information about the micro-processes during filtration and dewatering of filter cakes allows more accurate statements about process development and design in any industrial application with solid-liquid separation units. Distributed particle properties such as shape, size, and material influence the formation of the porous network structure, which can show considerable local fluctuations in vertical and horizontal alignment in the cake forming apparatus. The present work relates to a wide range of particle sizes and particle shapes and presents their effects on integral, but preferably local, structural parameters of cake filtration. Current models for the relationship between particle properties and resulting porous structure remain inaccurate. Therefore, the central question focus on the model-based correlation between obtained tomographic 3D information and characteristic cake and process parameters. In combination with X-ray computed tomography and microscopy (ZEISS Xradia 510), data acquisition of the structural build-up of filter cakes is possible on a small scale (filter area 0.2 cm²) and a conventional laboratory scale (filter area 20 cm², VDI 2762 pressure nutsch). Thereby, the work focuses on structural parameters at the local level before, during, and after cake dewatering, such as porosity, coordination number, three-phase contact angle, characteristics of pores and isolated liquid regions, the liquid load of individual particles, tortuosity, and capillary length, and the corresponding spatial distributions. Seven different particle systems in the range of 20 and 500 µm, suspended in aqueous solutions with additives for contrast enhancement, served as raw materials for the filter cake formation. Image data processing from 16-bit greyscale images with a resolution of 2 to 4 µm/voxel edge length includes various operations with a two-stage segmentation to identify air, solid particles, and liquid phase, resulting in a machine learning-based automated approach. Subsequent modeling and correlation of measured parameters rely on experimentally verified quantities from mercury porosimetry, laser diffraction, dynamic image analysis, static and dynamic droplet contour analysis, as well as filtration and capillary pressure tests according to VDI guidelines. The tomography measurements provide microscopic information about the porous system, quantified using characteristic key parameters and distribution functions. By studying the cake structure concerning the local distribution of particle size and shape and the resulting porosity, segregation effects can be avoided by increasing the feed concentration of particles, whereby swarm inhibition of particles in the initial suspension strongly hinders or completely suppresses layer formation in the cake according to distributed particle properties (Publication A). In the subsequent dewatering of the filter cake to the irreducible saturation, the measurement of the local coordination number as well as the remaining liquid volumes at the particle contacts allows the determination of a discrete liquid load distribution by correlation with the respective particle volume (Publication B). The determination of the capillary length - shortest capillary for single-phase pore flow and capillary of least resistance for multiphase pore flow - provides modeling approaches for the cake formation from publication A as well as the dewatering process from publication B (Publication C). The parameter sets obtained also help to transfer and extend existing, theoretical models of multiphase pore flow to the application example of filter cake dewatering (Publication D). At the microscopic level, the measurement of the three-phase contact angle at isolated liquid volumes within the porous matrix provides a deeper understanding of the macroscopic models from publications C and D (Publication E).:List of Figures List of Tables Notation 1 Introduction 2 Multiphase Processes in Porous Media 2.1 Cake Filtration and Single Phase Porous Media Flow 2.2 Cake Dewatering 2.2.1 Particle Surface Wettability 2.2.2 Capillarity in Porous Media 2.2.3 Static Capillary Pressure 2.2.4 Dynamic Capillary Pressure 3 Acquisition of 3D Information of Porous Media 3.1 Absorption and Scattering of X-rays 3.2 X-ray Microscopy 3.2.1 Image Acquisition 3.2.2 Image Reconstruction 3.2.3 Image Quality and Artifacts 3.3 Image Post-Processing 3.3.1 Image Enhancement 3.3.2 Segmentation and Thresholding 3.3.3 Processing Binary Images 3.4 Image Measurement 4 Materials and Methods 4.1 The Solid Phase 4.2 The Liquid Phase 4.3 Suspension Stability 4.4 Experimental Design and Down-Scale for Tomography Measurements 4.5 Experimental Characterization of Filtration and Dewatering Properties 4.5.1 Cake Filtration 4.5.2 Cake Dewatering (Capillary Pressure Measurements) 5 Conclusion and Outlook Literature Publications A to E Appendix

Ein Forschungsprojekt von SBG und TU Dresden erarbeitete ab 2007 eine Visualisierung der Planungs- und Baugeschichte des Dresdner Zwingers. Viele Bauphasen wurden virtuell dreidimensional modelliert und verdeutlichen die Ideen der einst weitaus größer geplanten Anlage. Die Ergebnisse sollen Teil der neuen Baugeschichtsausstellung in der Bogengalerie des Zwingers sein.

Elektrische und magnetische Emitter können zur Erforschung unterschiedlicher plasmonischer Nanostrukturen genutzt werden. Indem wir die Änderung der Abstrahldynamik und in der Lebensdauer bestimmen, detektieren wir die photonische lokale Zustandsdichte. Diese Zustandsdichte, die eine Eigenschaft der Umgebung ist, ermöglicht uns nicht nur Rückschlüsse auf die elektronischen und andere physikalische Eigenschaften dieser zu treffen sondern auch die allgemeinen Eigenschaften der plasmonischen Nanostruktur im Bezug auf Licht-Materie Kopplung zu bestimmen. Eine starke Licht-Materie-Kopplung ist für die zukünftige Anwendung im Bereich der Quantentechnologien wichtig. Wenn Emitter hierbei mit plasmonischen Nanostrukturen koppeln, fokussieren letztere nicht nur das emittierte Lichts an der Oberfläche im Subwellenlängenbereich sondern ermöglichen durch die Feldüberhöhung an der Oberfläche auch eine starke Licht-Materie-Kopplung. In der Arbeit konzentrieren wir uns auf zwei grundlegend unterschiedliche plasmonische Systeme: zunächst untersuchen wir analytisch den Einfluss von Graphen auf elektrische und magnetische Emitter und diskutieren dann die Lebensdaueränderungen und Strahlungsdynamiken in der Nähe von Silber- und Goldnanostrukturen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit analysieren wir den Einfluss von Graphen mit einer Bandlücke auf den Emitter und zeigen Möglichkeiten zur experimentellen Bestimmung der Bandlücke auf. Im zweiten Teil modellieren wir die Propagation elektromagnetischer Felder im dreidimensionalen Raum mit Hilfe der Diskontinuierlichen Galerkin Zeitraum Methode mit erweiterten Funktionalitäten. Diese verwenden wir sowohl zur theoretischen Modellierung des ersten dreidimensionalen Fluoreszenlebensdauerabbildungsmikroskopie mit einem einzelnen Quantenemitter als auch zur selbstkonsistent Beschreibung von Emittern in der Nähe eines Goldpentamers. Die Kombination der Studien betont die Stärke von Emittern elektrische, optische und magnetische Eigenschaften zu detektieren. / Electric and magnetic emitters can be used to probe different plasmonic nanostructures. By determining the modification of the radiation dynamics and the lifetimes, we can measure the photonic local density of states. This, being a property of the enviroment, does not only allow us to draw conclusions regarding the electronic and other physical properties of the latter but also regarding the general light-matter coupling properties of the plasmonic nanostructure. A strong light-matter coupling is important for future applications in quantum technology. If emitters couple specifically to plasmonic nanostructure, the latter do not only focus the emitted light at the sub-wavelength scale at the surface of the structure but also allow for such a strong light-matter coupling due to the field enhancement at the surface. In this work, we focus on two different basic plasmonic systems: first, we study analytically the influence of graphene on electric and magnetic emitters, and second we discuss lifetime modifications and radiation dynamics close to silver and gold nanostructures. In the first part of this work, we specifically focus on the influence of graphene exhibiting a finite band gap on the emitter. In the second part, we model the propagation of electromagnetic fields in three-dimensional space making use of the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method with extended functionalities. This framework we apply to model the first three-dimensional scanning-probe fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy by use of a single quantum-emitter as well as for a self-consistent description of emitters in the proximity of a gold pentamer. The combination of these studies stress that the strength of emitters lies in the detection of electronic, optical and magnetic properties.

No description available.

This thesis presents new insights into Alpine Fault structures at the drill site of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP)-2B at Whataroa in New Zealand. Despite the challenging conditions for seismic imaging within a glacial valley filled with sediments and steeply dipping valley flanks, several structures related to the valley itself as well as the tectonic fault system are imaged. The Alpine Fault at the West Coast in New Zealand is a major plate boundary forming a significant geohazard as large earthquakes (magnitude 7-8) occur regularly and the next earthquake is expected relatively soon. A major effort has been made to study the fault characteristics through scientific drilling in the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) Alpine Fault with the deepest DFDP-2B borehole located in the Whataroa Valley. A great variety of seismic data are newly acquired. First, the WhataDUSIE (Whataroa Detailed University Seismic Imaging Experiment) data set is a ~5 km long 2D profile acquired in 2011 prior to the drilling. As the 2D profile could not fully explain the 3D structures in the Whataroa Valley, an extended surface and borehole data set was acquired in 2016 after the drilling. This data set consists of shorter 2D lines (< 3 km), a dense 3D-array, and vertical seismic profiling (VSP) using the DFDP-2B borehole including the fibre-optic cable. 3D seismic data proved to be essential to understand the complex 3D structures of the glacial valley and the major fault. First-arrival travel time tomography and prestack depth migration (PSDM) are applied to obtain a P-wave velocity model and seismic images of the subsurface (<5 km). In this complex setting, the Fresnel volume migration (a focusing PSDM method) proved to best obtain structural information about the subsurface. Analysing the results of the seismic data processing, two major outcomes are achieved: improved knowledge about the glacial structures of the Whataroa Valley and structural images of the Alpine Fault zone. The Whataroa Valley is an overdeepened glacial valley with details of the basement topography visible in the seismic images. A deep trough is identified south of the DFDP-2B borehole with horizontal layering of the sediments. Valley flanks are identified in both the seismic images and the P-wave velocity model, particularly the western valley flank. Thus, Quaternary and glacial processes can be analysed with the help of the newly derived seismic images. The Alpine Fault is directly imaged with the seismic data, which is the first time in this region at shallow depths (<5 km). Several shorter fault segments between depths of 0.2 km and 2.2 km dipping 40-56° to the southeast are directly imaged. Further identified reflectors and faults are interpreted to represent Alpine Fault structures in the form of a damage zone and induced faults adding further complexity to the fault zone. In conclusion, the 3D seismic results presented in this thesis provide new insights into the Whataroa subsurface. Hence, the new results form a good basis for a deeper understanding of the Alpine Fault structures and underlying processes which is important for potential future drilling but also for the estimation of the geohazard in the region.