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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
391

O perfil das crianças e adolescentes usuários de álcool e/ou outras drogas atendidas em um pronto socorro e a percepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre o processo de trabalho nesta unidade / The profile of children and adolescents use alcohol and/or drug treated at an emergency department and the perception of the nursing staff on the process of working on this unit

Macedo, Maraiza Mitie de 17 September 2014 (has links)
A principal causa dos atendimentos psiquiátricos de emergência às crianças e adolescentes é o comportamento agressivo, presente inclusive no abuso/ intoxicação por drogas. As unidades de emergência que atendem esta clientela lidam com o imediatismo das situações de saúde, somados às dificuldades inerentes ao manejo das questões relacionadas ao uso de substâncias e a complexidade do processo de trabalho para esta demanda neste setor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os atendimentos de emergência psiquiátrica às crianças e adolescentes com transtornos pelo uso de substâncias, analisando os aspectos operacionais e emocionais relacionados ao trabalho da equipe de enfermagem no cuidado a esta clientela, no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital das Clínicas de Marília no período de 2000 a 2011. Trata-se de um estudo na combinação das abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, dividido em duas fases, cuja primeira foi quantitativa, com um estudo transversal, descritivo exploratório a partir de dados secundários referentes aos atendimentos de emergência psiquiátrica relacionados ao uso de substâncias para menores de 18 anos. A segunda fase foi qualitativa, também transversal, descritiva e exploratória na qual foi utilizada a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada para a coleta de dados. Foram realizados 4.198 atendimentos de emergência psiquiátrica para crianças e adolescentes, 1.010 foram por problemas relacionados ao uso de álcool e/ou outras drogas, sendo o ano de 2011 o que mais registrou atendimentos. A idade prevalente foi dos 10 aos 17 anos, com predomínio dos 16 anos de idade, da cor branca, cursando o Ensino Fundamental, religião católica e predomínio do consumo de múltiplas drogas. Dentre os profissionais de enfermagem que lidam com esta demanda, participaram das entrevistas 6 enfermeiros e 25 auxiliares de enfermagem. Para a maioria dos participantes, não há diferença entre o atendimento de crianças e adolescentes com adultos, quando há, justificam pelas emoções e sentimentos que esta clientela desperta. O acolhimento se dá com contenção física e química e consulta médica. Os saberes especificados foram o conhecimento teórico/prático, ética profissional e habilidade de comunicação. Foram citadas tecnologias leve-duras, como agilidade, postura firme, observação e atenção. Já as tecnologias leves foram citadas a abertura para diálogo, paciência, discernimento, afetividade, discrição e humanização. Identificaram-se também desafios para a realização destes atendimentos, como a carência de melhorias nos aspectos físico-estruturais e da própria organização do processo de trabalho, a falta de privacidade para o atendimento, o número reduzido de profissionais de enfermagem e a falta de treinamento/capacitação. Foi citada uma sala específica da psiquiatria e também o próprio corredor, como locais de atendimento. Conclui-se que os resultados do presente estudo contribuem com o contexto das políticas e práticas em saúde relacionadas ao uso de substâncias, pois fornece um panorama sobre a emergência desta problemática entre os adolescentes. Considerando o papel central da enfermagem nestes setores, os resultados possibilitarão uma reflexão crítica sobre a sua responsabilização em relação às possíveis atividades preventivas, a adequação do cuidado de enfermagem a essa clientela e, sobretudo sua responsabilidade em relação ao desfecho destes atendimentos / The main cause of psychiatric emergency care to children and adolescents is aggressive behavior, even in this abuse/drug intoxication. Emergency department that serve these clients deal with the immediacy of health situation, added to the difficulties inherent in the management of related to substance use issues and the complexity of the work process for this demand in this sector. The present study aimed to characterize the psychiatric emergency room visits for children and adolescents with substance use disorders by analyzing the operational and emotional aspects related to the work of the nursing staff in caring for these clients in the Emergency Room of the Hospital das Clinicas Marília in the period 2000-2011. This is a study on the combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches, divided into two phases, the first was quantitative, with a cross-sectional study, exploratory descriptive from secondary data relating to emergency treatment psychiatric related to substance use for children under 18 years. The second phase was qualitative, also cross sectional, descriptive and exploratory technique in which semi-structured interviews for data collection was used. 4,198 psychiatric emergency calls were made for children and teenagers, 1,010 were for problems related to alcohol and/or other drugs, and the year 2011 which recorded more visits. The prevalent age was 10 to 17 years, with predominance of the 16-year-old, white color, attending elementary school, Catholic religion and prevalence of polydrug use. Among the nurses who deal with this demand, participated in the interviews 6 nurses and 25 nursing assistants. For most participants, there is no difference between caring for children and adolescents with adults, when there justify the emotions and feelings this arouses clientele. The host is with physical restraint and chemical and medical consultation. The knowledge specified were the theoretical/practical knowledge, professional ethics and communication skills. Soft-hard technologies, such as agility, firm stance, observation and attention were mentioned. Have light technologies were cited openness to dialogue, patience, understanding, affection, discretion and humanization. We identified also challenges to achieving these cases, as the lack of improvements in physical and structural aspects of the organization of the work process, the lack of privacy for the service, the small number of nurses and lack of training/training. A specific room of psychiatry and the hall itself was also cited as areas of care. We conclude that the results of this study contribute to the context of policies and health practices related to substance use it provides an overview of the emergence of this problem among teenagers. Given the central role of nursing in these sectors, the results allow for a critical reflection on its accountability to possible preventive activities, the adequacy of nursing care to these clients and especially their responsibility in relation to the outcome of these consultations
392

香港中學生濫用藥物之危險因子、保護因子與抗逆能力研究. / Study of risk factors, protective factors and resilience of drug abuse among secondary school students in Hong Kong / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection / Xianggang zhong xue sheng lan yong yao wu zhi wei xian yin zi, bao hu yin zi yu kang ni neng li yan jiu.

January 2011 (has links)
盧國輝. / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-278) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lu Guohui.
393

The Real Risks of Fishing: Occupational Context and the Intersection of Social Networks, Masculinity and Drug-Related HIV Risk Behavior among Fishermen in Malaysia

West, Brooke S. January 2014 (has links)
Fishermen are a high-risk group for HIV, having higher HIV rates than typically high-risk groups like truck drivers and military personnel (Kissling, et al., 2005a). Despite this, fishing communities have consistently fallen through the net of HIV research initiatives and in Southeast Asia, there are few such projects targeting fishermen and their communities. In Malaysia, there is particular cause for concern as estimates suggest that fishing communities have an HIV prevalence rate 10 times that of the general population (Kissling, et al., 2005a). Although only 1.3% of the working population are employed in the fishing industry (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2005), fishermen constitute 3.8% of the total reported HIV cases in the country (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2008). The dearth of research initiatives targeting HIV within Malaysian fishing communities, and the criminalization of drug users, more broadly, underscores the need for a greater understanding of why fishermen are at increased risk for HIV, but also what approaches might be most effective at curbing the HIV epidemic for these men. This research examines HIV among fishermen by focusing on the social drivers of drug use and drug-related risk behavior in this community. Drawing on theories of risk, this research employs an approach that situates HIV risk behavior within the larger social context. Specifically, I ask: what social factors support an environment conducive to risk behavior and the transmission of HIV among this population of fishermen? Using a mixed-methods approach, this dissertation examines multi-level determinants of HIV among fishermen in Malaysia, assessing how occupational characteristics, social networks, and conceptions of masculinity shape drug use and HIV risk behaviors. The focus on occupational characteristics contributes to the literature on occupational cultures and workplaces as sites for the production of health vulnerabilities, particularly HIV. The focus on masculinity speaks to the to need to better understand the cultural meanings and gender norms associated with HIV risk behaviors among men and the attention to social networks complements a growing body of research that recognizes the role of informal networks in amplifying or attenuating health-related risk. The data for this dissertation comes from Project WAVES, a study conducted by the University of Malaya in collaboration with the Social Intervention Group at Columbia University. The study was conducted in and around the Kuantan jetty, one of the busiest fishing jetties in the country, located in Pahang State on the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. The data consist of 28 in-depth semi-structured interviews with drug-using fishermen and survey data from 406 fishermen who were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. The findings of this research suggest that multilevel factors tied to occupational structure shaped drug use and risk behavior contexts. The mechanization of the fishing industry created shifts in the local labor market that shaped fishermen's daily work and lives. In this new occupational context, the social and economic organization of the occupation of fishing supported drug use in this community. In particular, boat captains loaned money to buy drugs and some supplied drugs for the purpose of work, which resulted in unsafe injection practices and more limited access to clean needles/syringes. The integration of drug use and drug users into the occupational culture of fishing also shaped social and drug-using networks. I find that multidimensional aspects of social network relationships, including social support, trust, participation, and isolation were significantly associated, both positively and negatively, with recent injection and sharing needles/syringes. The results also demonstrate connections between masculinity and injection-related HIV risk behavior. Of note, drug using men were marginalized in their communities and drug use posed a threat to masculinity as men who used drugs were seen as "less of a man" or lacking in "reason." When this marginalization was internalized, men were more likely to engage in receptive sharing of a needle/syringe. Collectively, these results indicate that occupational characteristics, networks and masculinity intersect in complex ways to increase drug use and HIV among fishermen in Kuantan. Although the findings highlight a number challenges to reducing HIV in this population, they also point to a number of possible interventions, which are discussed in the final chapter.
394

An investigation into the role of mesoaccumbal GABAA receptor α2 subunit in mediating cocaine-facilitated conditioned behaviours using the RNA interference system

Sindarto, Marsha Moniaga January 2019 (has links)
α2 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α2-GABAARs) are abundantly expressed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a region thought to be important in mediating cocaine's reinforcing properties. This thesis develops viral-based RNAi tools in efforts to investigate the functional role of mesoaccumbal α2-GABAARs in mediating cocaine's ability to facilitate conditioned behaviours (i.e. behavioural sensitisation and conditioned reinforcement). RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the α2 subunit expression in the NAc core neither affected appetitive Pavlovian learning nor instrumental learning maintained by the conditioned reinforcer, but blocked cocaine facilitation of conditioned reinforcement. This behavioural phenotype was also observed upon α2 knockdown specifically in NAc core dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)-containing neurons, whereas α2 knockdown in mesoaccumbal D1R-containing neurons reduced the level of discriminated approach during Pavlovian learning. Further, α2 knockdown in the NAc core or shell did not block cocaine-induced sensitisation as previously observed in the constitutive knockouts (Dixon et al., 2010), but the latter increased acute locomotor responses to cocaine. Data presented within this thesis indicate that GABAergic signalling via α2-GABAARs within the NAc is involved in some of the motivation-enhancing properties of cocaine, most likely via interactions with the dopaminergic system.
395

Behavioral characteristics of young children who were prenatally substance exposed

Heflin, Juane 12 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to identify behavioral characteristics of young children (ages 3-8) in special education who were prenatally substance exposed in order to compare them to the behaviors of non-substance exposed children in special education.
396

Modulação opioidérgica na seleção comportamental após o parto / Opioidergic modulation of behavioral selection during lactation

Aline de Mello Cruz 01 July 2009 (has links)
O tratamento com morfina ao final da prenhez, faz com que uma única dose dessa droga durante a lactação iniba o comportamento maternal e estimule a caça predatória. A intensidade dessa mudança comportamental depende da dose desafio de morfina utilizada. A exposição a drogas de abuso pode levar a um fenômeno denominado tolerância reversa, que consiste na exacerbação dos efeitos do tratamento agudo com um fármaco observada após a interrupção de um tratamento crônico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como os efeitos do pré-tratamento com morfina durante a gestação podem influenciar na seleção comportamental após o parto. Ratas foram expostas simultaneamente a filhotes e insetos, sendo observada a expressão dos comportamentos maternal e predatório. As ratas foram tratadas com injeções diárias de morfina (3,5 mg/Kg, s.c.) do 17º ao 21º dia de gestação, e desafiadas agudamente no 5o ou 6o dia de lactação com doses distintas de morfina (0,5, 1,0 e 1,5mg/Kg; grupos MM0,5, MM1,0 e MM1,5) ou salina (grupo MS). Grupos controle foram pré-tratados com salina e desafiados com morfina (0,5, 1,0 e 1,5mg/Kg; grupos SM0,5, SM1,0 e SM1,5) ou salina (grupo SS), respectivamente. Em seguida foram testadas no paradigma de escolha entre cuidar dos filhotes e caçar. Animais pré-tratados com morfina e desafiados com 1,0 mg/Kg tiveram parâmetros de comportamento maternal prejudicados e facilitação ao comportamento de caça de maneira significante, o que não foi observado nos animais desafiados com a dose de 0,5 mg/Kg. Animais desafiados com 1,5 mg/Kg de morfina tiveram prejuízo em relação ao comportamento maternal e facilitação do comportamento predatório tanto no grupo de fêmeas pré-tratadas com morfina, quanto com salina. Em ratas lactantes a exposição simultânea a filhotes e insetos permitiu revelar a existência de tolerância reversa à mudança comportamental induzida por estímulo opioidérgico. / Treatment of postpartum female rats with morphine inhibits maternal behavior. The same treatment also stimulates foraging in adult animals. Exposure to drugs of abuse may result in a progressive and enduring enhancement of their reinforcing effects. Puerperal treatment with morphine leads to reverse tolerance to this drug, ultimately influencing the effects of opiates on maternal behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether abrupt withdrawal from repeated morphine treatment during late pregnancy may influence the effects of morphine on behavioral selection in lactating rats. Animals were exposed simultaneously to pups and insects, and the choice between taking care of the pups and hunting for insects was observed. Female Wistar rats were treated with morphine (3.5 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous [s.c.]) or saline for 5 days beginning on pregnancy day 17. On day 5 of lactation, animals were acutely challenged with morphine (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg, s.c.; MM0.5, MM1.0, and MM1.5 groups, respectively) or saline (MS group) and simultaneously tested for predatory hunting and maternal behavior. Control groups were pretreated with saline and challenged with morphine (SM0.5, SM1.0, and SM1.5 groups) or saline (SS group). Animals treated with morphine during late pregnancy and acutely challenged with 1.0 mg/kg morphine (MM1.0 group) exhibited significantly decreased maternal behavior and enhanced hunting. This effect was not evident for the 0.5 mg/kg dose. The 1.5 mg/kg morphine dose decreased maternal behavior and increased hunting in both the MM1.5 group and in animals acutely challenged with morphine after previous saline treatment (SM1.5 group). These results provide evidence of plasticity of the opioidergic role in behavioral selection during lactation.
397

Uso de drogas entre alunos da Universidade de São Paulo: 1996 versus 2001 / Drug use among University of São Paulo students: 1996 versus 2001

Vladimir de Andrade Stempliuk 29 September 2004 (has links)
Esta pesquisa apresenta os dados sobre o uso de drogas legais e ilegais pelos alunos de graduação da USP - campus São Paulo - no ano de 2001 e os compara aos dados obtidos em 1996. 2837 estudantes responderam a um questionário anônimo e de auto-preenchimento que levantou o uso de drogas na vida, nos últimos 12 meses e nos últimos 30 dias. A comparação entre 1996 e 2001, mostrou que houve um aumento significativo de uso de álcool, tabaco, maconha, alucinógenos, anfetaminas, anti-colinérgicos, inalantes, barbitúricos e drogas ilegais. Estes dados reforçam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de atividades de prevenção do abuso e de redução dos danos decorrentes do uso destas substâncias. / This dissertation presents data about drug use behaviors among undergraduate students from USP, Brazil, in 2001 and compares these data with the data obtained in 1996. 2837 students responded an anonymous and self-response questionnaire that obtained information about lifetime, past-12month and past-30day drug use prevalence. The comparison between the two surveys showed that the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, hallucinogens, amphetamines, anticolinergics, barbiturates and illegal drugs increased significantly. These data reinforce the need of developing drug use and abuse prevention activities and harm reduction strategies.
398

Exposição à fumaça do cigarro no início do período pós-natal: predisposição à dependência de drogas de abuso na adolescência / Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the early postnatal period: predisposition to addiction to drugs of abuse in adolescence.

Tatiana Costa Andrióli 26 August 2016 (has links)
O desenvolvimento encefálico representa um período de grande vulnerabilidade. Embora diversos trabalhos mostrem que a exposição ao fumo passivo pode levar ao desenvolvimento de sintomas psicocomportamentais da farmacodependência, ainda não está claro se a exposição à poluição tabagística ambiental (PTA) na fase inicial de formação do SNC pode levar à predisposição ao uso de drogas de abuso na adolescência. Assim, o foco deste estudo foi avaliar se a exposição à PTA no início do período pós-natal (P) contribui para a sensibilização comportamental e efeitos recompensadores ao etanol e à cocaína durante a adolescência. Camundongos machos Swiss-Webster foram expostos do 3º (P3) ao 15º (P15) dia de vida pós-natal, duas vezes por dia, à mistura da fumaça central e lateral de cigarros referência (3R4F). Na adolescência (P34-P45), foram avaliados os efeitos do tratamento repetido de etanol e cocaína (primeiro protocolo) como também o efeito do tratamento agudo com cocaína (segundo protocolo). No primeiro protocolo os animais foram desafiados com cocaína (i.p) ou etanol (i.p), para a avaliação da sensibilização comportamental (P34-P35) (n=6) e da preferência condicionada por lugar (CPP) (P36-P45) (n=6). A quantificação por Western Blotting (n=6) das proteínas marcadoras de plasticidade, como os receptores dopaminérgicos D1R e D2R, c-Fos, FRA1 e Rac1, no estriado e no córtex pré-frontal (CPF) foi realizada imediatamente após o dia do teste da CPP no P45. Já para o segundo protocolo, os animais foram desafiados com cocaína (i.p) para a avaliação da sensibilização comportamental (P34-P35) (n=12), da CPP (n=10) e a quantificação dos mesmos marcadores bioquímicos (n=6) além da dinorfina-A, nas mesmas estruturas encefálicas que no primeiro protocolo. Essas análises foram realizadas duas horas após a expressão da sensibilização comportamental (P36). O primeiro protocolo avaliou a exposição repetida ao etanol e a cocaína na adolescência na predisposição à dependência enquanto o segundo se a exposição aguda a cocaína seria capaz de levar ao mesmo efeito. No primeiro protocolo observamos sensibilização cruzada pela PTA e quanto ao teste da CPP não foi observada diferença estatística nem para o tratamento com etanol, nem para o com cocaína. Nossos resultados indicam que houve efeito estimulatório nos grupos tratados com cocaína no segundo protocolo deste estudo, representado pelo aumento da atividade locomotora após administração da droga. Por outro lado, não observamos sensibilização cruzada pela PTA, a qual foi obtida no primeiro protocolo. Já para o segundo protocolo, foi observado o condicionamento pela cocaína. Com relação à quantificação das proteínas, nosso estudo mostrou diminuição na concentração de receptores DR1 no estriado no grupo exposto à PTA e tratado com etanol em relação ao grupo controle tratado com etanol no primeiro protocolo deste estudo e sugerem que a exposição repetida ao etanol é capaz de induzir alterações nos receptores de dopamina. No segundo protocolo deste estudo observamos aumento de c-Fos no estriado e no CPF no grupo tratado com cocaína em relação ao seu controle e que a exposição aguda à cocaína é capaz de induzir aumento da dinorfina no CPF, enquanto à exposição prévia à PTA previne este aumento. Vale ressaltar que esse trabalho é inovador uma vez que avaliamos a exposição à PTA na infância e se esta poderia levar a sensibilização cruzada com a cocaína e à alterações em vias envolvidas nesse comportamento na adolescência. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a exposição à fumaça do cigarro, mesmo gerando baixas concentrações plasmáticas de nicotina e cotinina, foi capaz de produzir alterações na expressão da sensibilização comportamental, na CPP e alterações bioquímicas, tanto no tratamento repetido de etanol e cocaína quanto na vigência da cocaína. / The brain development represents a very vulnerable period. Although multiples studies showed that exposure to secondhand smoke during the early post-natal period induces impairment in cognitive functions and predisposition to substance dependence psychobehavioral symptoms in adolescents, there is no definitive evidences that exposure to the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can lead to the use of drugs of abuse. We aimed to evaluate if the exposure to ETS in the early postnatal period (P) can contribute to the behavioral sensitization and rewarding effects of ethanol and cocaine during adolescence. Using reference cigarettes (3R4F), Swiss-Webster male mice were exposed from the 3rd (P3) to 15th (P15) day of age, twice a day, to the mixture of the cigarettes\' sidestream and mainstream. In adolescence (P34-P45), we evaluated the effects of repeated treatment with ethanol or cocaine (first protocol) and also the effect of acute treatment with cocaine (second protocol). On first protocol, animals were then challenged with cocaine or ethanol to evaluate evidence of behavioral sensitization (P34-P35) (n=6) and conditioned place preference (CPP) (P36-P45) (n=6). Based on Western Blotting analysis, we also quantified proteins markers of plasticity immediately after the day of CPP test (P45), in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum (dopamine receptors D1R and D2R, c-Fos, FRA1 and Rac1). On second protocol, animals were challenged with cocaine to evaluate evidence of behavioral sensitization (P34-P35) (n=12) and CPP (P36-P45) (n=10). Quantification of those markers of plasticity (n=6), plus dynorphin-A was evaluated two hours after the day of behavioral sensitization expression in P36 in PFC and striatum. The first protocol evaluated the repeated exposure to ethanol and cocaine during adolescence in the predisposition to addiction while the second protocol using acute exposure to cocaine would be able to lead to the same effect. In the first protocol we observed cross-sensitization by ETS and for CPP test, no significant difference for the treatment with ethanol and cocaine were observed. Our results indicated a stimulatory effect in animals challenged with cocaine on second protocol, represented by the increase in locomotors activity after drug administration. On the other hand, we found no cross-sensitization by ETS, which was obtained in the first protocol. As for the second protocol, it was possible to observe the conditioning for cocaine. Regarding our Western Blotting assays, we observed that the group exposed to ETS and challenged with ethanol had decreased D1R in the first protocol of this study. These results suggest that repeated exposure to ethanol could induce changes in dopamine receptors. In the second protocol was an increase of c-Fos in the striatum and the PFC compared to control and that acute exposure to cocaine can induce increase of dynoprhin-A while the prior exposure to ETS prevents this increase on PFC. It is noteworthy that this present study is innovative since it evaluated the exposure to ETS in childhood and this could lead to cross-sensitization with cocaine and changes in pathways involved in this behavior in adolescence. Taken together, our results suggest that exposure to ETS, even findings low levels of nicotine and cotinine plasmatic was able to produce changes in the expression of behavioral sensitization in the CPP and biochemical changes in both the repeated treatment of ethanol and cocaine as in the acute treatment of cocaine.
399

Análise comportamental do modelo animal de recaída cue-induced / Behavior analysis of the cue-induced animal model of relapse

Fernanda Libardi Galesi 11 December 2009 (has links)
A recaída ao uso de drogas é um dos principais obstáculos para o tratamento do adicto. Um dos modelos animais mais utilizados para estudar a recaída no laboratório é o chamado de cue-induced. Embora esse modelo tenha se mostrado útil para o estudo de processos neurofisiológicos envolvidos na recaída, seu valor para a análise do controle de estímulos ambientais na dependência tem sido limitado por não distinguir a função dos estímulos discriminativos e dos reforçadores condicionados que controlam a reinstalação da resposta que foi reforçada por droga. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os controles estabelecidos sobre as respostas de pressão à barra de ratos submetidos ao procedimento cue-induced. Foram realizados três experimentos. No Experimento 1, os animais passaram pelas três fases experimentais que caracterizam esse modelo. Na primeira fase, a resposta de pressão à barra foi treina em dois componentes distintos. Em um deles, as respostas emitidas na presença de um odor de laranja (SD1) tiveram como conseqüência a apresentação de um estímulo luminoso (Sr1) e liberação de uma solução de etanol (grupo ET) ou de sacarose (grupo SAC). Enquanto na outra, pressões à barra na presença de um odor de erva-doce (SD2) tiveram como conseqüência a apresentação um estímulo sonoro (Sr2) e liberação de água. Na segunda fase, foram realizadas sessões de extinção na ausência dos estímulos utilizados no treino. Na terceira fase os estímulos discriminativos e reforçadores condicionados foram reintroduzidos, mas as respostas de pressão à barra não foram reforçadas por etanol, sacarose ou água. Finalizado o procedimento padrão, foram realizados testes adicionais, nos quais cada estímulo utilizado no treino foi apresentado separadamente. O procedimento do Experimento 2 foi similar ao do Experimento 1, porém foram controladas duas variáveis irrelevantes para o modelo, mas associadas com as contingências experimentais: a maravalha da bandeja da caixa experimental e o acionamento do bebedouro. No Experimento 3, foi adicionada sacarose à solução de etanol e a água. Os resultados dos Experimentos 1 e 2 mostraram que Sr1 foi efetivo em reinstalar a resposta de pressão à barra nos testes de reinstalação realizados, enquanto SD1 foi inconsistente em reinstalar essa resposta. A apresentação de SD2 e Sr2 não reinstalou a resposta. Os dados obtidos no Experimento 3 foram inconclusivos quanto ao controle exercido pelos estímulos olfativos, luminosos e sonoros. Os resultados parecem sugerir que o modelo animal cue-induced, tipicamente usado para estabelecer linhas de base de controle discriminativo sobre a auto-administração de drogas, pode não ser adequado para tal finalidade. No entanto, ainda são necessários refinamentos experimentais para a obtenção de resultados mais acurados. / The relapse into drug use is one of the key obstacles for addict treatment. One of the animal models most used for relapse studies in laboratory is the so called cue-induced. Even though this model has been proven to be useful for neurophysiologic processes related to relapse, its value for analyzing environment stimulus control on addiction is considered to be limited because it does not distinguish the function of discriminative stimulus and of conditioned reinforcer which control the reinstatement of the response that was reinforced by the use of drugs. The main objective of this study was to analyze the established controls over the lever pressure responses of rats submitted to the cue-induced procedure. They were subjected to three different experiments. On the first one the animals were exposed to the three different experimental stages that characterize a cue-induced procedure. At the first experimental phase, lever press response was trained over two different components. In one of them, the response to an orange odor (SD1) had as a consequence the appearance of a luminous stimulus (Sr1) and the release of ethanol (ET group) or a sucrose solution (SAC group). While in the other one, lever press in the presence of a anise odor had as a consequence the appearance of a sonorous stimulus accompanied by water release. At the second phase, there were conducted extinction sessions in the lack of the stimuli used on the training phase. And finally, at the third phase, the discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcer were reintroduced. Nevertheless, the lever press response was not reinforced by ethanol, sucrose or water. By the time the standard procedure was over, additional tests were run, where each stimuli used on the training phase were presented to the rats separately. The second experiment procedure was similar to the one employed at the first experiment, however two irrelevant variables for the model were controlled for, but these were associated with the experimental contingencies: the sawdust on the experimental box trail and the drinking fountain when put into action. At the third experiment, sucrose was added to the ethanol solution and also to the water. The results from the two first experiments showed that Sr1 was effective in reinstate the lever pressure response verified at the reinstatement tests, whereas SD1 was not successful in doing so. Neither the introduction of SD2 nor Sr2 reinstate the response. The data obtained by Experiment 3 was not conclusive in regards to the control imposed by the olfactory, luminous and sonorous stimuli. The results suggest that the cue-induced procedure, typically used to establish baselines for discriminative control over drugs self-administration, may not be in fact the most suitable one for this purpose. Nonetheless, there is still a need to refine the experiment in order to reach more accurate and conclusive results.
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O abuso de benzodiazepínicos na estratégia saúde da família

Magro, Cristofer 18 September 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T12:35:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristofer Magro.pdf: 1053801 bytes, checksum: db19d94f0fa23f19aebb5aacd7011af3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T12:35:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristofer Magro.pdf: 1053801 bytes, checksum: db19d94f0fa23f19aebb5aacd7011af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-18 / The indiscriminate, and sometimes undue use of benzodiazepines is preponderant worldwide. In Brazil, surveys show that, year after year, there is a considerable increase in the use of this medication by an important part of the population. Older women often make greater use, as they also seek more health services. In primary care, both the prescription by the general practitioner, as well as the renewal requested by mental health specialists, are commonly performed. Chronic use of this medication causes various neurological damage to the patient, as well as the possibility of falls and loss of memory. The present study uses the cross-sectional methodology to evaluate the use of benzodiazepines by users of the Sanga Funda Basic Health Unit located in the Sanga Funda neighborhood of the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. A questionnaire will be administered by a health professional. The study is relevant in the face of complications caused by benzodiazepines and the indiscriminate use of the medication, even with controlled prescriptions. / O uso indiscriminado, e por vezes, indevido de benzodiazepínicos é preponderante no mundo todo. No Brasil pesquisas demonstram que ano após ano existe um aumento considerável do uso desta medicação por parte importante da população. Mulheres na terceira idade costumam fazer maior uso, já que também procuram mais os serviços de saúde. Na atenção primária, comumente é realizada tanto a prescrição pelo médico generalista, assim como a renovação solicitada por especialistas em saúde mental. Uso crônico desta medicação causa diversos danos neurológicos ao paciente, assim como possibilidade de quedas e perda de memória. O presente estudo usa a metodologia transversal, para avaliar o uso de benzodiazepínicos por usuários da Unidade Básica de Saúde Sanga Funda, localizada no bairro Sanga Funda do município de Pelotas no Rio Grande do Sul. Será aplicado um questionário por um profissional da saúde. O estudo mostra-se relevante diante das complicações causadas pelos benzodiazepínicos e pelo uso, mesmo que com receitas controladas, indiscriminado da medicação.

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