Thesis (MPhil)-- Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates subtitling in 7de Laan, comparing episodes from 2007 to episodes from 2010 with a focus on figurative language. It is a quantitative, descriptive study and aims to determine the overall adequacy or acceptability of the subtitles, the translation strategies used, how figurative language and language varieties are translated and compares findings from 2007 to those of 2010 to establish whether there has been a change in approach over this period. The source text, 7de Laan, is discussed in Chapter 1, which also outlines how the study will proceed, the research problem and the research questions. Chapters 2 and 3 are the literature review of the relevant theories. Chapter 2 covers Descriptive Translation Studies and the translation of figurative language. The challenges particular to subtitling, specifically the constraints of the medium, are discussed in Chapter 3. The following two chapters are the analysis and each begins with the methodology used for that analysis. Chapter 4 is a macrolevel analysis of the corpus and determines the acceptability/adequacy of the subtitles, their governing translation norms and analyses the translation strategies used. More specific questions are answered in Chapter 5, which analyses the translation of figurative language, the representation of language varieties in the subtitles and the influence catering for a hearing-impaired audience has on translation decisions. The findings indicate that the subtitles of 7de Laan are mostly acceptable and that acceptability increases in 2010. The translation strategies used and their frequency of usage are similar over the years. However, there are slight changes: in 2010 there is less literal translation, more omission and fewer figurative-specific translation strategies are used. The findings further show that there is less figurative language in the subtitles in 2010. Additionally, there is a tendency of levelling out figurative language in both years which increases in 2010. The analysis of language varieties indicates that for sociolects, age markers influence the subtitles more than race markers do. Idiolects are rendered but how much of an idiolect is rendered depends on its markers. The analysis also finds that subtitling for hearing-impaired audiences is a significant factor in the translation process over and above the spatiotemporal constraint of subtitling. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die onderskrifte van 7de Laan. Dit vergelyk episodes van 2007 met episodes van 2010 en fokus op figuurlike taalgebruik. Die ondersoek is kwantitatief en beskrywend en wil die algehele geskiktheid (adequacy) of aanvaarbaarheid (acceptability) van die onderskrifte vasstel, asook die vertaalstrategieë wat gebruik is en die wyse waarop figuurlike taal en taalvariëteite vertaal word. Die bevindinge van 2007 word vergelyk met dié van 2010 om vas te stel of die vertaalbenadering in die tydperk verander het. Die bronteks, 7de Laan, word in hoofstuk 1 bespreek, wat ‘n oorsig gee oor hoe die studie verloop, die navorsingsprobleem en die navorsingsvrae. Hoofstuk 2 en 3 is die literatuurstudie van die relevante teorieë. Hoofstuk 2 dek beskrywende vertaalstudies (Descriptive Translation Studies) en die vertaling van figuurlike taal. Die probleem eie aan onderskrifte, veral die beperkings in die vertaalproses, word in hoofstuk 3 bespreek. Die volgende twee hoofstukke bestaan uit die ontleding en elke hoofstuk begin met die metodologie wat gebruik is vir daardie ontleding. Hoofstuk 4 is ‘n makrovlakontleding van die korpus en bepaal die geskiktheid/ aanvaarbaarheid van die onderskrifte, oorheersende norme en ontleed die vertaalstrategieë wat gebruik is. Meer spesifieke vrae word in hoofstuk 5 beantwoord, wat betref die vertaling van figuurlike taal, die oordra van taalvariëteite in die onderskrifte en die invloed van die inagneming van gehoorgestremde kykers op vertaalbesluite. Die bevindinge dui aan dat die onderskrifte van 7de Laan meestal aanvaarbaar is en dat aanvaarbaarheid in 2010 toegeneem het. Die vertaalstrategieë en die frekwensie van die gebruik daarvan het oor die jare nie veel verander nie. Daar is egter klein veranderings: in 2010 is daar minder letterlike vertalings, meer weglatings en minder vertaalstrategieë wat spesifiek op figuurlike taalgebruik gemik is. Die bevindings dui ook aan dat daar minder figuurlike taal in die 2010-onderskrifte is. Die ontleding van taalvariëteite toon dat, ten opsigte van sosiolekte, ouderdommerkers ‘n groter invloed op onderskrifte het as rasmerkers. Idiolekte word wel verteenwoordig, maar die mate daarvan word deur die idiolek se merkers bepaal. Die ontleding dui ook aan dat onderskrifte wat gerig is op gehoorgestremde kykers, ‘n groot faktor in die vertaalproses is, benewens die tydruimtelike beperking van onderskrifte as sodanig.

Esta dissertação propõe investigar o uso da Dublagem e do Diálogo Pós-Sincronizado no mercado brasileiro, além de traçar comparações de seu uso em outros países. O estudo se apoia em três aspectos: definição e ideologias de utilização, técnicas empregadas e panorama histórico de aplicação em produtos audiovisuais. / This thesis proposes to analyses the application of Dubbing and ADR techniques in Brazilian Cinema and Television Market, as well as stablishing comparisons in between applications of the same technique in other countries. The research has three points of view: word definition and ideologies of its application, technical aspects of the practice in Brazil and a historical panorama of Dubbing and ADR uses in Motion Pictures.

The degree to which the SABC as public broadcaster gives shape to its language policy and language mandate, against the background of an investigation of language rights, establishes the central problem statement of this research. It is widely acknowledged that it is difficult to define the concept of language rights. 14khough the language-sociological literature associates this concept with minority and cultural rights, it can also be seen as individual rights. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996,it is clear that language rights should be seen as individual rights that can be exercised within a particular community. Although this dissertation provides an extensive juridical and language sociological explanation of the concept of language rights, the description by Judge Able Sachs will be used as a working definition for this research. His division between the following four fundamental language rights, viz.: (i) the right to use your language; (ii) the right to develop your language; (iii) the right to be understood and to understand other languages as well as (iv) the right not to be discriminated against because of your language, provides a useful investigation instrument with which the degree to which the SABC-TV acknowledges and protects language rights can be measured. It is found that despite the policy documents on national and corporate level that has equal consideration and treatment of the diverse South African languages in mind, it still happens that the SABC-TV fails to give form to the language rights of individuals that belong to indigenous minority language groups in South Africa. Due to this, the research suggests that the extensive implementation of subtitles, as a form of screen translation that differs from lip synchronised dubbing, can make a significant contribution to the acknowledgement and protection of language rights by the SABC-TV. In addition to a discussion on what subtitles entail, the technical nature and specific parameters thereof, a feasibility study is included within which the affordability of this project for the SABC-TV is indicated. It is found that this form of screen translation is ideal for the South African situation because it is cheaper than both lip synchronised dubbing and the creation of new television programmes, but also because it can effectively be employed in regional broadcasts. Furthermore, the use of bilingual subtitles and pivot subtitles are also alternatives that may be considered. It is essential though that subtitles can indeed contribute to the way in which the SABC, as a public broadcaster, acknowledges and protects the fundamental language rights of the multitude of South Africans that belong to different language communities in South Africa. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

The degree to which the SABC as public broadcaster gives shape to its language policy and language mandate, against the background of an investigation of language rights, establishes the central problem statement of this research. It is widely acknowledged that it is difficult to define the concept of language rights. 14khough the language-sociological literature associates this concept with minority and cultural rights, it can also be seen as individual rights. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996,it is clear that language rights should be seen as individual rights that can be exercised within a particular community. Although this dissertation provides an extensive juridical and language sociological explanation of the concept of language rights, the description by Judge Able Sachs will be used as a working definition for this research. His division between the following four fundamental language rights, viz.: (i) the right to use your language; (ii) the right to develop your language; (iii) the right to be understood and to understand other languages as well as (iv) the right not to be discriminated against because of your language, provides a useful investigation instrument with which the degree to which the SABC-TV acknowledges and protects language rights can be measured. It is found that despite the policy documents on national and corporate level that has equal consideration and treatment of the diverse South African languages in mind, it still happens that the SABC-TV fails to give form to the language rights of individuals that belong to indigenous minority language groups in South Africa. Due to this, the research suggests that the extensive implementation of subtitles, as a form of screen translation that differs from lip synchronised dubbing, can make a significant contribution to the acknowledgement and protection of language rights by the SABC-TV. In addition to a discussion on what subtitles entail, the technical nature and specific parameters thereof, a feasibility study is included within which the affordability of this project for the SABC-TV is indicated. It is found that this form of screen translation is ideal for the South African situation because it is cheaper than both lip synchronised dubbing and the creation of new television programmes, but also because it can effectively be employed in regional broadcasts. Furthermore, the use of bilingual subtitles and pivot subtitles are also alternatives that may be considered. It is essential though that subtitles can indeed contribute to the way in which the SABC, as a public broadcaster, acknowledges and protects the fundamental language rights of the multitude of South Africans that belong to different language communities in South Africa. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

The aim of the thesis was to design an analytical model enabling a comparative analysis of both original and dubbed versions of film dialogues, with special regard to prosodic interference (intonation in particular), to describe and explain such interference, caused by certain differences between Czech and English, and to assess its influence on communication, considering the nature of a film character and its reception by Czech recipients. The analysis showed that higher pitch register and extended intonation range were the most common types of interference, bringing about the impression of over-emotive and over-melodious speech and also changing some of the film characters. These types of interference were caused by a different way of using intonation within the system of a language; English uses intonation to signal information structure and to express emotions as well. Interesting results were obtained when a structural approach to a character, as proposed by Jiří Levý (1971), was applied in the analysis. Surprisingly, another type of interference was discovered; it is a sort "indirect" interference developed in cases when the dubbed version closely follows the original and its dominant prosodic features and uses them in situations where the original does not. Such interference is changing the...

Esta dissertação propõe investigar o uso da Dublagem e do Diálogo Pós-Sincronizado no mercado brasileiro, além de traçar comparações de seu uso em outros países. O estudo se apoia em três aspectos: definição e ideologias de utilização, técnicas empregadas e panorama histórico de aplicação em produtos audiovisuais. / This thesis proposes to analyses the application of Dubbing and ADR techniques in Brazilian Cinema and Television Market, as well as stablishing comparisons in between applications of the same technique in other countries. The research has three points of view: word definition and ideologies of its application, technical aspects of the practice in Brazil and a historical panorama of Dubbing and ADR uses in Motion Pictures.

Las series de drama médico estadounidenses se han convertido en un fenómeno social y cultural, logrando acumular un gran número de audiencias tanto locales como extranjeras. Aunque algunos estudios señalan que el rol de la televisión es puramente entretener; otros trabajos advierten que lo que se representa en estas series ha tenido un impacto en el imaginario de las personas sobre cómo son los médicos y su entorno. El presente trabajo aborda este fenómeno desde un enfoque lingüístico, ya que busca analizar la construcción del realismo y dramatismo a través del discurso médico en el doblaje de tres series contemporáneas Grey’s Anatomy, The Good Doctor y New Amsterdam. Para ello, se propone aplicar dos técnicas: el análisis de contenido y el análisis textual-contrastivo. El primero, permitirá describir la función de los diálogos dentro de las narrativas de las series, la construcción de los personajes y el escenario dramático. El segundo, servirá para describir las técnicas de traducción que se utilizaron en el doblaje, así como las normas de naturalización y las restricciones de sincronía. / American medical dramas have become a social and cultural phenomenon, attracting a large number of audiences both locally and abroad. Although some studies point out that the role of television is exclusively to entertain, other studies suggest that what is represented in these programs has had an impact on people's perception of what doctors and their environment are. This paper addresses this phenomenon from a linguistic approach, as it seeks to analyze the construction of realism and drama through medical discourse in the dubbed version of three contemporary series Grey's Anatomy, The Good Doctor and New Amsterdam. For this purpose, two techniques will be applied: content analysis and contrastive-textual analysis. The first technique will describe the function of the dialogues within the narratives of the series, the construction of the characters and the dramatic scenario. The second technique will serve to describe the translation techniques used in the dubbing, as well as the naturalization rules and the synchronization. / Trabajo de investigación

La presencia de dos o más lenguas en textos audiovisuales simboliza un encuentro intercultural entre realidades sociales y culturales distintas. Asimismo, en los productos audiovisuales, el multilingüismo se ha considerado como el fenómeno tanto lingüístico y social que constituye parte central en la narrativa de la trama por cuestiones identitarias o distintivas. En el contexto de la serie Gentefied (2020), el bilingüismo constituye un rasgo identitario representativo de la comunidad mexicoestadounidense asentada en Estados Unidos. Por ello, la presente investigación pretende analizar la traducción del bilingüismo inglés-español y su impacto en la representación de la identidad mexicoestadounidense en el doblaje al francés de la serie. La investigación es un estudio de caso, debido a que busca explicar y analizar el fenómeno lingüístico y de representación de identidad que se retrata en la serie. Para ello, se recurrirá a las técnicas de recolección de información como el análisis de contenido y el análisis textual contrastivo. La primera permitirá la identificación de las unidades de análisis del texto fuente en spanglish que evidencian rasgos representativos de los personajes; y la segunda, el contraste entre ellas y las unidades de análisis del texto meta en frañol. / The presence of two or more languages in audiovisual texts symbolizes an intercultural encounter between social and cultural realities. Likewise, in audiovisual products, multilingualism has been considered a linguistic and social phenomenon that constitutes a central part in the narrative of the plot due to identity or distinctive reasons. In the context of the series, bilingualism constitutes a representative identity trait of the Mexican-American community settled in the United States. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the translation of English-Spanish bilingualism and its impact on the representation of Mexican-American identity in the French dubbing of the series Gentefied (2020). The research is a case study as it seeks to explain and analyze the linguistic phenomenon and identity representation portrayed in the series. For this purpose, we will resort to data collection techniques such as content analysis and contrastive textual analysis. The former will allow the identification of the units of analysis of the source text in Spanglish that show representative traits of the characters; and the second, the contrast between them and the units of analysis of the target text in Frañol. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this paper was to investigate how a film, and thus story information, is altered through the process of dubbing of a film into a foreign language. My reference films were "Sliding Doors" and its German counterpart "Sie liebt ihn – Sie liebt ihn nicht." (R: Peter Howitt, 1998) / Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Übersetzung fremdsprachlicher Originalfilme ins Deutsche. Insbesondere wurde die Umsetzung des Inhaltes sowie der kulturspezifischen Eigenheiten des Originalfilms untersucht. Der Untersuchung zugrundeliegende Filme: "Sliding Doors" und "Sie liebt ihn - Sie liebt ihn nicht" (R: Peter Howitt, 1998)

[ES] El despegue de la traducción audiovisual (TAV) tuvo lugar dentro del mundo académico con la aparición de una edición de la revista Babel dedicada a la traducción del cine en 1960. Desde entonces, esta variedad de traducción se va adquiriendo una innegable pujanza. A partir de los años ochenta, los traductólogos coinciden en dar prioridad al aspecto comunicativo intercultural de la traducción. A principios de los noventa, se puso en marcha una perspectiva culturalista de la traducción denominada cultural turn o giro cultural de traducción. Durante el siglo XXI, la traducción audiovisual (TAV) ha alcanzado su máximo desarrollo experimentando cambios significativos gracias a los grandes avances tecnológicos y la eclosión de nuevas formas de difusión audiovisual. A partir del último tercio de la década de los años noventa, esta área de estudio ha visto un desarrollo vertiginoso en los círculos académicos. Sin embargo, los estudios dedicados a analizar la traducción de textos audiovisuales del árabe al español presentan un campo bastante escaso. Con el presente trabajo de investigación, pretendemos abrir el camino para llenar un vacío en tales estudios. Partimos de un marco metodológico descriptivo basado en el modelo de análisis elaborado por Martí Ferriol (2006) que consta de tres parámetros de análisis: las restricciones, las normas y las técnicas de la traducción audiovisual para facilitar la posterior identificación del método de traducción para la variedad audiovisual. El objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en verificar si las tipologías de estrategias traductoras existentes, y tradicionalmente basadas en combinaciones de idiomas con el inglés son aplicables para analizar la TAV para el caso concreto de la combinación lingüística árabe - español. Para ello se realizó un análisis exhaustivo del tratamiento de los términos culturales presentes en dos películas egipcias subtituladas en español dirigidas por Youssef Chahine Estación Central (Bāb al-ḥadīd) (1958) y La tierra (Al-ʼrd) (1969). La elección estuvo condicionada por razonas traductológicas y cinematográficas. La profusión de términos culturales presentes, las marcas de oralidad que el traductor ha de solventar en el proceso traductor y la distancia cultural entre las culturas origen y meta suponían un gran desafío para el traductor. Desde el punto de vista cinematográfico, el director Youssef Chahine se desmarcaba del resto con una identidad cinematográfica propia y las películas, objeto de estudio, recibieron el reconocimiento de la crítica nacional e internacional, siendo seleccionadas en la lista de las mejores películas realizadas en la historia cinematográfica árabe. / [CA] L'enlairament de la traducció audiovisual (TAV) va tenir lloc dins del món acadèmic amb l'aparició d'una edició de la revista Babel dedicada a la traducció del cinema en 1960. Des de llavors, aquesta varietat de traducció es va adquirint una innegable puixança. A partir dels anys vuitanta, els traductòlegs coincideixen a donar prioritat a l'aspecte comunicatiu intercultural de la traducció. A principis dels noranta, es va posar en marxa una perspectiva culturalista de la traducció denominada cultural turn o gir cultural de traducció. Durant el segle XXI, la traducció audiovisual (TAV) ha aconseguit el seu màxim desenvolupament experimentant canvis significatius gràcies als grans avanços tecnològics i l'eclosió de noves formes de difusió audiovisual. A partir de l'últim terç de la dècada dels anys noranta, aquesta àrea d'estudi ha vist un desenvolupament vertiginós en els cercles acadèmics. No obstant això, els estudis dedicats a analitzar la traducció de textos audiovisuals de l'àrab a l'espanyol presenten un camp bastant escàs. Amb el present treball de recerca, pretenem obrir el camí per a omplir un buit en tals estudis. Partim d'un marc metodològic descriptiu basat en el model d'anàlisi elaborada per Martí Ferriol (2006) que consta de tres paràmetres d'anàlisis: les restriccions, les normes i les tècniques de la traducció audiovisual per a facilitar la posterior identificació del mètode de traducció per a la varietat audiovisual. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi consisteix a verificar si les tipologies d'estratègies traductores existents, i tradicionalment basades en combinacions d'idiomes amb l'anglès són aplicables per a analitzar la TAV per al cas concret de la combinació lingüística àrab - espanyol. Per a això es va realitzar una anàlisi exhaustiva del tractament dels termes culturals presents en dues pel¿lícules egípcies subtitulades en espanyol dirigides per Youssef Chahine Estació Central (Bāb al-ḥadīd)) (1958) i La terra (Al-ʼrd) (1969). L'elecció va estar condicionada per raons traductològiques i cinematogràfiques. La profusió de termes culturals presents, les marques d'oralitat que el traductor ha de solucionar en el procés traductor i la distància cultural entre les cultures origen i meta suposaven un gran desafiament per al traductor. Des del punt de vista cinematogràfic, el director Youssef Chahine es desmarcava de la resta amb una identitat cinematogràfica pròpia i les pel¿lícules, objecte d'estudi, van rebre el reconeixement de la crítica nacional i internacional, sent seleccionades en la llista de les millors pel¿lícules realitzades en la història cinematogràfica àrab. / [EN] The advent of audiovisual translation (AVT) took place within the academic world with the publication of a special edition of the scholarly journal Babel in 1960 which was devoted to cinematographic translation. Since then, this field of translation has been growing rapidly. Since the 1980s, Translation Studies agreed to give priority to the intercultural communication aspect of translation by going beyond the translation's purview of transferring texts or languages to transferring cultures. A cultural approach to the study of translation or "cultural turn" was launched in the early 1990s. During the 21st century, the AVT has reached its maximum development undergoing significant changes thanks to the great technological advances and the emergence of new forms of audiovisual dissemination. Since the late 1990s, this area of study has experienced a remarkable development in academic circles. However, the studies dedicated to analyze the translation of audiovisual texts from Arabic to Spanish remain a limited field research. The present dissertation is an attempt to open the way to fill a gap in such studies. The methodological descriptive framework adopted in the present dissertation is based on the analysis model developed by Martí Ferriol (2006) which consists of three parameters: restrictions, norms and techniques of AVT to facilitate the subsequent identification of the translation method adopted by the subtitling versions. The main aim of this thesis is to verify whether the existing typologies of translation strategies, and traditionally based on language combinations with English, are applicable to analyze AVT for the specific case of the Arabic - Spanish language combination. In order to accomplish our aim of study, we carried out an exhaustive analysis of the treatment of the cultural terms in two Egyptian films subtitled in Spanish directed by Youssef Chahine Central Station (Bāb al-ḥadīd) (1958) and The land (Al-ʼrd) (1969). We chose our corpus on translation and cinematographic basis. The abundance of cultural terms in the selected corpus, the characteristics of verbal communication and the cultural distance between the origin and target cultures posed a great challenge for the translator. From the cinematographic point of view, the director Youssef Chahine stood out from the rest with his own cinematographic identity and the films, object of study, received the recognition of national and international critics, being selected in the list of the best films made in the Arab cinematographic history. / Abdallah Mohamed Abdelrahman Moussa, N. (2020). Análisis traductológico de los términos culturales en la subtitulación árabe-español [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159276 / TESIS