Coal is a fossil fuel mineral, which is presently a major source of electricity and energy to industries. From past to present, there are many coal reserves around the world and large scale coal mining operates in various areas such as the USA, Russia, China, Australia, India, and Germany, etc. Thailand’s coal resources can be found in many areas; there are lignite mining in the north of Thailand, the currently operational Mae Moh Lignite Mine, and also coal reserves in the south of Thailand, such as Krabi and Songkhla, where mines are not yet operating. The main consumption of coal is in electricity production, which increases annually. In 2019, the Thai Government and Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) plans to run a 800 MW coal power plant at Krabi, which may run on imported coal, despite there being reserves of lignite at Krabi; the use of domestic coal is a last option because of social and environmental concerns about the effects of coal mining. There is a modern trend in mining projects, the responsibility of mining should cover not only the mining activity, but the social and environmental protection and mine closure activities which follow. Thus, the costs and decisions taken on by the mining company are increasingly complicated. To reach a decision on investment in a mining project is not easy; it is a complex process in which all variables are connected. Particularly, the responsibility of coal mining companies to society and the environment is a new topic. Thus, a tool to help to recognize and generate information for decision making is in demand and very important. In this thesis, the system dynamics model of coal mine planning is made by using Vensim Software and specifically designed to encompass many variables during the period of mining activity until the mine closure period. The decisions use economic criteria such as Net Present Value (NPV), Net Cash Flow (NCF), Payback Period (PP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), etc. Consequently, the development of the decision support system of coal mine planning as a tool is proposed. The model structure covers the coal mining area from mine reserves to mine closure. It is a fast and flexible tool to perform sensitivity analysis, and to determine an optimum solution. The model results are clear and easily understandable on whether to accept or reject the coal mine project, which helps coal mining companies make the right decisions on their policies, economics, and the planning of new coal mining projects. Furthermore, the model is used to analyse the case study of the Krabi coal-fired power plant in Thailand, which may possibly use the domestic lignite at Krabi. The scenario simulations clearly show some potential for the use of the domestic lignite. However, the detailed analysis of the Krabi Lignite Mine Project case shows the high possible risks of this project, and that this project is currently not feasible. Thus, the model helps to understand and confirm that the use of domestic lignite in Krabi for the Krabi Coal Power Plant Project is not suitable at this time. Therefore, the best choice is imported coal from other countries for supporting the Krabi Coal Power Plant Project. Finally, this tool successfully is a portable application software, which does not need to be installed on a computer, but can run directly in a folder of the existing application. Furthermore, it supports all versions of Windows OS.

We study cellular automata as discrete dynamical systems and in particular investigate under which conditions two cellular automata are topologically conjugate. Based on work of McKinsey, Tarski, Pierce and Head we introduce derivative algebras to study the topological structure of sofic shifts in dimension one. This allows us to classify periodic cellular automata on sofic shifts up to topological conjugacy based on the structure of their periodic points. We also get new conjugacy invariants in the general case. Based on a construction by Hanf and Halmos, we construct a pair of non-homeomorphic subshifts whose disjoint sums with themselves are homeomorphic. From this we can construct two cellular automata on homeomorphic state spaces for which all points have minimal period two, which are, however, not topologically conjugate. We apply our methods to classify the 256 elementary cellular automata with radius one over the binary alphabet up to topological conjugacy. By means of linear algebra over the field with two elements and identities between Fibonacci-polynomials we show that every conjugacy between rule 90 and rule 150 cannot have only a finite number of local rules. Finally, we look at the sequences of finite dynamical systems obtained by restricting cellular automata to spatially periodic points. If these sequences are termwise conjugate, we call the cellular automata conjugate on all tori. We then study the invariants under this notion of isomorphism. By means of an appropriately defined entropy, we can show that surjectivity is such an invariant.

In biochemical networks transient dynamics plays a fundamental role, since the activation of signalling pathways is determined by thresholds encountered during the transition from an initial state (e.g. an initial concentration of a certain protein) to a steady-state. These thresholds can be defined in terms of the inflection points of the stimulus-response curves associated to the activation processes in the biochemical network. In the present work, we present a rigorous discussion as to the suitability of finite-time Lyapunov exponents and metabolic control coefficients for the detection of inflection points of stimulus-response curves with sigmoidal shape.

We study cellular automata as discrete dynamical systems and in particular investigate under which conditions two cellular automata are topologically conjugate. Based on work of McKinsey, Tarski, Pierce and Head we introduce derivative algebras to study the topological structure of sofic shifts in dimension one. This allows us to classify periodic cellular automata on sofic shifts up to topological conjugacy based on the structure of their periodic points. We also get new conjugacy invariants in the general case. Based on a construction by Hanf and Halmos, we construct a pair of non-homeomorphic subshifts whose disjoint sums with themselves are homeomorphic. From this we can construct two cellular automata on homeomorphic state spaces for which all points have minimal period two, which are, however, not topologically conjugate. We apply our methods to classify the 256 elementary cellular automata with radius one over the binary alphabet up to topological conjugacy. By means of linear algebra over the field with two elements and identities between Fibonacci-polynomials we show that every conjugacy between rule 90 and rule 150 cannot have only a finite number of local rules. Finally, we look at the sequences of finite dynamical systems obtained by restricting cellular automata to spatially periodic points. If these sequences are termwise conjugate, we call the cellular automata conjugate on all tori. We then study the invariants under this notion of isomorphism. By means of an appropriately defined entropy, we can show that surjectivity is such an invariant.

Coal is a fossil fuel mineral, which is presently a major source of electricity and energy to industries. From past to present, there are many coal reserves around the world and large scale coal mining operates in various areas such as the USA, Russia, China, Australia, India, and Germany, etc. Thailand’s coal resources can be found in many areas; there are lignite mining in the north of Thailand, the currently operational Mae Moh Lignite Mine, and also coal reserves in the south of Thailand, such as Krabi and Songkhla, where mines are not yet operating. The main consumption of coal is in electricity production, which increases annually. In 2019, the Thai Government and Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) plans to run a 800 MW coal power plant at Krabi, which may run on imported coal, despite there being reserves of lignite at Krabi; the use of domestic coal is a last option because of social and environmental concerns about the effects of coal mining. There is a modern trend in mining projects, the responsibility of mining should cover not only the mining activity, but the social and environmental protection and mine closure activities which follow. Thus, the costs and decisions taken on by the mining company are increasingly complicated. To reach a decision on investment in a mining project is not easy; it is a complex process in which all variables are connected. Particularly, the responsibility of coal mining companies to society and the environment is a new topic. Thus, a tool to help to recognize and generate information for decision making is in demand and very important. In this thesis, the system dynamics model of coal mine planning is made by using Vensim Software and specifically designed to encompass many variables during the period of mining activity until the mine closure period. The decisions use economic criteria such as Net Present Value (NPV), Net Cash Flow (NCF), Payback Period (PP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), etc. Consequently, the development of the decision support system of coal mine planning as a tool is proposed. The model structure covers the coal mining area from mine reserves to mine closure. It is a fast and flexible tool to perform sensitivity analysis, and to determine an optimum solution. The model results are clear and easily understandable on whether to accept or reject the coal mine project, which helps coal mining companies make the right decisions on their policies, economics, and the planning of new coal mining projects. Furthermore, the model is used to analyse the case study of the Krabi coal-fired power plant in Thailand, which may possibly use the domestic lignite at Krabi. The scenario simulations clearly show some potential for the use of the domestic lignite. However, the detailed analysis of the Krabi Lignite Mine Project case shows the high possible risks of this project, and that this project is currently not feasible. Thus, the model helps to understand and confirm that the use of domestic lignite in Krabi for the Krabi Coal Power Plant Project is not suitable at this time. Therefore, the best choice is imported coal from other countries for supporting the Krabi Coal Power Plant Project. Finally, this tool successfully is a portable application software, which does not need to be installed on a computer, but can run directly in a folder of the existing application. Furthermore, it supports all versions of Windows OS.

The way in which macroscopic transport results from microscopic dynamics is one of the important questions in statistical physics. Dynamical systems theory play a key role in a resent advance in this direction. Offering relatively simple models which are easy to study, dynamical systems theory became a standard branch of modern nonequilibrium statistical physics. In the present work the deterministic diffusion generated by simple dynamical systems is considered. The deterministic nature of these systems is more clearly expressed through the dependencies of the transport quantities as functions of systems parameters. For fully hyperbolic dynamical systems these dependencies were found to be highly irregular and, in fact, fractal. The main focus in this work is on nonhyperbolic and on intermittent dynamical systems. First, the climbing sine map is considered which is a nonhyperbolic system with many physical applications. Then we treat anomalous dynamics generated by a paradigmatic subdiffusive map. In both cases these systems display deterministic transport which, under variation of control parameters, is fractal. For both systems we give an explanation of the observed phenomena. The third part of the thesis is devoted to the relation between chaotic and transport properties of dynamical systems. This question lies at the heart of dynamical systems theory. For closed hyperbolic dynamical systems the Pesin theorem links the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents to the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy. For open hyperbolic systems the escape rate formula is valid. In this work we have formulated generalizations of these formulas for a class of intermittent dynamical systems where the chaotic properties are weaker.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die ausführliche Analyse und Beschreibung langfristiger abiotischer Standortbedingungen von Fluss und Grundwasser für das in einem Hartholzauenwald gelegene Untersuchungsgebiet im Naturschutzgebiet Saalberghau an der Mittleren Elbe bei Dessau. Hierzu erfolgt zunächst die Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Konzeptes, dass die Modellierung des Fluss- und des Grundwasserregimes sowie die statistische Auswertung dieser miteinander verbundenen Regime umfasst. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass nur eine Synthese dieser Einzelbausteine die Grundlage für eine zusammenhängende Analyse und Beschreibung der komplexen auentypischen Dynamik dieser beiden Regime anhand objektivierbarer statistischer Parameter bilden kann. Darüberhinaus stellt die Zielsetzung auf langfristige Aussagen eine unentbehrliche Voraussetzung dar, um das Zeitspektrum der hier zu betrachtenden Altbäume typischer Hartholzauenbaumarten adäquat berücksichtigen zu können. / The present dissertation aims at a detailed analysis and description of the long-term abiotic site conditions (river flow and groundwater) for the floodplain area under investigation, namely a hardwood forest in the nature reserve "Saalberghau" on the Middle Elbe close to the town Dessau. For this purpose, firstly a general concept which covers the modelling of the surface water and groundwater regime as well as a statistical interpretation of these two interconnected regimes is developed. It is assumed that only a synthesis of those separate modules can form a sufficient basis for a cohering analysis and description of the complex dynamics of these two regimes in floodplain forests by means of objective statistic parameters. Furthermore, only longterm statements can take into account the age spectrum of the hardwood stand.

No description available.

Theoretical bounds for performance measures of thermodynamical systems are investigated under conditions of finite times and rates of processes using endoreversible models. These models consist of reversible operating sub-systems which exchange energy via generally irreversible interactions. Analytical and numerical calculations are performed to obtain performance optima and respective optimized process and design parameters for four model systems. A heat engine where the heat transfer between the working fluid and heat reservoirs is described by generalized, polytropic process is optimized for maximum work output. Thermal efficiencies, optimal values for temperatures and process times of the heat transfer processes are determined. A model of a generalized system suited to describe the operation of heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps is optimized with respect to thermal efficiency. Several examples illustrate how the results of the analysis are used to allocate financial resources to the heat exchanger inventory in an optimal way. A power-producing thermal system which exchanges heat with several heat reservoirs via irreversible heat transfer processes is analyzed to find the optimal contact times between the working fluid and each of the reservoirs. The piston motion of a Diesel engine is optimized to achieve maximum work for a given amount of fuel. The endoreversible model of the Diesel engine accounts for the temporal variations of the heat produced by the combustion process, the basic flow pattern within the engine's cylinder, the temperature dependence of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity of the working fluid and losses due to friction and heat leak through the cylinder walls. / Theoretische Grenzen für verschiedene Leistungsmerkmale von thermodynamischen Systemen werden unter der Bedingung endlicher Zeiten und Prozessraten im Rahmen endoreversibler Modelle untersucht. Diese Modelle bestehen aus reversiblen Subsystemen, welche über allgemein irreversible Wechselwirkungen Energie austauschen. Analytische und nummerische Berechnungen quantifizieren diese Grenzen und liefern optimale Prozess- und Konstruktionsparameter für vier Modellsysteme. Für eine auf maximale Ausgangsarbeit optimierte Wärmekraftmaschine, bei der die Wärme zwischen Arbeitsmedium und Wärmereservoirs während allgemeiner polytroper Zustandsänderungen des Arbeitsmediums übertragen wird, werden optimale Temperaturen und Zeiten für die Wärmeübertragungsprozesse sowie die thermischen Wirkungsgrade bestimmt. Für ein wirkungsgrad-optimiertes Modell eines verallgemeinerten thermischen Umwandlungssytems, das sowohl Wärmekraftmaschinen, Kühler und Wärmepumpen beschreibt, wird die optimale Verteilung von Investitionskosten auf die Wärmetauscher ermittelt und die Anwendung der allgemeingültigen Ergebnisse anhand mehrerer Beispiele demonstriert. Für eine Wärmekraftmaschine mit mehreren Wärmereservoirs wird bestimmt, welche der Wärmereservoirs wie lange kontaktiert werden müssen, um eine maximale Ausgangsarbeit zu erzielen. Für einen Dieselmotor wird die Kolbenbewegung so optimiert, dass bei gegebener Treibstoffmenge eine maximale Ausgangsarbeit erzielt wird. Das endoreversible Modell des Dieselmotors berücksichtigt die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Wärmekapazität, Wärmeleitfähigkeit und Viskosität des Arbeitsfluids, die Zeitabhängigkeit des Verbrennungsprozesses sowie Reibungs- und Wärmeverluste.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die ausführliche Analyse und Beschreibung langfristiger abiotischer Standortbedingungen von Fluss und Grundwasser für das in einem Hartholzauenwald gelegene Untersuchungsgebiet im Naturschutzgebiet Saalberghau an der Mittleren Elbe bei Dessau. Hierzu erfolgt zunächst die Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Konzeptes, dass die Modellierung des Fluss- und des Grundwasserregimes sowie die statistische Auswertung dieser miteinander verbundenen Regime umfasst. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass nur eine Synthese dieser Einzelbausteine die Grundlage für eine zusammenhängende Analyse und Beschreibung der komplexen auentypischen Dynamik dieser beiden Regime anhand objektivierbarer statistischer Parameter bilden kann. Darüberhinaus stellt die Zielsetzung auf langfristige Aussagen eine unentbehrliche Voraussetzung dar, um das Zeitspektrum der hier zu betrachtenden Altbäume typischer Hartholzauenbaumarten adäquat berücksichtigen zu können. / The present dissertation aims at a detailed analysis and description of the long-term abiotic site conditions (river flow and groundwater) for the floodplain area under investigation, namely a hardwood forest in the nature reserve "Saalberghau" on the Middle Elbe close to the town Dessau. For this purpose, firstly a general concept which covers the modelling of the surface water and groundwater regime as well as a statistical interpretation of these two interconnected regimes is developed. It is assumed that only a synthesis of those separate modules can form a sufficient basis for a cohering analysis and description of the complex dynamics of these two regimes in floodplain forests by means of objective statistic parameters. Furthermore, only longterm statements can take into account the age spectrum of the hardwood stand.