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Samrådet, som är lagstadgat enligt plan- och bygglagen (2010:900) (PBL), äger rum i ett sent skede av detaljplaneprocessen, när det är förhållandevis svårt att på riktigt påverka besluten som invånare. Arbetet med att, utöver och före samrådet, genomföra tidiga dialoger med invånarna kan vara ett sätt att förbättra den slutgiltiga planen samt främja en mer levande demokrati i samhällsbyggnadsprocessen. En bra dialog innebär för invånarna ett deltagande som kan öka både förtroendet och förståelsen för kommunens möjligheter och utmaningar, samt i slutändan för de beslut som fattas i den fysiska planeringen. Arbetet med tidiga dialoger före samrådet är förenligt med utmaningar. Tidiga dialoger är, till skillnad från samrådet, inte lagstadgat i plan- och bygglagen och de genomförs således på flera olika sätt, och i vissa kommuner inte alls. Kommunerna jobbar inte med någon genomgående strategi eller efter en uttalad modell, varje enskild tidig dialog tenderar att ha sina egna förutsättningar och målsättningar vilket bidrar till blandade resultat. Kommunerna lägger ner mycket tid och energi på att förbereda, annonsera och genomföra sina tidiga dialoger med invånarna men har i regel ingen utbildning eller teoretisk grund att stå på. Utvecklingsarbetet i kommunerna fungerar ofta som en utveckling av senast genomförd tidig dialog där man tittar på vad som går att förbättra och vad som redan fungerar. Slutsatsen är att kommunerna behöver utbilda sig i större utsträckning och framför allt ta fram en genomgående strategi som är gemensam för samtliga tidiga dialoger i kommunernas arbete med fysisk planeringen. / The statutory consultation takes place at a rather late stage of the planning process, when it’s relatively difficult to influence the decision as a municipal citizen. The work of conducting early dialogues with municipality citizens in addition to, and prior to, the statutory consultation can improve the final plan and promote a more vivid democracy in the community building process. A well conducted early dialogue with the citizens leads to a participation that could increase both the citizens' trust and understanding of the opportunities and challenges municipalities face, and ultimately the final decisions as well. The work with early dialogues before the consultation is compatible with both challenges and possibilities. Unlike the consultation, early dialogues are not statutory in the Planning and Building Act and they are thus carried out in several different ways, and in some municipalities no early dialogues are conducted at all. Municipalities don’t work with any consistent strategy or according to a state model; each individual early dialogue has its own prerequisites and objectives, which contributes to assorted results. The municipalities do spend a lot of time and energy preparing, advertising and carrying out their early dialogues with the citizens, but usually have no education or theoretical basis to start from. Instead, the municipalities tend to rely on the individual official’s own experience and improve their early dialogues by constantly analyzing what worked well and less well during the previous dialogue.  The conclusion is that the municipalities need to educate themselves to a greater extentand, above all, develop a comprehensive strategy that is common to all early dialogues inthe municipalities' planning.

I takt med Sveriges ökande befolkningsmängd tillkommer krav på att kommunen ska kunna planera städer som lämpar sig till befolkningen utifrån fundamentala men även personliga behov. Kommunerna är de som genom planbesked meddelar om de tänker påbörja planläggning. I detaljplaneprocessen syftar samrådet bland annat till att bidra med bra beslutsunderlag men förekommer i processen först efter att ställningstaganden och beslutsfattande moment redan har skett från kommunens håll. Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av kvalitativ undersökning ta reda på hur Sveriges, till invånarantal, största kommuner arbetar med dialoger i tidiga skeden av detaljplaneprocessen. För att uppnå studiens syfte formuleras och ställs semistrukturerade intervjufrågor till de deltagande respondenterna. En litteraturstudie kring medborgardeltagande, inflytande och dialog har även genomförts i syfte att ge studien ett teoretiskt angreppssätt. Litteraturstudien har visat att för att bäst uppnå kvalitativa och resultatgivande medborgardialoger krävs både strategier och metoder. Beroende på sakfråga finns det vissa strategier, metoder och/eller styrverktyg som lämpar sig bättre än andra. Resultaten från intervjuerna visar på att de utvalda kommunerna enligt respondenterna anser sig arbeta med dialoger i tidiga skeden men att det saknas både en tydlig metodik kring hur dialogerna genomförs och en brist på implementering av resultaten från dialogerna. Samtidigt finns en medvetenhet bland respondenterna kring fördelarna med att föra dialoger i tidiga skeden och stora utvecklingsmöjligheter för samtliga kommuner som undersökts. / In line with Sweden's increasing population, there is a requirement that the municipality is able to plan cities suitable for the population based on fundamental as well as personal needs. The municipalities are the ones who, through planning notifications, announce if they intend to start planning or not. In the detailed development plan the consultation in planning aims, among other things, to contribute with a good decision-making basis. However the consultation occurs only after decisions have been made from the municipality's point of view. The purpose of this study is to use qualitative research to find out how Sweden's largest municipalities work with dialogues in the early stages of the detailed development planning process. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, semi-structured interview questions are formulated and asked to the participating respondents. A literature study on citizen participation, influence and dialogue has also been carried out with the aim of giving the study a theoretical approach. The literature study has shown that in order to best achieve qualitative and rewarding citizen dialogues, both strategies and methods are required. Depending on the subject matter there are certain strategies, methods and/or tools that are better suited than others. The results of the interviews show that according to the respondents, the selected municipalities consider themselves to be working with dialogues in the early stages, but that there is a lack of both a clear methodology regarding how the dialogues are carried out and a lack of implementation of the results of the dialogues. At the same time, there is an awareness among respondents about the benefits of dialogues in the early stages and furthermore great development opportunities for all municipalities that participated in the study.

The current study followed the methodology used by Erchul and colleagues (eg., Erchul, Raven, & Ray, 2001, Getty & Erchul, 2008) to assess and compare the likelihood of use of social power bases reported by school psychologists and school counselors. Furthermore, because the Interpersonal Power Inventory (consultant usage form; IPI-Form CT-U) was used for the first time with the school counselors, the factor structure of the instrument was also examined using Principal Component Analysis. 2 components, harsh and soft power, were identified which were similar to the harsh and soft power sources identified in the previous studies using IPI. Similar to previous research with school psychologists, the results of the current study also demonstrated that IPI-Form CT-U is an internally consistent measure that can be used to assess the likelihood of use of soft and harsh power bases in school counselors. The current study emphasized the similarities and underscored the differences between the likelihood of use of social power bases among school counselors and school psychologists. Overall, both school psychologists and school counselors rated soft power bases higher than harsh power bases. Informational power, expert power, and legitimate power of dependence were the three highest rated power bases by school psychologists and school counselors. In comparison to school psychologists, school counselors reported a higher likelihood of using soft power when consulting with a teacher. A comparison between the individual social power ratings by school psychologists and counselors revealed that school counselors rated expert power, legitimate power of dependence, and impersonal coercion higher in terms of their likelihood of use, as compared to the school psychologists. The differences in the ratings by school counselors and school psychologists may be explained in the light of the differences in their training, the nature of their role and their placement in school settings.

The growing strength-based approach to the assessment and intervention of students' social and emotional learning competencies has significant implications for the practice of behavioral consultation in school settings (Zins & Elias, 2007). The current research study utilized four separate multiple baseline case studies across students in order to evaluate the effects of behavioral interventions developed in accordance with either a traditional model of behavioral consultation (Bergen & Kratochwill, 1990), or a proposed strength-based model of behavioral consultation, developed in accordance with the tenets of strength-based assessment as described in Epstein et al. (2003). Dependent variables of interest across both models of consultation included direct observations of student on-task behavior and frequency counts of teachers' use of general praise, behavior specific praise and reprimand statements during specified observational periods. Estimates of social validity regarding teachers' perceptions of the acceptability, effectiveness and feasibility of the interventions developed through both types of consultation were also obtained at the conclusion of each intervention. Results indicated that while behavioral interventions implemented across both models of consultation led to positive improvements in student on-task behaviors and increases in teachers' use of general praise and behavior specific praise statements, teachers engaged in interventions developed through the strength-based model of behavioral consultation had significantly higher rates of behavior specific praise than they did when implementing interventions through the traditional behavioral model. This study adds to the existing literature by providing a detailed description and theoretical blueprint for future researchers regarding how to integrate the growing strength-based movement of assessment and intervention with school-based behavioral consultation initiatives in order to improve the social, emotional and behavioral competencies of individual students, as well as facilitate the establishment and maintenance of positive teacher-student interactions in the classroom setting. / School Psychology

There are several effective treatment methods and evidence based practices (EBP) for teaching children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The use of EBPs is federally mandated, but it is often overwhelming for teachers to identify and implement available best practices with fidelity in the absence of ongoing training and support (Alexander, Ayres & Smith, 2015). Teachers often display low implementation fidelity, and, specifically, special education teachers often struggle with progress monitoring and data collection, which are essential elements of EBPs. Although most teachers are familiar with direct and frequent measurement for data collection, less than half reported using this type of progress monitoring in their classroom, stating several barriers including lack of time and knowledge (Wesson, King & Deno, 1984). One way to affect teacher implementation and behavior change is through different consultation styles, including performance feedback or a commitment emphasis approach. Performance feedback is a widely used and effective method to improve teacher implementation and treatment fidelity (Burns, Peters & Noell, 2008; Sanetti, & Kratochwill, 2009; Solomon, Klein & Politylo, 2012). A commitment emphasis model is a social influence strategy, which also shows continuing support for teacher behavior change (Noell et al. 2005). This study evaluated a strategy for increasing teachers’ completion of the Student Learning Profile (SLP), a curriculum-based student assessment that is administered as part of the Strategies for Teaching based on Autism Research (STAR; Arick, Krug, Loos & Falco, 2004), using a randomized control group design to compare a performance feedback model with a commitment emphasis plus prompt model of consultation. Overall, the study found a significant effect for teacher SLP completion at time-point one for teachers’ in the experimental group using a commitment emphasis model, but less so over time. Implications for researchers, clinicians and educators are also explored. / Special Education

Abstract During the 1960s both the federal and provincial governments continued to take on new and larger responsibilities. During this same time period citizens began to mobilize and challenge the state on a number of social issues including race, gender, labour, urban sprawl and the environment. Citizens believed that not only did they have the right to challenge the authority of government in planning public policy, but they also had a right to participate in the decision-making process as much as any bureaucrat, expert, or elected official. In planning airports in Pickering, Ste. Scholastique and Sea Island, the federal government was opposed by citizen groups in each of these three cases. Citizens believed their voices were not being heard and that government officials did not respect them. As a result, they disrupted the meticulously laid out plans of elected officials and policy planners by drawing on evidence and expert advice. The conflict over federal airport development is an example of the evolution of the consultation process with citizens, as citizens challenged the way public policy was planned. Governments now had to justify policies like expropriation for the public good since citizen groups would form over any intrusion into their private lives. The debates over airport planning highlights the role of citizens, bureaucrats, provincial and federal politicians as they all tried to navigate the complex shifting landscape of the Canadian state. By 1976 the Pickering Airport had been canceled, Mirabel was opened, and the Sea Island runway expansion would be delayed for 15 years. Although the citizen groups never had complete victories, citizen participation became more paramount to state planning after these events. Public policy planning in Canada had become far more inclusive than ever before. Whether the politicians, bureaucrats or citizens were aware of the consequences remain to be seen. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Abstract During the 1960s both the federal and provincial governments continued to take on new and larger responsibilities. During this same time period citizens began to mobilize and challenge the state on a number of social issues including race, gender, labour, urban sprawl and the environment. Citizens believed that not only did they have the right to challenge the authority of government in planning public policy, but they also had a right to participate in the decision-making process as much as any bureaucrat, expert, or elected official. In planning airports in Pickering, Ste. Scholastique and Sea Island, the federal government was opposed by citizen groups in each of these three cases. Citizens believed their voices were not being heard and that government officials did not respect them. As a result, they disrupted the meticulously laid out plans of elected officials and policy planners by drawing on evidence and expert advice. The conflict over federal airport development is an example of the evolution of the consultation process with citizens, as citizens challenged the way public policy was planned. Governments now had to justify policies like expropriation for the public good since citizen groups would form over any intrusion into their private lives. The debates over airport planning highlights the role of citizens, bureaucrats, provincial and federal politicians as they all tried to navigate the complex shifting landscape of the Canadian state. By 1976 the Pickering Airport had been canceled, Mirabel was opened, and the Sea Island runway expansion would be delayed for 15 years. Although the citizen groups never had complete victories, citizen participation became more paramount to state planning after these events. Public policy planning in Canada had become far more inclusive than ever before. Whether the politicians, bureaucrats or citizens were aware of the consequences remain to be seen.

This thesis examines democratic innovations in Hungary, a country governed by Fidesz, an illiberal and populist party since 2010. Democratic innovations aim to engage citizens in the political decision-making process. The thesis analyses and compares two democratic innovations: the National Consultation, first organised by Fidesz in 2005, and the Citizens’ Assembly, first organised by the liberal opposition in Budapest in 2020. The aim of this thesis is to examine how the quality of democratic innovations is influenced by their organizers and the increasingly authoritarian political context of Hungary. Previous research has analysed both innovations in depth but has not systematically compared the two processes.  This thesis primarily uses official reports on both innovations, supplemented by secondary data from semi-structured elite interviews conducted with Hungarian politicians in 2020. The study's results indicate that the quality of the democratic innovations analysed is influenced by the ideology and broader political goals of the organisers, institutionalisation, and the dynamics of the illiberal state apparatus. It is noteworthy that the National Consultation lost its democratic and deliberative character after Fidesz came to power in 2010. Although the quality of the Citizens' Assembly organized by the opposition parties was affected to a lower extent by the seemingly unfavourable political context, the National Consultation and the politics of Fidesz have also negatively affected other practices of the opposition.

Background: At the end of life, patients living in their own homes experience significantly more pain than those who die in either hospital or hospice care (Office for National Statistics, 2015). With an increasing prevalence of this, person-centred medicines optimisation is essential. Aim: To investigate the feasibility of community pharmacist medicines optimisation services for patients living with advanced cancer pain in community settings. Methods: Mixed methods were used, adopting a pragmatic stance and approach. Qualitative interviews, a systematic review and meta-analysis and a proof-of-concept study were undertaken. Results: Patients with advanced cancer pain need support with their medicines which could be provided by a pharmacist. Patients experienced a significant number of medicines related problems, even those already receiving specialist palliative care. Most problems were addressed by pharmacist advice with the remainder being referred for additional prescribing. Care for patients with cancer pain is currently not person-centred and the current medicines optimisation model is unsuitable for this patient group. An enhanced model of medicines optimisation is therefore presented for patients with advanced cancer and this model can be amended and adopted for other patient groups. Conclusions: An enhanced medicines optimisation model (MOCAP) has been created to inform person-centred medicines optimisation for patients with advanced cancer pain. Feasibility and acceptability were also confirmed and it can be adapted for further clinical use. This model contributes to the goals of the NHS agenda of choice and control of care as proposed in the NHS Long Term Plan (NHS, 2019b).

Yes / Background Patients with advanced cancer commonly experience pain and it is least controlled in community settings. Community pharmacists in the UK already offer medicines optimisation consultations although not for this patient group. Objective To determine whether medicines consultations for patients with advanced cancer pain are feasible and acceptable. Setting Community-dwelling patients with advanced cancer pain were recruited from primary, secondary and tertiary care using purposive sampling in one UK city. Methods One face-to-face or two telephone delivered medicines optimisation consultations by pharmacists were tested. These were based on services currently delivered in UK community pharmacies. Feedback was obtained from patients and healthcare professionals involved to assess feasibility and acceptability. Main outcome measure Recruitment, acceptability and drug related problems. Results Twenty-three patients, (range 33–88 years) were recruited, 19 completed consultation(s) of whom 17 were receiving palliative care services. Five received face-to-face consultations and 14 by telephone during which 47 drug related problems were identified from 33 consultations (mean 2.5). Advice was provided for 34 drug related problems in 17 patients and referral to other healthcare professionals for 13 in 8 patients, 2 patients had none. Eleven patients returned questionnaires of which 8 (73%) would recommend the consultations to others. Conclusion The consultations were feasible as patients were recruited, retained, consultations delivered, and data collected. Patients found the 20–30 min intervention acceptable, found a self-perceived increase in medicines knowledge and most would recommend it to others. Community pharmacists were willing to carry out these services however they had confidence issues in accessing working knowledge. Most drug related problems were resolved by the pharmacists and even among patients receiving palliative care services there were still issues concerning analgesic management. Pharmacist-conducted medicines consultations demonstrate potential which now needs to be evaluated within a larger study in the future. / Funded as part of the Improving the Management of Pain from Advanced Cancer in the CommuniTy (IMPACCT) study which was a National Institute of Health Research programme Grant of which this was part of the Medicines work stream (RP-PG-0610-10114).