Em meio às manifestações sociais crescentes, as insuficiências das democracias representativas em recepcionar e fluir as expectativas sociais, e estados nacionais fracos e subordinados aos mercados financeiros globais, novas institucionalidades democráticas interrogam as democracias existentes. Coerente com estas questões, a tese desenvolvida neste estudo propõe que o tamanho do desafio exige mais democracia, não menos. A ampliação dos modelos de democracia participativa, combinados em um sistema que integre participação cidadã, democratização da gestão e interação em redes, alargam o modelo representativo e garantem novos canais de comunicação entre sociedade e Estado. São alternativas disponíveis às democracias. Dentre elas, interessa verificar as condições para a validade de processos de concertação social em arranjos de ampla representação societal. O modelo referenciado na teoria habermasiana transporta a esfera pública e a estrutura comunicacional original adequando-as conceitualmente ao espaço público institucional e à concertação social, respectivamente. Durante os quatro anos de existência do Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social do Rio Grande do Sul (CDES RS) quase duzentas propostas elaboradas por noventa conselheiros e conselheiras da sociedade civil e dez do governo, a partir de um processo dialógico e colaborativo, foram tratadas e encaminhadas pelo executivo estadual. O resultado foi possível, conforme o estudo, por uma série não exaustiva de condicionantes para a validade da concertação social, um conjunto reconhecível e executável de políticas e práticas democráticas. Todavia, defende, ainda, a diversificação dos arranjos institucionais participativos como formas complementares de democracia, multifacetada e transversalizada, para sociedades complexas fruto das novas formas de acumulação capitalista e da transformação dos sujeitos no mundo do trabalho. / In the midst of growing social manifestations, the inadequacies of representative democracies in welcoming and flowing social expectations, and weak national states subordinated to global financial markets, new democratic institutions question the existing democracies. Coherent with these questions, the thesis developed in this study proposes that the size of the challenge requires more democracy, not less. The expansion of participative democracy models, combined in a system that integrates citizen participation, democratization of management and interaction in networks, broadens the representative model and guarantees new channels of communication between society and State. They are alternatives available to democracies. Among them, it is important to verify the conditions for validity of social concertation processes in arrangements of broad societal representation. The model referenced in the Habermasian theory transports the public sphere and the original communicational structure, adapting them conceptually to the public institutional space and the social conciliation, respectively. During the four years of existence of the Social and Economic Development Council of Rio Grande do Sul (CDES RS), almost two hundred proposals prepared by ninety councilors and councilors of civil society and ten of the government, from a dialogical and collaborative process, were treated And forwarded by the state executive. The result was, according to the study, a nonexhaustive set of constraints to the validity of social concertation, a recognizable and enforceable set of democratic policies and practices. However, it also defends the diversification of participatory institutional arrangements as complementary forms of democracy, multifaceted and cross-cutting, for complex societies resulting from new forms of capitalist accumulation and the transformation of subjects into the world of work.

The thesis named Consultation teacher - student - parent at primary school with focus to providing feedback deals with specific role of consultations in the process of education as a form of cooperation between family and school. The aim of this thesis is to closer describe consultations teacher - student - parent in the extensive context and point out their potential in particular from the point of view of the formative assessment. It is a special educational opportunity that facilitates students' personal development and improvement in the process of learning via providing feedback which comes simultaneously from three sides. The theoretical part deals with defining term consultation teacher - student - parent, describing their functions and development as a communication platform. Part of the text offers an inspiring application of this untraditional appointment in Sweden. Attention is also focused to implementing students'sources that work as essential support for work with the formative feedback. The second, empirical part deals with reconstruction of three consultation meetings at primary school and reflects development of this event from the side of teacher, student as well as parent in the form of a case study. This research confirms the value of all three approaches and formation of...

This research project addresses the following: how topical talk operates in the organisation and management of MSE interactions; and how topical talk operates in the co-ordination of specific service requests and service provisions. It draws on a corpus of audio-recorded and transcribed interactions between general practitioners and persons seeking general medical services in suburban clinics in Brisbane, Australia. The corpus comprised a total of 67 medical service events (henceforth MSEs), audio-taped with the full informed consent of the participants. Many contemporary medical sociological accounts of the operation of topical talk in MSEs, typified by the work of Mishler (1981, 1984) and Waitzkin (1991), remain anchored to the 'professional dominance' thesis (Freidson 1970a; 1970b), arguing for the fundamental conflict between two perspectives - lay and professional. Topical talk has been formulated as one expression of this conflict in 'doctor-centred' communicative 'styles' (Byrne and Long 1976; Silverman 1987). Within such accounts, familiar interactional patterns in MSEs, including the content and structure of topics, have been theorised as instruments of power and control whereby the dominance of specialised medical knowledge and expertise are established and maintained. Mishler's (1984) characterisation of the conflict between a biomedically oriented 'voice of medicine' used by professional physicians (henceforth GPs) and a 'voice of the lifeworld' used by persons seeking medical services (henceforth Ps) is an expression of the 'professional dominance' thesis. The voices are characterised as attesting to a fundamental, theoretically problematic, asymmetry of power relations between GPs and Ps, thereby reinforcing the ideological status of professionals in general and the medical profession in particular. Further, recommendations regarding correctives to 'professional dominance' centre on advice GPs to attend to the primacy of Ps' talk on their experiences of illnesses rather than apparently 'ignoring' or transforming these topics into biomedical accounts of disease. This research project critiques this formulation of topical talk and the traditional theoretical and empirical bases on which it has drawn. This critique arises from the application of ethnomethodological approaches to the study of MSEs. Such approaches, as outlined in Chapters 2 and 3, are characterised by a number of conceptual and analytic premises: First, particular social structural features of social activities and the institutional contexts within which activities occur should not be assumed to be the primary criteria for judging the import and adequacy of situated action. Second, the parties to situated social events mutually constitute those events in the real world. Third, issues of agency are collaborative situated accomplishments such that the management of everyday social activities is accomplished by the people involved who show one another the rationalities of their actions as they assemble the familiar scenic features of those same institutional events (Garfinkel 1967; Sacks 1992a, 1992b). These assumptions have been applied in ethnomethodological analyses of social action, including the analysis of professional service encounters that have critiqued the 'professional dominance' thesis (Eglin and Wideman 1986; Sharrock 1979). The novelty of this study is the analysis of the operation of topic organisation as a phenomenon of order. This study also draws on recommendations within Ethnomethodology (Hester & Eglin 1997b; Watson 1997) that sequential and categorial organisations are mutually informative in the analysis of the rationality of situated social action. One of the particular contributions of this thesis is that it not only jointly applies both conversation analysis and membership categorisation analysis but also extends this recommendation to the inclusion of topic analysis as was originally provided for by Sacks (1992a , 1992b) and Garfinkel and Sacks (1970). Within this study a model of analysis has been constructed that has enabled the analytical consideration of four dimensions of social organisation: local sequential, extended sequential, topical and categorial organisations. The theoretical and empirical concepts of ethnomethodogical analysis have thus been developed and extended within this project. The central findings of this study are that in institutional service events, the 'service topic' is both significant and consequential, and that persons constitute themselves as bona fide incumbents of the categories GP or P by attending to their actions as topically organised. The local adequacy of any particular interactional move (such as questioning-answering, greetings, the design of a topic proposal, etc) is shown to be referenced to the service topic. This study found no evidence of potential or actual "struggles" between the 'voice of the life-world and the voice of medicine'. Rather, this study finds routine recognition on the part of both Ps and GPs of the centrality of the service topic and, thereby, the service task, and no evidence of orientation to distinctive biographical contributions staged in competition with biomedically relevant service topics. It is found that Ps' biographical references were made in the context of an assembled service topic such that particular service tasks, however conventional, were constituted as both relevant and reasonable as medical goods and service for the specific service recipient and provider. At the most general level, it is concluded that the service topic operates as a phenomenon of order in MSEs where order, as defined by Garfinkel and Weider (1992: 202), refers to all of the rationalities evident in the generic features of institutional events and settings, that is, the situated logic and intelligibility as well as the procedures whereby they are constituted as recognisable social events. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the theorisation, policy-making, medical education, and practices of GPs and Ps within MSEs. Overall, the significance of this work for researchers into medical interactions is that the relevance of the service topic and its pervasive organisational consequences need to be considered analytically. A major outcome of this thesis is the establishment of a new order of interest within the study of institutional interactions. The project demonstrates the pervasive consequences of service topics and thus provides a step forward in the study of institutional service interactions and ways of theorising their rationality, a step that extends beyond social structural pre-theorisations of power and domination and also beyond interactional accounts of the primary relevance of turn taking structures.

L'école se préoccupe de la transmission de savoirs qui ne se réfèrent pas tous à des corps de savoirs savants constitués, comme ceux des mathématiques, par exemple. Il en est ainsi de la recherche d'information via Internet qui prend une place grandissante dans de nombreuses pratiques sociales. Dans cette perspective, un enseignement de la consultation d'information a été introduit dans les programmes de technologie de la classe de 4e. La thèse a pour objet d'examiner la question des savoirs à transmettre et de l'organisation des modes de transmission-appropriation de ce nouvel objet d'enseignement. La consultation d'information relève d'une activité humaine qui s'organise autour de l'usage, et donc de l'instrumentalisation d'un outil. Nous connaissons la faiblesse des apprentissages fondés sur la seule maîtrise opératoire. Examiner les enjeux de la transposition didactique à partir de pratiques, suppose donc de s'extraire d'une approche exclusivement procédurale, pour, dans un premier temps, examiner la question de l'élaboration de savoirs experts en nous appuyant sur la genèse instrumentale et à partir d'analyse de pratiques. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au processus d'enseignement apprentissage. L'observation d'élèves nous a permis, au travers de leurs conceptions, de mesurer la distance qui sépare leurs pratiques de consultation d'information de celles d'experts et ainsi de qualifier les enjeux de l'apprentissage. L'analyse du travail des enseignants permet d'identifier les modes de transmission qu'ils utilisent pour cet enseignement et donc d'anticiper sur les probables difficultés des élèves. Ainsi, le croisement de ces analyses nous permet de qualifier le processus de transmission-appropriation d'un corpus de savoirs particuliers liés à la consultation d'information via Internet et, au final, de penser des aides au travail des enseignants dans une perspective d'ingénierie didactique.

長久以來，電子化政府與公民信任之間的因果關係，一直為學者所爭論。眾多研究顯示電子化政府有助於促進公民信任感；然而，目前公民對現有電子化政府服務、電子參與滿意度偏低，且台灣社會資本逐步流失，不免令人質疑電子化政府建立公民信任感的有效性。然而，近年電子治理的提出，眾人期待實現審慎思辨的民主，顯現運用資訊通信科技讓更多公民參與決策過程的重要性。因而引起作者在電子治理對公民信任影響上研究的興趣。 本文認為電子化政府可以促進公民對政府的信任，但前提是這項機制必須值得信賴，否則將出現反效果。故作者從電子治理中的電子參與著手，探討其對公民信任的影響。主要研究方法為文獻回顧及深度訪談，其中訪談對象為十四位具我國電子參與經驗者，運用質性研究分析訪談資料，輔以文獻檢閱釐清電子參與與公民信任之間的影響路徑與因素包括三種類型：1.使用電子參與後，其正面影響因素提升公民對政府的信任感；2.使用電子參與後，其負面影響因素降低公民的內在政治效能感，進而削弱對政府的信任感；3.公民對政府的低度信任，降低使用電子參與的意願與行為。 訪談分析顯示公民對政府的信任和政府電子參與機制的信任感不足，且兩者相互影響。受訪者對政府的信任感比對政府網站和電子參與機制的信任感低，而電子參與經驗豐富者，較不信任電子參與機制；電子參與經驗淺者，較信任電子參與機制。若以電子參與的三種類型觀之，公民對電子資訊提供較為滿意、電子諮詢次之，雖然我國尚未設置電子決策制定，但是多數受訪者對此機制運作表示質疑。 我國電子參與仍在持續推動中，政府應該正視公民信任的重要性，以及電子參與與公民信任之間的負面影響因素，著重在：資訊的深度與多元性、資訊透明度、資訊品質、搜尋系統的設計完善、回應性、使用者的代表性、論壇引導話題、資訊安全與互動性的維護，並消弭數位落差、避免資訊超載等情況，以營造公民進行電子參與的環境與設備，使其有足夠誘因使用，期許我國電子參與推行順利。 / The casual relationship between e-government and citizen trust(in government) has been argued by scholars. Research has shown that e-government may improve citizen trust, but citizens are not satisfied with e-services and e-participation nowadays. When social capital in Taiwan is flowing away, people tend to suspect the effectiveness of e-government in establishing citizen trust. However, citizens still expect deliberative democracy while e-governance comes to reality recently. It means that the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can enrich the process of decision-making for citizen participation. That’s the reason why the author attempts to explore the effect of e-participation on citizen trust. The evidence support that e-government can improve citizen trust in government. The premise, nevertheless, is its mechanism has gained fundamental trust; otherwise, negative effects will come out. The main research methods include literature review and in-depth interview. There are 14 interviewees with experience of e-participation in Taiwan. In addition, the author used qualitative method to analyze interview data. Besides, using literature to induce three types of effects paths and causes between e-participation and citizen trust. Firstly, after using e-participation, its positive factors improve citizen trust in government. Secondly, after using e-participation, its negative factors lower internal efficacy of citizen and then weaken their trust in government. Thirdly, the low trust in government will weaken willingness and behavior of e-participation. Interview results indicate the lack of citizen trust in government and e-participation, and both also connect each other. Interviewees’ trust in government is lower than their trust in government web sites and e-participation. Citizens with rich experience of e-participation show lower trust in e-participation. On the other hand, those with poor experience of e-participation have more trust in e-participation. If we observe three types of e-participation, citizens are more satisfied with e-information than e-consultation. Although e-decision-making has not been realized in Taiwan, many interviewees suspect this mechanism. The governments in Taiwan keep pushing e-participation. They should know the importance of citizen trust and the negative factors between e-participation and citizen trust revealed in the study. Particularly, governments should focus on depth and diverse information, transparency, quality of information, friendly use of search engine, responsiveness, and representative. They should also properly manage topics of e-forum, information safety, interactivity; eliminate digital divide and avoid information overload. Government should strive for good environment and facilitate citizen usage of e-participation. Our e-participation will succeed while government has good inducement to encourage citizen.

Over the past twenty years, the idea that planning and development practices should be ‘sustainable’ has become a key tenet of discourses characterising the field of planning and development. As part of the agenda to balance and integrate economic, environmental and social interests, democratic participatory governance arrangements are frequently purported to be necessary to achieve ‘sustainable development’ at both local and global levels. Despite the theoretical disjuncture between ideas of democratic civic participation, on the one hand, and civic participation as a means to achieve pre-determined sustainability goals on the other, notions of civic participation for sustainability have become integral features of sustainable development discourses. Underpinned by a conceptual and methodological intent to perform an epistemological ‘break’ with notions of civic participation for sustainability, this thesis explicates how citizens are enrolled in the sustainable development agenda in the discourse of policy. More specifically, it examines how assumptions about civic participation in sustainable development policy discourses operate, and unpacks some discursive strategies through which policy language ‘enrols’ citizens in the same set of assumptions around their normative requirement for participation in sustainable development. Focussing in on a case study sustainable development policy document – a draft regional plan representing a case of ‘enrolling the citizen in sustainability’ - it employs three sociological perspectives/methods that progressively highlight some of the ways that the policy language enjoins citizens as active participants in ‘sustainable’ regional planning. As a thesis-by-publication, the application of each perspective/method is reported in the form of an article prepared for publication in an academic journal. In a departure from common-sense understandings of civic participation for sustainability, the first article examines the governmentality of sustainable development policy. Specifically, this article explores how civic community – particularly community rights and responsibilities – are deployed in the policy discourse as techniques of government that shape and regulate the conduct of subjects. In this respect, rather than seeing civic community as a specific ‘thing’ and participation as corresponding to particular types of ‘activities’, this paper demonstrates how notions of civic participation are constructed and mobilised in the language of sustainable development policy in ways that facilitate government ‘at a distance’. The second article begs another kind of question of the policy – one concerned more specifically with how the everyday practices of subjects become aligned with the principles of sustainable development. This paper, therefore, investigates the role of pedagogy in establishing governance relations in which citizens are called to participate as part of the problematic of sustainability. The analysis suggests that viewing the case study policy in terms of relationships of informal pedagogy provided insights into the positioning of the citizen as an ‘acquirer’ of sustainability principles. In this instance, the pedagogic values of the text provide for low levels of discretion in how citizens could position themselves in the moral order of the discourse. This results in a strong injunction for citizens to subscribe to sustainability principles in a participatory spirit coupled with the requirement for citizens to delegate to the experts to carry out these principles. The third article represents a further breakdown of the ways in which citizens become enrolled in ‘sustainable’ regional planning within the language of the case study policy. Applying an ethnomethodological perspective, specifically Membership Categorization Analysis, this article examines the way ‘the citizen’ and ‘civic values and obligations’ are produced in the interactional context of the text. This study shows how the generation of a substantive moral order that ties the citizen to sustainable values and obligations with respect to the region, is underpinned by a normative morality associated with the production of orderliness in ‘text-in-interaction’. As such, it demonstrates how the production and positioning of ‘the citizen’ in relation to the institutional authors of the policy, and the region more generally, are practical accomplishments that orient the reader to identify him/herself as a ‘citizen’ and embrace the ‘civic values and obligations’ to which he/she is bound. Together, the different conceptual and methodological approaches applied in the thesis provide a more holistic picture of the different ways in which citizens are discursively enrolled in the sustainability agenda. At the substantive level, each analysis reveals a different dimension of how the active citizen is mobilised as a responsible agent for sustainable development. In this respect, civic participation for sustainability is actualised and reproduced through the realms of language, not necessarily through applied occasions of civic participation in the ‘taken-for-granted’ sense. Furthermore, at the conceptual and methodological level, the thesis makes a significant contribution to sociological inquiry into relationships of governance. Rather than residing within the boundaries of a specific sociological perspective, it shows how different approaches that would traditionally be applied in a mutually exclusive manner, can complement each other to advance understanding of how governance discourses operate. In this respect, it provides a rigorous conceptual and methodological platform for further investigations into how citizens become enrolled in programmes of government.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 2 är en av de stora folksjukdomarna i västvärlden och numer även i utvecklingsländerna. Då patienterna är i behov av korrekt information för att lära sig att hantera och leva med sjukdomen är det viktigt att sjuksköterskor har kunskap om hur patienterna upplever information från vården. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska vad för erfarenheter patienter med diabetes typ två har av information från vården.  Metod: En litteraturstudie som är baserad på tidigare forskning om diabetes typ två och information. Tolv vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats har analyserats med textanalys. Resultat: Resultatet i denna uppsats visar att patienterna efterlyser information som är anpassad till dem som unika individer och som är lätt att förstå och hantera, då de behöver verktyg för sin egenvård. Fyra teman som framkom: Svårigheter att ta emot och anpassa sig efter information, Information anpassad till att klara av dagligt liv, Skillnader på information från läkaren och sjuksköterskan och Anpassad information. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras bl a i förhållande till Orems teori kring egenvård. Då patienterna ofta har svårt att anpassa till sin sjukdom behöver de stöd i form av information för att klara av att leva ett så normalt liv som möjligt. Detta blir allt viktigare då diabetes typ två är en sjukdom som kryper allt lägre ner i åldrarna och det därmed är något man ska leva länge med. / Background: Diabetes type 2 is one of the largest forms of lifestyle disease in the developed countries, but in later years, also in development countries. Patients are in need of accurate information to learn how to manage and live with the disease. Therefore it is important that nurses have knowledge of how patients perceive information from health care.  Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate what experiences patients with diabetes type two has regarding information from health care. Method: A literature study based on previous research regarding diabetes type two and information to patients. Twelve scientific articles with qualitative approach was analysed with text analysis. Result: The results show that the patients call for information that is tailored to them as unique individuals and that is easy to understand and adapt to, as they need tools for their self-care. Four themes emerged: Difficulties to accept and adapt to information, Information adapted to cope with daily life, Differences in information from the physician and the nurse and Accessible information. Discussion: The results are discussed in relation to Orem theory of self-care. Since patients often have difficulty adjusting to their disease, they need support in terms of information to be able to live as normal a life as possible. This becomes increasingly important, as diabetes type two is a disease that younger and younger ages, and it is therefore something they have to live a long time with.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo “pensar” a proposta e ação dos Consultórios na Rua, diferentes do consultório biomédico, um consultório a céu aberto. Admite que este dispositivo visa a ampliar o acesso da população de rua ao cuidado de saúde, ouvindo essa população e contribuindo com suas instâncias organizativas nascentes. Foi trazida a prática de trabalho no consultório Pintando Saúde, do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, localizado na zona norte da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. A metodologia do “pensar” envolveu deixar aparecer o debate sobre atenção e promoção de saúde, redução de danos em álcool e outras drogas, respeito às pessoas em seus modos de ser/existir/constituir vida e a inscrição desse grupo social em modos de atenção à saúde que lhe sejam próprios. O trabalho de dissertação perpassou a descrição do trabalho no Consultório na Rua, questionando a produção em saúde que envolve a população de rua, a experiência da pesquisadora como trabalhadora dentro desse tipo serviço, assim como as vivências de equipe e a presença do orientador e seus estudantes em meio ao trabalho do Consultório. Foram usadas anotações destacadas de gravações em áudio, as atas do consultório e as redes de conversa sobre moradores de rua no próprio consultório, incluindo a presença de um psiquiatra matriciador. A cartografia, nos termos de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, fundamentou a metodologia, conforme já vem sendo utilizada em pesquisas com o estudo da micropolítica em saúde coletiva. Quatro âmbitos foram colhidos como representativos da prática de atenção “a céu aberto”: a experiência do morar, a experiência do atuar com saúde na rua, a experiência do aprender em ato de equipe multiprofissional e interdisciplinar de um consultório na rua e a intercessão sociocultural proveniente do “encontro” com a população atendida. / This dissertation aimed to "think" the proposal and action of the “On Street Clinics”, different from the biomedical clinic, an “open sky clinic". It admits that this device seek to expand the street population access to health care, listening to this population and contributing to their nascent organizational instances. The work practices of "Pintando Saúde On Street Clinic", of Conceição Hospitalar Group, located in the northern part of the city of Porto Alegre/RS, were evidenced. The methodology of "thinking" involved revealing the debate about health care and health promotion, harm reduction in alcohol and other drugs, respect for people in their ways of being / existing / constituting life and the inclusion of this social group health models that be their own. The dissertation work deal with the description of the work at the On Street Clinic, questioning the health production involving the street population, the researcher's experience as a worker within this sort of service, as well as the team experiences and the presence of the master’s advisor and his students in the work of the clinic. Significant notes of audio recordings, clinic minutes, and street-talk networks that happened in the clinic, including the ones with the presence of a psychiatrist matrix support, were used. The cartography, according to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, founded the methodology, as it has been used in researches with studies on micropolitics in collective health. Four scopes were collected as representative of the practice of “open sky clinic" care: the experience of indwelling, the experience of working with health on street, the experience of learning in act of a multiprofessional and interdisciplinary team of an "on street clinic" and the sociocultural intercession provided when "meeting" the attended population.

No description available.