The present thesis deals with the conceptual economy-related metaphors in the economic discourse. The aim of the thesis is to provide the comparative analysis on the economy-related conceptual metaphors in popular economic discourse in English and Lithuanian. The paper attempts to describe the concept of metaphor and how this rhetorical device is used in the economic discourse. The analysis aims at exploring which metaphoric constructions are dominant in the English and Lithuanian economic rhetoric as well as pointing out the differences or similarities in the usage of the linguistic expressions of these constructions and the functions of the metaphorical language in economic texts. The paper consists of two parts, theoretical and analytical. Chapter 2 and 3 provides theoretical background for the analysis. Chapter 2 discusses the concept of metaphor. Section 2.1 deals with the traditional view of metaphor; whereas section 2.2 introduces cognitive linguistics and how this discipline describes metaphor. Next, section 2.3 provides a discussion on the conceptual metaphor. Section 2.4 cultural variation in metaphor is discussed briefly. Chapter 3 deals with the metaphors in economic discourse. Section 3.1 provides a brief discussion on economic discourse as a genre and its linguistic features. Section 3.2 looks at metaphors in economic discourse. Chapter 4 presents the analysis of economy-related conceptual metaphors in English and Lithuanian... [to full text] / Šis darbas nagrinėja konceptualiąsias su ekonomika susijusias metaforas anglų ir lietuvių ekonominiame diskurse. Analizės tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti, kurios konceptualiųjų metaforų konstrukcijos yra plačiausiai naudojamos lietuvių bei anglų ekonominėje retorikoje pabrėžiant vartojimo skirtumus bei panašumus koncentruojantis į funkcijas, kurias jos atlieka. Ekonominiame bei politiniame diskurse metafora dažnai suvokiama kaip ideologinė priemonė, kuria siekiama paveikti, įtikinti ir manipuliuoti žmonėmis. Atlikus straipsnių, kurių tema yra Lietuvos bei Didžiosios Britanijos stojimas bei požiūris į Euro zoną, populiariuose ekonominiuose leidiniuose, buvo nustatyta, jog dažniausiai ekonominė sistema yra konceptualizuojama kaip gyva būtybė, sodas bei mechanizmas arba mašina. Šios metaforos ekonomistams bei politikams padėjo ne tik paprastai ir suprantamai paaiškinti sudėtingus ekonominius procesus, bet ir įrėminti ir pateikti tam tikrą ekonominę pasaulėžiūrą ir politiką, taip pat sąmonigai ar nesąmonigai buvo naudojamos kaip įrankis įtikinti publiką savo politinių/ekonominių sprendimų teisingumu ir subtiliai paveikti ar pakeisti piliečių nuomonę bei manipuliuoti jų nuostatomis dėl narystės krizę patiriančioje monetarinėje sąjungoje.

In this paper we study two speeches held by the chairman of the MEDEF, Pierre Gattaz, at the opening ceremony of the Summer universities in 2016 and 2017. The event is organised by the MEDEF, the leading network of entrepreneurs in France, every summer at the end of August. It is an important event gathering key people and decision-makers from the political and economical arena from France and abroad, and thus an ideal occasion for the network to put forward its claims on necessary changements and reforms to get in place in order to improve the entrepreneurial climat in France. We conduct a discursive analysis of the two speeches to see how the economical discourse in France is pronounced by the MEDEF and what specifically characterises it. We also look at the social and  political context to see how it impacts the speeches. Another important aspect is to study the image of the speaker and how it is constructed in the two speeches by analysing the expressions, vocabulary, disposition and demeanor. We also compare the common denominators and differentiators of both speeches.

In this paper we study two speeches held by the chairman of the MEDEF, Pierre Gattaz, at the opening ceremony of the Summer universities in 2016 and 2017. The event is organised by the MEDEF, the leading network of entrepreneurs in France, every summer at the end of August. It is an important event gathering key people and decision-makers from the political and economical arena from France and abroad, and thus an ideal occasion for the network to put forward its claims on necessary changements and reforms to get in place in order to improve the entrepreneurial climat in France. We conduct a discursive analysis of the two speeches to see how the economical discourse in France is pronounced by the MEDEF and what specifically characterises it. We also look at the social and  political context to see how it impacts the speeches. Another important aspect is to study the image of the speaker and how it is constructed in the two speeches by analysing the expressions, vocabulary, disposition and demeanor. We also compare the common denominators and differentiators of both speeches.

The continuous rise of socio-economic inequality over the past decades with its connected political outcomes such as the Brexit vote in the UK, and the election of Donald Trump are currently a matter of intense debate both in academia and in journalism. A significant sign of the heightened interest was the surprise popularity of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the 21st Century. The book reached the top of the bestseller lists and was described as a "media Sensation" and Piketty himself as a "rock star Economist". This paper, drawing from a major international and cross-disciplinary study, investigates the print media treatment in four European countries of economic policy proposals presented in Capital. Applying social semiotic and critical discourse analysis, we specifically focus on articles which are in disagreement with these proposals and identify five categories of counterarguments used against Piketty: authorisation, moralisation, rationalisation, portrayal of victimhood and inevitability. Providing textual and linguistic examples we demonstrate how the use of linguistic resources normalises and conventionalises ideology-laden discourses of economic means (taxation) and effects, reinforcing particular views of social relations and class as common sense and therewith upholding and perpetuating power relations and inequalities. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The continued rise of socio-economic inequality over the past decades with its connected political outcomes such as the Brexit vote in the UK, and the election of Donald Trump are currently a matter of intense debate both in academia and in journalism. One significant sign of the heightened interest was the surprise popularity of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the twenty-first Century. The book reached the top of the bestseller lists and was described as a "media Sensation", with Piketty himself as a "rock star Economist". This paper, drawing from a major international and cross-disciplinary study, investigates the print media treatment in four European countries of economic policy proposals presented in Capital. Applying social semiotic and critical discourse analysis, we specifically focus on articles which are in disagreement with these proposals and identify five categories of counterarguments used against Piketty: authorisation, moralisation, rationalisation, portrayal of victimhood and inevitability. Providing textual and linguistic examples we demonstrate how the use of linguistic resources normalises and conventionalises ideology-laden discourses of economic means (taxation) and effects, reinforcing particular views of social relations and class as common sense and therewith upholding and perpetuating power relations and inequalities.

Comment la palette des marques énonciatives, qui déterminent l’inscription de la subjectivité au sein des contenus discursifs objectivés, est-elle employée dans les discours économiques radiophoniques ? Quelles sont les variations de ces marques et selon quelles variables ? Ces variations seront appréhendées à partir d’un corpus de 35 émissions économiques, en fonction des genres discursifs (brèves, analyses, chroniques, débats, interviews, portraits) et de l’identité des sujets parlants selon leurs statuts médiatiques (animateurs, chroniqueurs, invités) et sociaux (journalistes, économistes, acteurs économiques, acteurs politiques européens, artistes). Nous cherchons, ce faisant, les marques caractéristiques de la pratique des communautés discursives représentées dans notre corpus. Les analyses s’inscrivent dans un double cadre théorique : celui de l’analyse du discours, qui situe les textes dans un contexte socio-historique, un dispositif institutionnel et une communauté discursive, et celui des théories de l’énonciation qui éclairent les valeurs sémantiques et le fonctionnement énonciatif des marques prises en compte. Les déictiques de première personne instancient explicitement le sujet parlant dans le discours. Les occurrences du conditionnel marquent une disjonction énonciative du locuteur par rapport au propos tenu. A partir d’une analyse du fonctionnement énonciatif de ces marques, nous en cherchons le fonctionnement discursif et leurs effets sur l’ethos des locuteurs. Cette recherche nous amènera à interroger, notamment, la définition du discours économique, les notions de genre et d’ethos, le passage du niveau énonciatif au niveau discursif / How is the range of enunciation markers, which determine how subjectivity is inscribed within objective discursive content, used in economy radio programs? How do these markers vary and according to what variables? Such variations will be explored in a corpus of 35 episodes of various economy radio programs, focusing on program genre (headlines, chronicles, debates, interviews, portraits) and speaker identity — the speaker’s media status (radio hosts, commentators, guests) and social status (journalists, economists, economic actors, European players, artists). Thereby, we seek to identify the enunciation features of the discursive communities represented in the corpus.Analyses fall within two theoretical frameworks: French discourse analyses and enunciation theory. The first framework places discourses in sociological and historical context, in institutional systems, and in discursive communities. The second one illuminates how the enunciation markers under study operate, as well as their semantic value. First-person deictic pronouns explicitly ground the speaker in the discourse. The ‘conditionnel’ tense marks a disjunction between the speaker and the discursive content. From the analyses of how enunciation markers operate on a linguistic level, we will observe their effects on a discursive level, and specifically on the ethos of the speaker. This study will lead us to question, inter alia, the definition of economic discourse, the notions of program genre and ethos, the transition between the enunciation level and the discursive level

En prenant le contre-pied des méthodes généralisées et universalisantes d’évaluation mondiale des institutions de la science, la présente thèse décrit les savoirs générés par le discours universitaire au moment de leur mise à l’épreuve de validation par des instances d’évaluation d’un espace localisé. Le cadre d’observation est le système d’évaluation en vigueur au Cameroun qui sert de dispositif de promotion sociale des enseignants-chercheurs, et de légitimation du travail universitaire. Le décryptage des formes de savoirs produits en situation d’évaluation endogène prend appui sur l’épistémologie historique et l’archéologie foucaldienne des discours. Les résultats de l’analyse montrent que le savoir produit, s’inscrivant dans une temporalité discursive est anonyme et marqué historiquement, culturellement et géographiquement. Ce savoir appartient en outre à un réseau de discours qui dépasse la seule sphère des universités et des disciplines. Les mécanismes et stratégies d’élaboration des savoirs sont soumis à des règles et à des normes qui elles-mêmes produisent de manière permanente des formes de pouvoir. Les référents théoriques et méthodologiques mobilisés dans ce travail participent à l’enrichissement des cadres de référence traditionnels des sciences de l’information et de la communication. / In addition to the general and universal evaluation methods of scientific instituions, this thesis describes knowledge generated by university discourse during validation by local authorities. The framework of experience is the evaluation system in force in Cameroon which serves as social promotion for university lecturers and researchers and legitimizes university work. Deciphering forms of knowledge produced in an endogenous evaluation system is based on historical epistemology and Foucaldian archeology of discourse. The results of the analysis show that knowledge produced falls within the purview of discursive temporality and is anonymous and geographically, culturally and historically marked. It belongs moreover to a network of discourse which goes beyond the lone sphere of universities and disciplines. Knowledge generation mechanisms and strategies are subject to rules and standards which themselves permanently produce forms of power. The theoretical and methodological referents mobilised in this work contribute to the development of traditional frames of information and communication sciences

Den här är en korpusbaserad studie över sammansättningar med efterledet -bubbla under 2000–2014. Följande ord har studerats ingående: bostadsbubbla, lånebubbla, finansbubbla, aktiebubbla, småbolagsbubbla, husbubbla, lönebubbla och hyresbubbla. Studien har funnit att sammansättningarna är etablerade, att metaforiken bubbla är konventionaliserad att sammansättningarna används i en ekonomisk diskurs och mer allmänt. Studien för även en vidare diskussion kring nyord och metaforik och föreslår en offentlig konversation med ekonomijournalister och språkforskare. / This is a corpus-based study of compound words with the modifier -bubble in texts from 2000 to 2014. The following compound words were studied closely: housing bubble, credit bubble, the financial bubble, the stock bubble, small cap bubble, real estate bubble, salary bubble and the rental bubble. Results indicate that these compound words are established, that the metaphor bubble is conventionalized, and that the compound words are used both in economic discourse and more generally. Further, new words and metaphors are discussed. A public conversation with financial journalists and linguists is suggested.