Le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) est une des causes majeures de carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC), dont les traitements ont une efficacité modéré. La transplantation hépatique (TH) est l’option thérapeutique de choix mais est limitée, chez les patients chroniquement infectés par le VHC, par une réinfection systématique du greffon. Nous proposons d’utiliser des lymphocytes génétiquement modifiés (LGM) issus de donneurs sains qui ont fait leurs preuves pour le traitement d’hémopathies malignes et qui,exprimant un gène suicide, peuvent être éliminés en cas d’effets secondaires. Nous montrons maintenant que ces LGM présentent d’une part une activité anti-tumorale vis-à-vis du CHC, et d’autre part un effet anti-viral envers le VHC. L’objectif est la création d’une banque de LGM allogéniques prêts-à-l’emploi, avec des avantages en termes de coût, de logistique et de disponibilité immédiate par rapport aux approches classiques d’immunothérapies, autologues pour la plupart. Parallèlement, nous avons étudié in vivo l’effet anti-viral d’un anticorps monoclonal anti-claudin-1 dirigé contre un co-récepteur duVHC et inhibant l’entrée du VHC dans les hépatocytes humains. Grâce à un modèle d’infection par VHC de souris présentant un foie chimérique humanisé, nous montrons que cet anticorps permet de prévenir efficacement l’infection par le VHC. Nos résultats apportent les preuves de concept de l’utilisation de deux produits, anticorps anti-claudin-1 et LGM, pour la prévention de la réinfection du greffon hépatique par le VHC, les LGM pouvant également être envisagés en association avec les thérapies actuelles du CHC. / The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),whose treatments are of limited efficacy. The liver transplantation (LT) is the optimal therapy but is limited by a very rapid and universal HCV reinfection of the liver graft. We propose to use healthy donor-derived suicide gene modified lymphocytes (GML), known to be efficient for the treatment of hematological malignancies and that can be eliminated in case of adverse events. We show now that GML have a strong anti-tumoral activity against HCC and an anti-viral effect on HCV. Our objective is to create a bank of ready for-use allogeneic GML which could have numerous advantages in terms of costs,logistics and immediate availability, as compared with autologous immunotherapies. In parallel, we have studied the in vivo anti-viral effect of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against an HCV coreceptor, claudin-1, inhibiting HCV entry in human hepatocytes. Using a human liver-chimeric mouse model of HCV infection, we show that this mAb can efficiently prevent HCV infection in vivo. Our results provide the proofs of concept that these two products, anti-claudin-1 mAb and GML, could be used for the prevention of liver graft HCV reinfection, while GML could further be used for the treatment of HCC, in combination with current HCC therapies

This research explored the perceived factors that influenced the decisions of single and married mothers to enroll or not enroll in post-secondary education. The study then investigated the relationship between educational level and income for single mothers in Utah. From a survey of 1197 Utah mothers, this study concluded that mothers enroll in post-secondary education out of desire and necessity, and there is a relationship between an educational attainment level of a Bachelor's degree of higher and the ability of a single mother to gain economic stability. Specifically, single mothers enroll in post-secondary education for financial reasons while married mothers enroll more often for personal improvement. Family and friends are important supports for mothers who decide to enroll in post-secondary education. Time is a perceived barrier for single and married mothers who decide not to enroll in post-secondary education, and money is a barrier for single mothers who decide not to enroll in post-secondary education. Married mothers in this research would enroll in post-secondary education if a life event required them to become the financial provider for the family. Strategies for dealing with insufficient income sometimes vary by educational level of the single mothers in this research. However, assets, sufficient income and money left over at the end of the month are significantly different depending on educational level, most often the Bachelor's degree or higher. Lastly, while to no significant difference was found between the employment rate and educational level of single mothers in this research, significance was found between the educational level and income of single mothers.

Prenant appui sur un ensemble d’entretiens auprès des protagonistes, la base de données des émissions de titres publics du Bureau National de Crédit Public et un large corpus d'articles de presse, cette recherche analyse la relation entre ressources économiques et pouvoir politique en étudiant l’impact de l’intégration semi-périphérique au système financier mondial sur la coalition sociopolitique au pouvoir en Argentine de 1989 à 2001. Cette coalition était composée des partis politiques au gouvernement, ce qui garantissait la légitimité démocratique, des technocrates des think tanks du libéralisme économique, des grandes entreprises locales et des acteurs privés du système financier mondial. Contrairement aux pays centraux qui sont au coeur du système financier mondial et les périphériques, qui en sont exclus, l'Argentine représente un cas d'intégration "semipériphérique", c’est-à-dire, avec un accès variable au crédit privé externe en fonction de la perception des principaux acteurs privés du système financier sur le risque de défaut des paiements de la dette. Cette intégration a joué un rôle important sur la formation, la consolidation et la dissolution de la coalition socio-politique au pouvoir. D'une part, le plan de Convertibilité implique une dépendance structurelle de l’afflux de devises pourassurer la stabilité économique. D'autre part, les caractéristiques de l'intégration du système financier mondial ont été modifiées par le plan Brady, qui implique une substitution de la dette publique de prêt bancaire par des titres, et le processus de mondialisation. Contrairement aux prêts bancaires, les titres sont des produits échangés sur un marché où les prêteurs prennent des décisions d’investissement de court terme en fonction de leur perception du risque de défaut de paiement de la dette. Cette perception, qui implique une surveillance permanente sur la politique économique, détermine la capacité de l'État à s’endetter et soutenir ainsi l’afflux de devises. / This research explores the link between economic resources and political power focusing on how Argentina’s semi-peripheral integration into the global financial system influenced power relations within the country’s ruling coalition between the years 1989 and 2001. The findings are supported by evidence from interviews of decision-makers, the National Public Credit Office database on sovereign debt issues, and a large body of press articles. This ruling coalition during this period comprised political parties in government, granting democratic legitimacy, technocrats from economic liberal think tanks and players with economic resources including local business groups and private actors of the global financial system. Unlike those central countries that make up the “core” of the global system, or periphery countries, which are at the margins or are excluded from this system, Argentina represents a case of a “semi-peripheral” integration. This can be seen in the country’s variable access to external private borrowing which is dependent how the major private players in the financial system perceive the risk of debt default. This integration has had an impact on the formation, consolidation, and dissolution of the socio-political ruling coalition. On the one hand, the Convertibility Plan entailed a structural dependence on foreign currency inflow to ensure economic stability. On the other, the integration into the global financial system was modified after the Brady Plan. Unlike bank loans, the securities were traded goods in a market where lenders made short-term investment decisions based on their perceived risk of debt payment default. This perception, which involved a permanent monitoring of economic policy, determined the state's capacity to access borrowing and sustain foreign currency inflows.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-13T16:44:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1243466 bytes, checksum: 0f9e0f5726c424601f488cb8dbf029a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T16:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1243466 bytes, checksum: 0f9e0f5726c424601f488cb8dbf029a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / This dissertation addresses the issue of regulation and its goals. It is up to national states promoting economic regulation, becoming a dilemma organizing economy to achieve economic and financial stability or to make viable social development goals. In this sense, they were used hypothetical-deductive method of approach and comparative, historical, interpretive and analytical methods of procedure, by techniques of bibliographical and documentary research. The general objective was to question when states may use the financial system for eh benefit of social development. They were presented as specific objectives perceiving the ways of regulation to economic stability, verifying the criteria that governments take into account especially in the context of economic crisis. The hypothesis for the research asks whether, for contributing to the development of states, the financial system would also need to be adjusted for the social and not just for the stability of the own market. Initially, the aim was to show the history of state intervention in the economy and of regulation, the historical and conceptual foreshortening of national and international financial system, until understanding the development expression, proceeding, then, the study of regulation in the financial system, through the existing forms of regulation in the financial sector and discussing about the Basel agreements, as well as deal with issues such as tax collection, fiscal policy and importance of the Central Bank, verifying the need or not of their independence in the context of the relationship between economic and financial stability and/or its contribution to the development of the country, a situation that takes into account social aspects. Finally, the research distinguished the microcredit policy of community banks, the cases of social currency and its legal framework, in addition to solidarity economy, the cooperative banks and public development banks, showing, in this way, ultimately, how would be possible, by financial regulation, achieve social development and the social function of the financial system. / A presente dissertação aborda a temática da regulação e seus objetivos. Cabe aos Estados nacionais a promoção da regulação econômica, tornando-se um dilema organizar a economia para atingir a estabilidade econômico-financeira ou para viabilizar metas de desenvolvimento social. Nesse sentido, utilizou-se o método de abordagem hipotético-dedutivo e os métodos de procedimento comparativo, histórico, interpretativo e analítico, pelas técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O objetivo geral foi problematizar em que medida os Estados podem utilizar o sistema financeiro em benefício do desenvolvimento social. Apresentaram-se como objetivos específicos perceber os caminhos da regulação para a estabilidade econômica, verificando-se os critérios que os governos levam em conta especialmente nos contextos de crises econômicas. A hipótese levantada pela pesquisa questiona se, para contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos Estados, o sistema financeiro precisaria ser regulado também para o social e não apenas para a estabilidade do próprio mercado. Inicialmente, buscou-se retratar o histórico da intervenção estatal na economia, da regulação, do escorço histórico e conceitual do sistema financeiro internacional e nacional, até compreender a expressão desenvolvimento, procedendo-se, em seguida, ao estudo da regulação no âmbito do sistema financeiro, passando pelas formas de regulação existentes no setor financeiro e discutindo-se acerca dos Acordos da Basileia, além de tratar questões como a arrecadação tributária, a política fiscal e a importância do Banco Central, verificando-se a necessidade ou não de sua independência, no contexto da relação entre a estabilidade econômico-financeira e/ou sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento do país, situação que leva em conta os aspectos sociais. Por fim, a pesquisa distinguiu a política microcreditícia dos bancos comunitários, os casos de moeda social e seu marco legal, além da economia solidária, das cooperativas de crédito e dos bancos públicos de desenvolvimento, retratando-se, nesse percurso, em última instância, como seria possível, mediante a regulação financeira, alcançar o desenvolvimento social e a função social do sistema financeiro.

The objective of the thesis is to analyze the external economic stability of the Slovak republic. First part of the thesis explains fundamental theories of the balance of payments, its structure and equalizing mechanisms. The analysis of the external economic stability is based on the development of the balances of payments between the years 2000 and 2008. The analysis of the external debt and the international investment position are also involved to complete the image of the Slovak external economic stability.

El gobierno corporativo es el sistema por la cual las empresas son dirigidas y controladas, bajo una distribución de los derechos y responsabilidades entre todos los agentes involucrados, dando así las normas y procedimientos para una adecuada toma de decisiones, facilitando la confianza, transparencia y rendición de cuentas necesario para favorecer las inversiones a largo plazo, la estabilidad financiera y la integridad en los negocios, lo cual contribuye a un crecimiento más sólido y al desarrollo de sociedades más inclusivas. El Índice del Buen Gobierno Corporativo en la bolsa de valores de Lima, es un indicador estadístico que refleja el comportamiento de los precios de las acciones que han sido emitidas por empresas que cumplen adecuadamente los principios de buen gobierno corporativo para las Sociedades Peruanas. Este indicador, beneficia tanto a las empresas como a los inversionistas porque permite una mejor óptica y es una herramienta importante para la toma de decisiones para la inversión, lo cual posibilita alcanzar mercados más confiables y eficientes, las buenas prácticas ejecutadas por las empresas en lista de este índice generan valor, solidez y eficiencia en las empresas. En el presente periodo son pocas las empresas que son miembros del IBGC. El estado debe impulsar un manejo adecuado de la información, constante control y mayor participación del conglomerado empresarial peruano. Esto hará que seamos un mercado más competitivo y deseable para los inversionistas. / The corporate governance is the system by companies are directed and controlled, under a distribution of rights and responsibilities among all the actors involved, thus giving the rules and procedures for proper decision-making, facilitating the confidence, transparency and accountability necessary to promote long-term investments, financial stability and integrity in business, which contributes to stronger growth and the development of more inclusive societies. The Lima Stock Exchange Good Corporate Governance Index is a statistical indicator that reflects the price behavior of stocks that have been issued by companies that adequately comply with the principles of good corporate governance for Peruvian companies. This indicator benefits both companies and investors because it allows for better optics and is an important tool for investment decision-making, enabling more reliable and efficient markets to be achieved, good practices executed by companies listed in this index generate value, strength and efficiency in companies. In this period there are few companies that are members of the GCGI. The state must promote an adequate information management, constant control and more participation of the peruvian business conglomerate. This will make us a more competitive and desirable market for investors. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joaquim Tavares Perrelli.pdf: 352748 bytes, checksum: 648c3d5b5458029109e0889fb78da741 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The bank regulation is developed as the financial markets become more complex and sophisticated, consequently increasing its exposition to a greater risk level. Bank supervision is an institution that depends on bank regulation to act, monitoring and inspecting financial institutions, in order to accomplish it aim, financial stability. Basel II agreement incorporates two decades´ concepts, since its previous editions, improving and estabilishing principles for effective supervision and monitoring risk levels according its classification. Its implementation depends however from each evaluated country´s context. In the case study ahead, there are being analysed data and information from World Bank´s research on supervisory structure, budgetary and operational authonomy, among others. So, bank supervision belongs to a proccess and as an activity itself, its evaluation is difficult due to the dynamic nature of the capitalist system. The economies operate in cycles and when economic activity is high, credit operations levels increases too. Between these operations hired during the high level economic activity, there are the operations that will generate troubles when economic activity level becomes lower. So the supervision alternates position between a preventive and corrective set of actions. Its procedures will never be perfect and there will always be financial institutions in trouble so as there will always be financial crisis / A regulação bancária é desenvolvida à medida que os mercados financeiros tornam-se mais complexos e sofisticados em suas operações, e conseqüentemente, ficando mais expostos a riscos. A supervisão bancária é uma instituição que, a partir da regulação da atividade do sistema bancário, fiscaliza e inspeciona as atividades das instituições com o objetivo principal de promover a estabilidade financeira. O acordo de Basiléia II, incorpora os conceitos de mais de duas décadas de acordos anteriores, no estabelecimento de princípios para a supervisão bancaria efetiva e técnicas de monitoramento de riscos bancários. A sua implantação entretanto, depende de diversas etapas e preparação. As atividades de supervisão variam de contexto, conforme cada país analisado. No estudo de caso apresentado adiante estão sendo analisados dados e informações coletados em pesquisas do Banco Mundial e outras entidades acerca da estrutura da supervisão bancária, autonomia operacional e orçamentária além de outras. A partir desses dados e dos textos coletados nas fases da pesquisa, pode se concluir que a supervisão faz parte de um processo, e torna-se de difícil mensuração a partir da própria dinâmica do capitalismo. As economias operam em ciclos, e nos ciclos de alta na atividade econômica ocorre a alta nas operações de crédito. Entre essas operações de crédito do ciclo de alta encontram-se as operações que poderão causar problemas ao sistema no ciclo de baixa. A supervisão portanto alterna entre uma postura preventiva e corretiva. Ela nunca será perfeita em seus procedimentos, sempre ocorrerão problemas com instituições financeiras e crises de mercado

The aim of the thesis is to analyse how to measure an economic pillar of sustainable urban development when it is understood in terms of qualitative city development. This principly means achieving economic prosperity which does not lead to damage of the city areas and decrease the quality of life for its residents. This approach requires the creation of an appropriate set of indicators that will cover qualitative aspects of sustainable economic development. The first section summarizes existing approaches to the definition of sustainable development and ways of measuring both on the Czech and the international level. There are also defined basic characteristics of the urban development which are appropriate to express a qualitative development of the city. The second part is focused on existing ways in which sustainable development is measured, i.e. especially in the context of indicator sets. These are under detailed assessment which aim is to show how useful is to measure the economic sustainability from the qualitative point of view. In this part, the limits of using economic macro aggregates (especially Gross Domestic Product) is emphasized because there are still regarded as one of the key economic indicators of sustainable development. In the next part the thesis deals with the definition of economic prosperity and focuses on the characteristics typical for short, medium and long term perspective. Measurement of sustainable urban development in the short term is based on assessment of financial situation. From the medium-term point of view, it is crucial to assess how the city handles its property, i.e. mainly buildings and land. These property components are substantial for a further direction of city development. In the next section are designed indicators aimed at measuring the ability of the city to maintain a skilled workforce which is one of the most important conditions of long-term economic prosperity. The final theoretical part of the thesis is focused on how the long-term sustainable urban development is to be expressed in an economic way through the assessment of investments in urban infrastructure and its operational efficiency. The designed set of indicators is verified on case studies of three medium-sized Czech cities.