M.Ed. (Education) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Ed. / Teaching and learning activity is characterised by effective communication. Teaching and learning as communication is successful when the learner has taken in new information with understanding. Effective teaching cannot take place unless effective communication takes place. On the other hand effective communication depends on media that are used in the teaching-learning activity (Heinich, et al, 1989: 13). In the teaching and learning of biology, educational media are important. The study of biology is a practical venture that requires the use of media e.g. realia, models, pictures and chemicals. Biology needs to be learnt through active participation, experience, observation and investigation by both the learner and the educator. This is not possible without the . use of media. In real life, the learner's senses are stimulated by media such as real objects, pictures, radio, television, books, etc. In the teaching of biology, the learner's senses must be equally stimulated. It is therefore necessary that the biology teacher be continuously reminded of the Chinese proverb which says, " I hear, and I forget; I see and I remember. I do, and I understand" (Dwyer, 1993: 194).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA MARIA FERNANDES DAVID.pdf: 1341271 bytes, checksum: 24737ef35cca9cd5f34a4e756300c7db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to identify the teaching - learning approaches suggested by the political-pedagogical project of a bilingual school in the city of Sao Paulo. I have considered, in this investigation, that the educational work is also represented in texts institutionally produced, and so, I tried to identify in one of the documents produced by the school, the political-pedagogical project, aspects that characterise pedagogical actions such as the aims and objectives of education, the selection of academic knowledge, the role of mother tongue in the learning process of a second language, teacher s and student s roles, and the types of activities/homework that are part of the teaching-learning and evaluation process. To that matter, the following theoretical framework was used: the concept of political-pedagogical project (Vasconcellos, 1995/2004, Boutinet,1999/2002 and Padilha, 2006), the behaviourist teaching-learning theories (Skinner, 1974; Blomm, 1956/1973), the cognitivist theories (Piaget, 1956/1973; 1967/2003;1970/2002), the socio-historical-cultural theories (Vygotsky, 1984:2003; 1987/2000; 2001;2004) and the meanings of bilingual education (Hutchison & Waters, 1987,1992;Hamers & Blanc, 1989; Baker, 2000, 2001; Lantolf, 2000). The option to carry out the research within the field of applied linguistics was made for two reasons. First, due to the possibility of developing a critical reflection using the language that constitutes the pedagogical practice. Also, to consider the document produced by the school as a text that carries guidelines for the educational work (Amigues, 2004; Nourodine, 2002). The data were collected in a bilingual school in the city of Sao Paulo which develops this proposal in the primary and secondary school; the data selection included only the data from the secondary school. The data analysis was based on the procedures proposed by Bronckart (1997/1999) and Bronckart & Machado (2004). It aimed at identifying in the analysed text the teaching-learning approaches of the plan of contexts, the plan of the discourse, the plan of textual organisation, specifically in relation to the thematic content and the lexical choices. The results of the analysis led me to believe that different teaching-learning approaches constitute the political-pedagogical project, and this diversity should be part of the academic day-by-day practice / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as concepções de ensino-aprendizagem do Projeto Político-Pedagógico, de uma escola de educação bilíngüe, situada na cidade de São Paulo. Considerei nessa investigação que o trabalho educacional é representado também em textos produzidos institucionalmente e por isso procurei reconhecer no Projeto Político-Pedagógico, elaborado pela escola, aspectos que caracterizam as ações pedagógicas, tais como: os objetivos e as finalidades da educação, a seleção dos conhecimentos escolares, o papel da língua materna para aprendizagem da segunda língua, o papel do professor, do aluno, os tipos de tarefas de ensino-aprendizagem e a avaliação. Para isso, utilizei os seguintes referenciais teórico-metodológicos: o conceito de Projeto Político-Pedagógico (Vasconcellos, 1995/2004, Boutinet, 1999/2002 e Padilha, 2006), as teorias de ensino-aprendizagem behaviorista (Skinner, 1974; Blomm, 1956/1973), cognitivista (Piaget, 1956/1973; 1967/2003; 1970/2002) e sócio - histórico - cultural (Vygotsky, 1984:2003; 1987/2000; 2001; 2004) e os significados da educação bilíngüe (Hutchison & Waters, 1987,1992; Hamers & Blanc, 1989; Baker, 2000, 2001; Lantolf, 2000). Optei pela pesquisa na Lingüística Aplicada pela possibilidade de desenvolver a reflexão crítica a partir da linguagem que constitui a prática pedagógica e de considerar o documento elaborado na escola como texto que veicula prescrições ao trabalho educacional (Amigues, 2004; Nourodine, 2002). Os dados foram coletados em uma escola de educação bilíngüe, da cidade de São Paulo, que desenvolve essa proposta na Educação Infantil e no Ensino Fundamental, e a seleção dos dados restringiu-se ao segmento do Ensino Fundamental. Como metodologia de análise, baseei-me nos procedimentos propostos por Bronckart (1997/1999) e Bronckart & Machado (2004), com a finalidade de identificar, no texto analisado, as concepções de ensino-aprendizagem, a partir das características do plano dos contextos, do plano enunciativo e do plano da organização textual, especificamente em relação ao conteúdo temático e as escolhas lexicais. Os resultados das análises permitiram concluir que diferentes concepções de ensino-aprendizagem constituem o Projeto Político-Pedagógico da escola e podem conseqüentemente, caracterizar um cotidiano escolar marcado por essa diversidade

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-17T13:20:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Meirelles Borges_.pdf: 2507006 bytes, checksum: 1075950e8e413d92110e90eb8e7e9d48 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T13:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Meirelles Borges_.pdf: 2507006 bytes, checksum: 1075950e8e413d92110e90eb8e7e9d48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação se propõe investigar, descrever e analisar os significados atribuídos por estudantes de licenciatura da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos) ao planejamento de ensino. Para isso, busco apoio teórico nos Estudos em Docência e em Planejamento de Ensino, aproximando-os da perspectiva pós-estruturalista de Michel Foucault. A partir dessa compreensão, proponho interrogar o tema planejamento de ensino com um olhar problematizador. Para realizar a pesquisa, fiz alguns movimentos para me aproximar da atividade acadêmica (disciplina) “Planejamento e Organização da Ação Pedagógica”, ofertada para os nove cursos de licenciatura da Unisinos, e, a seguir, escolhi o grupo focal como procedimento metodológico – coordenei cinco grupos focais com estudantes de licenciatura matriculados em uma turma no período letivo de 2015/2. Utilizei-me do conceito de linguagem como ferramenta teórica para estudar o planejamento de ensino por entender que ele contribui para a análise dos sistemas discursivos que conformam os objetos. Os resultados do estudo possibilitam mostrar que: (1) Os estudantes de licenciatura referem-se ao planejamento como algo flexível, e não como algo concluído. Ao mesmo tempo, os futuros professores vão apresentar o aluno como uma variável incontrolável, e, quando o aluno assume uma centralidade no processo de planejar, os conhecimentos escolares ficam esmaecidos; (2) Os licenciandos compreendem, ainda, o processo de planejar como intimamente ligado às questões metodológicas, e o relacionam menos aos objetivos e conteúdos a serem desenvolvidos. Ao mesmo tempo, quando mencionam conteúdos para pensar o planejamento, os estudantes o fazem como sinônimo de atividade ou lista de tarefas a serem executadas. / This thesis proposes to investigate, describe and analyze the meanings attributed by undergraduate students of teaching from Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos) to education planning. For this, we seek theoretical support in Studies in Teaching and Education Planning, approaching the post-structuralist perspective of Michel Foucault. From this understanding, we propose to examine the subject teaching planning with a problem-solving look. To conduct the survey, we made some moves to get closer to the academic activity (discipline) "Planning and Organization of Educational Action" offered for the nine degree teaching courses at Unisinos, and then we chose the focus group as a methodological procedure - we coordinated five focus groups with undergraduate students of teaching enrolled in a class in the university term of 2015/2. We used the language concept as a theoretical tool to study the teaching of planning by understanding that it contributes to the analysis of the discursive systems that make the objects. The study results make it possible to show that: (1) Undergraduate students of teaching refer to the planning as something flexible, not as something complete. At the same time, the future teachers will present the student as an uncontrollable variable, and when the student takes on a central role in the process of planning, school knowledge are dimmed; (2) The future teachers understand, also, the process of planning as closely linked to methodological issues, and relate it less to the objectives and contents to be developed. At the same time, when they mention contents to think about planning, undergraduate students of teaching do it as a synonym of an activity list or some tasks to be performed.

England’s long history of education has witnessed many conflicts in regard to language teaching. In this thesis, I investigate the conflicts surrounding two language education reform movements, Language Awareness and Knowledge About Language, during the Conservative administration between 1979 and 1997. The investigation examines official and non-official plans and policy texts produced by various groups and actors, notably Hawkins and Cox, that detail how the teaching of ‘Language’ should be conducted in England’s state school curriculum. The focus of the research is upon identifying what LA and KAL were as pedagogical concepts; why LA was reconstituted as KAL; what the motives underpinning these various plans and policies were; and finally, why efforts to establish LA and KAL were resisted. In the effort to make sense of this history, I draw theoretically and methodologically upon the work of Foucault, Fairclough, Bernstein and Ager. Limitations of my interpretation of this history notwithstanding, my findings revealed that LA was an educational reform movement that emerged from common schooling discourses, and one that sought to improve its educational provision. While LA was originally intended to be a subject in its own right that bridged the English and Foreign Language subject areas, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate reconstituted LA and placed its responsibility firmly within the English subject area. The motives underpinning LA and KAL planning and policy are varied. Those underpinning the policies, however, are distinctly ideological in nature, drawing a strong relationship between language education and democracy. Nearly all motives pertain to what Bernstein calls a competence model of education, the modes of which are notably attuned to addressing inequality and promoting social integration. LA and KAL were reforms that were both ill understood and resented, for varying and complex reasons, by educators and the Conservatives alike. The thesis closes with directions for future research.

D. Ed. (Adult and Higher Education) / The aim of this study was to investigate and formulate criteria for distance education programmes at residential South African universities. The objectives of the study included the following perspectives: * Definition and conceptualization: to define and conceptualize the relevant concepts regarding distance education programmes for residential South African universities; * A perspective for change: to discuss the challenges faced by South African universities, comprising certain external and internal determinants, in order to justify the reconsideration of present university education programmes; * A perspective on residential university education: to analyze the composition and format of residential university education programmes. * A perspective on distance education university programmes: to analyze the composition and format of distance education university programmes. * A comparative perspective: to compare typical residential and distance education university programmes. * A perspective on the criteria: to design criteria for distance education programmes at residential universities, which could be employed as recommendations for implementing such programmes.

The purpose of this study is to visulise how preschool teachers work pedagog- ically around reading aloud in a multilingual children's group. We want to in- vestigate preschool teachers' reasoning and planning around the reading situa- tion to see what pedagogical purpose that situation can have and what place it takes in the preschool activities. In addition, in our opinion, reading aloud in a multilingual children's group is perceived as particularly difficult when pre- school teachers need to stimulate each individual child's language develop- ment. Through reading aloud, we can work with the children actively with lit- erature to create the opportunity for imagination, creativity but primarily chil- dren's language development. Therefore, we have chosen to focus on the planned reading aloud situation. To investigate this, we interviewed eight active preschool teachers wereof six of them work in multilingual children's groups. We used an interview guide where the questions were intended to highlight the preschool teachers' experi- ences regarding the multilingual children's group and how they reason about the educational planning of reading aloud situations. When we wanted to in- vestigate the preschool teachers' perceptions and experiences, we used the phe- nomenographic method approach whose primary focus is to make the individ- ual's thoughts and experiences visible. The study's results shows a number of factors and working methods that sim- plify the work of reading aloud in a multilingual children's group. We have discovered five core parts that make up the whole for a high-quality reading situation. Concrete materials, literature selections, book talk, collaboration with the home and educational planning are methods that preschool teachers use to create a qualitative reading situation for all children regardless of lin- guistic knowledge. The study shows how a few preschool teachers reason about a planned reading aloud situation in general and do not specify them- selves in a specific native language. / Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra hur förskollärare arbetar pedagogiskt kring högläsning i en flerspråkig barngrupp. Vi vill undersöka förskollärares resonemang och planering kring högläsningssituationen för att få syn på vilket pedagogiskt syfte den situationen kan ha och vilken plats den tar i verksam- heten. Dessutom är vår uppfattning att högläsning i en flerspråkig barngrupp upplevs som särskilt svår när förskollärare behöver stimulera varje enskilt barns språkutveckling. Genom högläsning kan vi tillsammans med barnen ar- beta aktivt med litteratur för att skapa möjlighet för fantasi, kreativitet men främst barns språkutveckling. Därför har vi valt att fokusera på den planerade högläsningssituationen. För att undersöka detta har vi intervjuat åtta verksamma förskollärare varav sex av dem arbetar i flerspråkiga barngrupper. Vi använde oss av en intervju- guide där frågorna syftade till att synliggöra förskollärarnas erfarenheter kring den flerspråkiga barngruppen samt hur de resonerar kring den pedagogiska pla- neringen av högläsningssituationer. Då vi ville undersöka förskollärarnas upp- fattningar och erfarenheter använde vi oss av den fenomenografiska metodan- satsen, vars primära fokus är att synliggöra individens tankar och upplevelser. Studiens resultat visar på ett antal faktorer och arbetssätt som förenklar arbetet med högläsning i en flerspråkig barngrupp. Vi har upptäckt fem kärndelar som utgör helheten för en kvalitativ högläsningssituation. Konkreta material, litte- raturval, boksamtal, samverkan med hemmet och pedagogisk planering är ar- betssätt som förskollärarna använder sig av för att skapa en kvalitativ högläs- ningssituation för alla barn oavsett språkliga kunskaper. Studien visar på hur ett flertal förskollärare resonerar kring en planerad högläsningssituation i all- mänhet och specificerar sig inte till ett specifikt modersmål.

[pt] Esta pesquisa é uma análise das principais disputas sobre a educação escolar no campo da educação no Brasil após a promulgação da Constituição de 1988. O objetivo foi mapear os atores que atuam no campo educacional, com intuito de identificar não somente as suas agendas, mas ressaltar a diversidade e as disputas que permeiam esse cenário. Apoiando-se no conceito de campo de Pierre Bourdieu, o arcabouço teórico se fundamentou na aplicabilidade do conceito para o campo da educação no Brasil. Para além dos processos anteriores, como a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, a aprovação da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases de 1996 e o Plano Nacional da Educação (PNE) 2001-2010, o método utilizado teve como base a análise do discurso dos diferentes atores durante o processo de aprovação do PNE 2014-2014, momento chave para compreender os debates e as principais metas para a educação na próxima década. Por fim, esta pesquisa é um esforço no sentido de compreender como a educação escolar vem sendo disputada por atores dos mais diferentes lugares - tanto do setor privado quanto do setor público - e como essas relações têm se complexificado nos últimos anos. / [en] This research is a review of the main education disputes in the field of education in Brazil after the promulgation of the 1988 Constitution. The objective was to map the actors which participate in the field and what are their agenda, in order to analyze the disputes in which they are involved and how the field has been diversifying. The theoretical framework is based in the concept of field of Pierre Bourdieu, that is why the work has a detail analysis about the concepts of this author and its applicability in the Brazilian education field. The chosen method was to notice the speech of the different actors during the approval process of the National Education Plan 2014-2024, because it was the moment when these actors met themselves for discuss the education goals valid for the next ten years and for its news. To understand the actors and the places from where they speak, it was chosen to a study the history of the earlier cases, like the Promulgation of the 1988 Constitution, the approval of the 1996 Law Guidelines and Bases and the National Plan of Education 2001-2010. The second objective of this work was to understand the disputes about scholar education. Lastly, this research tries to understand how the scholar education are disputed between the different actors from different places, from the public and the private sector, and how these relations have become more complex at the last years.

Thesis (MEcon)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Education production function analysis is widely recognised as one important area of research that needs to inform education policymaking, specifically policy relating to the mix of funded inputs in a schooling system. Arriving at production functions is a complex task, and is fraught with methodological pitfalls. This thesis sets out to establish a framework for undertaking education production function analysis, and in discussing its various elements, including its pitfalls, recommendations for good practice are arrived at. The material analysed is of four types: texts on econometric theory; existing production function analyses; documentation relating to three dataintensive school monitoring programmes, namely Brazil’s SAEB, South Africa’s Systemic Evaluation and the international SACMEQ programme; and lastly data, relating mainly to South Africa, from the 2000 run of SACMEQ. The thesis is organised according what can be regarded as seven key analysis steps. These steps include a focus on the importance of a ‘mental model’, the relative benefits of the one-level regression model and the hierarchical linear model (HLM), and the formulation of actual production functions for South Africa based on the SACMEQ data, using both one-level and HLM models. Key conclusions are, firstly, that the HLM, though still under-developed, offers great analysis potential and, secondly, that production function analyses ought to be translated into budgetary terms in order for them to become fully meaningful to the policymaker.

[pt] Não há consenso a respeito do que significa e implica a formação cidadã nas escolas, como também não existe clareza na forma em que o exercício da cidadania poderia contribuir à superação das desigualdades sociais. A partir dos postulados de Lazar (2013), buscamos compreender as características e os anelos dessa formação cidadã no planejamento educacional, analisando o discurso dos segundos Planos Nacionais de Educação (PNE) de Brasil e da Colômbia, por serem estes documentos estatais que pretendem reger as politicas e ações educacionais do decênio. A metodologia de Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), formulada por Fairclough (2003), permitiu-nos identificar os múltiplos propósitos dos PNE, os atores que participaram na construção dos documentos, e as características da cidadania. A ACD mostrou grande adequação para a análise de políticas públicas educativas. Encontramos que os dois PNE compartem a maioria dos valores da cidadania e que esses valores são anelos das comunidades políticas desde a antiguidade, que perduram e se sofisticam nas sociedades modernas. Isto desafia o carácter contextual da cidadania e sugere um funcionamento eficaz das tecnologias de governo (Foucault, 1970). Os principais aliados da cidadania na Colômbia são a paz e a convivência, e no Brasil a formação para o trabalho. Chamou nossa atenção que a cidadania, por momentos, funcionasse como um significante vazio (Laclau; Mouffe, 1987) e quase sempre fosse intercambiável com a democracia. Há grandes diferenças no papel que desempenharam especialistas da educação e docentes em cada processo e documento. Ademais de servir de instrumento de planejamento, os PNE mostraram intenção didática e publicitária. / [en] There is a lack of consensus about the meaning of citizenship and the implications of educating for citizenship in schools; neither has it been evident how practicing citizenship could contribute to the overcoming of social inequalities. Taking Lazar (2013) as a reference, we intended to comprehend the values and features of citizenship in the educational planning, by analyzing the discourse of the documents of National Education Planning (NEP - second documents), from Brazil and Colombia. These state documents aim to rule the policies and educational actions for a decade. Methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), proposed by Fairclough (2003), allowed us to identify the multiple purposes of NEP, social actors that participate in the construction of the documents and features of citizenship. We found the two documents share most of the values of citizenship, these values have been wished by political communities since antiquity and they last and sophisticate in modern societies. This challenges the contextual character of citizenship and suggests an efficient functioning of technologies of governance (Foucault, 1970). Main alliances of citizenship in Colombia are made with peace and social harmony, while in Brazil the main alliance is with a work-oriented education. Citizenship sometimes worked as an empty signifier (Laclau; Mouffe, 1987) and it was often exchangeable with democracy. There are relevant differences in the role that education specialists and teachers played in each process and document. Besides their aim of being a guide for planning, NEP documents revealed didactic and advertising intentions. / [es] No hay consenso respecto a lo que significa e implica la formación ciudadana en las escuelas, así como tampoco es clara la forma en la que el ejercicio de la ciudadanía podría contribuir a la superación de las desigualdades sociales. A partir de los planteamientos de Lazar (2013), buscamos comprender las características y los anhelos de esa formación ciudadana en la planeación educativa, analizando el discurso de los segundos Planes Nacionales de Educación (PNE) de Brasil y Colombia, por ser estos documentos estatales que pretenden regir las políticas y acciones educativas del decenio. La metodología de Análisis Crítica del Discurso (ACD), propuesta por Fairclough (2003), nos permitió identificar los múltiples propósitos de los PNE, los actores que participaron en su construcción y las características de la ciudadanía. El ACD mostró gran adecuación para el análisis de políticas públicas educativas. Encontramos que los dos PNE comparten la mayoría de los valores de la ciudadanía y que estos valores son anhelos de las comunidades políticas desde la antigüedad, que perviven y se sofistican en las sociedades modernas. Esto último desafía el carácter contextual de la ciudadanía y sugiere un funcionamiento eficaz de las tecnologías de gobierno (Foucault, 1970). Los principales aliados de la ciudadanía en Colombia son la paz y la convivencia, y en Brasil la formación para el trabajo. Nos llamó la atención el que la ciudadanía, por momentos, funcionara como un significante vacío (Laclau; Mouffe, 1987) y casi siempre fuera intercambiable con la democracia. Hay grandes diferencias en el papel que desempeñaron especialistas de la educación y docentes en cada proceso y documento. Además de servir de instrumento de planeación, los PNE mostraron una intención didáctica y publicitaria.