Die doel van hierdie studie van beperkte omvang is om inligting in te samel oor die probleem van dissipline soos dit manifesteer in Intermediêre Skole in die Namakwa Distrik van die Noord-Kaap Provinsie. Die aandag word toegespits op: * wetgewing met betrekking tot dissipline in skole; * soorte van probleme; * faktore wat aanleiding gee tot probleme; * maatreëls wat gebruik word om dissiplinêre probleme te hanteer en te voorkom. Deur literatuurstudie word begrip en kennis verkry wat as agtergrond dien vir die kwalitatiewe ondersoek waardeur `n kontekstuele begrip verkry word van die ervaring van dissipline en probleme deur `n geselekteerde groep skoolhoofde van Intermediêre Skole in die Namakwa Distrik van die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Ten slotte word voorstelle gemaak met die oog op die verbetering van `n komplekse situasie. / The aim of this study on a small scale is to gather information about the problem of discipline as manifested in Intermediate Schools in the Namaqua District of the Northern Cape Province. The attention is focused on: * legislation in connection with discipline in schools; * types of problems; * factors that cause problems; * measures to cope and prevent disciplinary problems. The study of literature provides understanding and knowledge that serves as background to the qualitative study by way of which a contextual understanding is developed of the experience of discipline and specific problems by a selected group of principals of Intermediate Schools in the Namaqua District of the Northern Cape Province. In conclusion proposals are made aimed at the improvement of a complex situation. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

A dissertação trata do direito à educação, destacando o direito à permanência no ensino e englobando o direito à escola, os direitos na escola e o sentimento de justiça. Na fundamentação teórica, o conceito de “direito à educação” foi abordado a partir do ordenamento jurídico-educacional brasileiro (do Direito Positivo), de autores nacionais e reconhecidos internacionalmente, bem como na perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos. As principais categorias de análise foram o conteúdo do direito à educação, a eficácia social e a justicialidade. A parte empírica foi realizada em uma escola pública de Porto Alegre, através de estudo de caso, no qual foram apresentados: caracterização institucional, análise do Regimento e do Projeto Pedagógico, com destaque para os itens “direitos e deveres” dos alunos e dos professores; análise estatística de freqüência, permanência e rendimento escolar; observações da dinâmica administrativa e pedagógica; observação e entrevistas sobre o tratamento dos alunos infreqüentes, inclusive sobre os registros na FICAI (Ficha de Comunicação de Aluno Infreqüente). Ademais, realizaram-se entrevistas com conselheiros tutelares, entrevistas com pais de alunos infreqüentes, com visitas a domicílio. Todos estes dados permitiram traçar as condições que promovem a infreqüência bem como as estratégias utilizadas pela escola, pelas famílias e a comunidade, e pelas demais instâncias do Poder Público para evitar a evasão. Dentre as medidas preventivas da infreqüência destacam-se as políticas públicas como o Programa Bolsa Família, com maior poder e abrangência de intervenção; e as práticas docentes e de gestão escolar, com menor impacto e eficácia. Na escola estudada, apenas 11% dos alunos inscritos no Programa Bolsa Família mantiveram a freqüência de 85% até o final do segundo ano de benefício, apesar de a escolar apagar as faltas de vários alunos. Nas relações pedagógicas, o afeto é o recurso mais utilizado, seguido da premiação aos alunos que tiveram menor número de faltas. No resgate dos alunos, destacam-se as ações da supervisão da escola, do Conselho Tutelar, complementadas pelo Ministério Público. De 63 alunos infreqüentes, todos com distorção idade-série, apenas seis voltaram definitivamente a freqüentar a escola. Ainda não há estratégia específica para o acolhimento dos retornados à escola. A justiça professoral se apóia na freqüência, como indicador objetivo e indiscutível para avaliar, classificar e aprovar/reprovar os alunos. Ouvidos os alunos resgatados e suas famílias e elaboradas as configurações familiares, é possível dizer que as famílias oscilam entre o desejo que os filhos freqüentem a escola e o desejo que eles ingressem no mercado de trabalho. O “sentimento de justiça” ainda precisa ser desenvolvido pelas famílias das crianças e adolescentes e (re)conhecido o direito à educação escolar como um direito justiciável, para que possa ser reivindicado. A omissão, negligência e violação do direito à permanência na escola é praticada por todos os entes comprometidos com a defesa dos direitos. Na relação “direito do aluno à permanência na escola” como direito humano e direito público subjetivo versus “dever do Estado em cumprir”, destacam-se as ações do Estado como as mais efetivas no cumprimento do dever de garantir a permanência de crianças e adolescentes na escola. Contudo, nas práticas escolares verifica-se que o direito à permanência na escola é privilégio daqueles que nela já estão inseridos e que não precisam reivindicar este direito. / This thesis discusses the right to education, highlighting the right to stay in school and covering the right to school(ing), the rights at school and the notion of justice. In specialized literature, the concept of ‘right to education’ has been approached considering Brazilian legal and educational structure (from Positive Right), national and internationally acknowledged writers and the Human Rights perspective. The main categories for analysis were the right to education, social efficiency and justiciability. The empirical part of the work took place at a public school in the city of Porto Alegre with an in-depth case study that presents: description of the institution; analysis of the school bylaws (focusing students and teachers’ rights and duties) and the pedagogical (curriculum) project; statistics on attendance, permanence and school progress; observation of administrative and pedagogical dynamics; observation and interviews regarding the procedures undertaken with low attendance rates, including the FICAI (Student Absence Communication Form) records. Besides, there were interviews with Children’s Rights Council advisors, and interviews with the parents of students with low attendance, through home visitations. All this data allowed to outline the conditions that lead to low attendance as well as the strategies to reduce drop-out rates used by the school, the families, the community, and other governmental agencies. Amongst the procedures created to prevent students’ low attendance, the Programa Bolsa Família (Family Allowance Program) stands out as an effective public policy for its wider intervention capacity; some school management and teaching practices, seemly with lower impact and effectiveness were also analyzed. Nevertheless, at the studied school, at the end of the second year on the Program, only 11% of the students enrolled in the Programa Bolsa Família could keep the required 85% attendance rate, in spite of the fact that the school had erased some absences of several students. In pedagogical relations (teacher’s attention to class and individual student), affection is the most used resource, followed by rewards offered to the students with the lowest number of absences. For the rescue of absent students, there were actions taken by the school supervisor and by the Conselho Tutelar (Children’s Rights Council), complemented by those from the State school administration department. Out of 63 students with low attendance rates — all of them over-aged for the grade of enrolment — only six returned definitely to school. At this school, there isn’t yet any specific strategy for the reception of those who return to school. Teachers’ justice is based mainly on attendance, which is considered as the objective and unquestionable indicator to evaluate, rank and/or pass/fail the students. After hearing the ‘rescued’ students and their families, and figuring out their family situation, it is possible to say that families balance between the wish that their children attend to school and the wish that they start working as early as possible. The ‘notion of justice’ still needs to be developed by the families, if the right to school is to be known and acknowledged as a justiciable right – i.e. a right that can be reclaimed as such. Omission, negligence and violation of the right to stay in school are common practices among those who are committed to defend children’s rights and the right to education. Considering the ‘student’s right to stay in school’ as a human right and as “subjective public right” versus the ‘State’s obligations/duties’, the latter (proper State actions) can be highlighted as the most effective ones for accomplishing continuous school attendance (the permanence of children and teenagers in school). However, among the school practices, the right to stay in school ends up being a privilege of those who are already enrolled and attending school, best said, the right to schooling belongs to those who do not need to reclaim it. / Esta disertación trata del derecho a la educación, dando destaque al derecho a la permanencia en el sistema educativo, englobando el derecho a la escuela, los derechos en la escuela y el sentimiento de justicia. En el marco teórico se trabajó el concepto de “derecho a la educación”, a partir de la ordenación jurídica educativa brasilera (del Derecho Positivo), de autores nacionales y reconocidos en ámbito internacional, así como en la perspectiva de los Derechos Humanos. Las principales categorías conceptuales para el análisis fueron: el contenido del derecho a la educación, su eficacia social y justiciable. La parte empírica se hizo en una escuela pública de Porto Alegre, a través de un estudio de caso hecho en profundidad, en el que se presentaron: la caracterización institucional, el análisis del Estatuto y del Proyecto Pedagógico, destacando “derechos y deberes” de los alumnos y de los maestros; el análisis estadístico de presencia, permanencia y aprovechamiento escolar; observaciones de la dinámica administrativa y pedagógica; observación y entrevistas sobre cómo son tratados los alumnos que faltan con frecuencia, incluso, sobre los registros FICAI (Ficha de Comunicação de Aluno Infreqüente). Además, se hicieron entrevistas con consejeros tutelares y con padres de alumnos faltantes y visitas domiciliares. Todos esos datos permitieron diseñar las condiciones que fomentan la infrecuencia así como las estrategias utilizadas por la escuela, la familia y la comunidad y por las demás instancias del Poder Público para evitar la evasión. Entre las medidas de prevención de la infrecuencia se destacan las políticas publicas como el Programa Bolsa Familia, más amplio y con gran poder de intervención; y las prácticas docentes y de gestión escolar, con menos impacto y eficiencia. En la escuela que se hizo la investigación, apenas 11% de los alumnos inscriptos en el Programa Bolsa Familia han mantenido frecuencia de 85% hasta el final del segundo año del beneficio, a pesar de la escuela borrar las faltas de varios alumnos. En las relaciones pedagógicas, el afecto es el recurso más usado, seguido de premiación a los alumnos que han tenido menos faltas. En el rescate de los alumnos se destacan las acciones de la supervisión de la escuela, del Consejo Tutelar, complementadas por el Ministerio Público. De 63 alumnos faltantes, todos con desnivel entre edad y grado, apenas seis volvieron definitivamente a la escuela. Todavía no hay estrategias específicas para el acogimiento a los que retornan a la escuela. La justicia profesoral se basa en la presencia como indicador objetivo e indiscutible para evaluar, clasificar y aprobar o aplazar a los alumnos. Se habló con los alumnos rescatados y con sus familias y se elaboraron las configuraciones familiares. A partir de ahí, se puede decir que las familias oscilan entre el deseo de que sus hijos vayan a la escuela y el deseo de que ingresen al mercado de trabajo. El “sentimiento de justicia” todavía necesita que se lo desenvuelva por parte de las familias de los niños y adolescentes y sea re-conocido el derecho a la educación escolar como un derecho justiciable para que se lo pueda reclamar. La omisión, negligencia y violación del derecho a la permanencia en la escuela son practicadas por todos las entidades comprometidas con la defensa de los derechos. En la relación “derecho del alumno a la permanencia en la escuela” como derecho humano y derecho público subjetivo versus “deber de Estado en cumplir” se destacan las acciones del Estado como siendo las más eficaces en el cumplimiento del deber de garantizar la permanencia de los niños y de los adolescentes en la escuela. A pesar de eso, en las prácticas escolares, se observa que el derecho a la permanencia en la escuela es privilegio para los que ya están en ella.

Cyber bullying is a growing phenomenon in schools all over the world, and it is evident that cyber bullying presents certain unique problems for schools in the regulation thereof. From the number of different definitions of cyber bullying, it is also evident that there is no clear concept of the exact nature of cyber bullying, and how it should be addressed in schools. The existing legal framework in South Africa can be used to address cyber bullying in schools, but there is no legislation or policy that is directly aimed at the regulation of cyber bullying at school level. The purpose of this research is to develop a law and policy framework for the effective regulation of cyber bullying in schools. Firstly, a literature review was conducted to determine the nature of cyber bullying and to examine how cyber bullying in American schools is regulated by law. Secondly, a literature study determined the human rights obligations with regard to protecting learners against cyber bullying, and reviewed how current South African law and policy speaks to addressing cyber bullying in schools. In order to investigate the occurrence of cyber bullying in South African schools practically, a case study was conducted at a South African school. All the resources mentioned above were used to develop an education-specific law and policy framework to address cyber bullying in South African schools effectively. This framework includes a suggested insertion in the South African Schools Act, draft Guidelines for the regulation of cyber bullying in schools, draft provisions for schools’ Codes of conduct for learners and an information brochure on cyber bullying. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.

The research centres on the degree to which the no-fee-paying policy is influencing the financial management of schools in Soshanguve. The no-fee-paying policy stems from the Education Laws Amendment Act 24 of 2005 according to which the levying of mandatory fees was abolished at public schools that are declared no-fee-paying institutions. The state funded these newly declared no-fee-paying schools in order to create greater access to quality education and to improve the educational resources and equipment in impoverished schools. According to the findings of this research, there is little or no financial management in the former underprivileged schools in Soshanguve. This lack of proper financial management in these schools appears to be due to the lack of capacity within both the schools and the school governing bodies themselves. In addition, there appears to be a lack of equality and equity between the formerly underprivileged schools and the advantaged schools. In the words of Fiske and Ladd (2004b:248), equality and equity seem to be elusive. Schools in the cities are still advantaged since the parents are paying fees and schools are managing their funds, while parents in the township schools (especially in Soshanguve) have been found to be unsupportive financially. This is probably because communities around the schools are, in the main, poverty stricken. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

The focus of the study was an exploration of the perceptions of secondary schools’ principals about the effectiveness of school governing bodies in Ga-Rankuwa, Tshwane West District. The main research question was formulated as follows: What are the secondary schools’ principals’ perceptions about the effectiveness of school governing bodies in school governance? The main aims were to determine how the findings of the study could add to new knowledge about the effectiveness of school governing bodies in Ga-Rankuwa and to ascertain if the perceptions of secondary schools’ principals play a role in the effective functioning of school governing bodies. A review literature worked a synthesis of perspectives on functions and roles of school governing bodies. The study examined the roles, functions of school governing bodies in selected developed, and developing countries and discussed in detail school governing bodies in the South African education system after 1994. Informed by the literature review, an empirical inquiry using a mixed method; combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the perceptions of secondary schools’ principals about the effectiveness of school governing bodies in Ga-Rankuwa, Tshwane West District. Sampling of respondents was purposeful. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data gathering were used in order to produce reliable and valid results. The study involved seven (n=7) secondary schools principals who responded to a researcher-designed, pen-and-paper questionnaire and participated in semi-structured interviews. Ethical requirements were met and the identity and privacy of participants were protected. Data presented were mainly derived from documentary sources, the questionnaire and interviews. Data were analyzed, the findings presented, interpreted and the significance noted. Findings indicated that little had been documented in relation to the exploration of perceptions of secondary schools` principals about the effectiveness of school governing bodies in Ga-Rankuwa. Overall, the principals were positive about the role played by the school governing bodies; although they identified several areas in which both school governing body members and principals required ongoing training. Based on the findings of the literature and the empirical study, the researcher recommended the establishment of a special unit for the training and induction of secondary principals and newly elected members of school governing bodies to ensure effective school governance. The constraints of the study were financial. The findings of this small-scale study cannot be generalised; however, several areas for future research were identified. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

World-wide, the nature, purpose and existence of private education has evoked intense interest and controversial debate. For many, private education presents a legal-moral dilemma. On the one hand, it is recognised as a fundamental right in terms of freedom of association, religion and culture. On the other, it raises perplexing moral and philosophical issues about social exclusivity, selectivity and elitism. Notwithstanding the equally compelling legal, social, economic, educational and political arguments for and against private education, private schools in South Africa, which are increasing in number, continue to form an essential and permanent part of the education system. Private education is a complex subject which can be researched from a myriad of perspectives. This study is essentially a legal enquiry into the legal status of private schools in South Africa within the new democratic constitutional dispensation and how the law affects the organisation, governance and management of private schools. To this end, the study is confined to a discussion on legal aspects relating to private school governance, public funding of private schools, teachers' appointments and discipline, student admission and discipline and religious freedom. In discussing the legal context of such topics, a number of issues emerged concerning the complex nature and diversity of private schools, the relationship between the State and the private school sector, the right of private schools to exist and the implications of the bill of rights for private schools. Furthermore, the study raises challenging questions about the issues of choice, autonomy, religious freedom and diversity, which lie at the heart of the establishment and maintenance of private schools in a democratic society. Finally, one of the difficulties of conducting such a study is that South African law is complex and changing, and it is still in a state of evolution, given the recentness of the Constitution and the bill of rights. This means that while some legal issues pertaining to private schools are fairly well settled, for the most part it is not possible to provide a comprehensive or definitive statement about complex and often highly sensitive issues but merely to pose various legal-education questions and problems for consideration. In time, many of the issues raised will no doubt be settled by the courts / Educational Leadership and Management / D.Ed. (Educational Management

The grounds for asserting that parents of all cultures can be held responsible and accountable for the care and education of their children derive from sources such as the primordial nature of humanity, the precepts of state statutes and international protocols that refer to educational issues and the tenets of scripts that apply to adherents of a particular philosophy of life - for example the Bible as the guide for parents who subscribe to a Christian philosophy of life. The issue of parental say in formal education as provided for in current education legislation is perhaps not an entirely unique development. In this thesis the development of the concept of parental responsibilities and rights in relation to formal schooling in South Africa during the Colonial period was investigated. An attempt was made to determine what Colonial parents - who were predominantly Protestant Calvinist and who consequently subscribed to a Christian philosophy of life - did to ensure that their children's formal education met with their approval and fulfilled their expectations. A further aspect examined related to the identification of the specific issues in education that these parents believed they should be afforded the right to regulate in order to ensure that their children's formal education - as an extension to their primary education - conformed with the fundamental principles of their philosophy of life. The research affirmed the significance a philosophy of life holds for the perception of what it is that constitutes authentic education. It can consequently be concluded that parental involvement in formal schooling should not be seen as intrusion in a realm beyond the jurisdiction of the parent, but as cases of judgement, discernment and selection dictated by the parent's philosophy of life. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

A dissertação trata do direito à educação, destacando o direito à permanência no ensino e englobando o direito à escola, os direitos na escola e o sentimento de justiça. Na fundamentação teórica, o conceito de “direito à educação” foi abordado a partir do ordenamento jurídico-educacional brasileiro (do Direito Positivo), de autores nacionais e reconhecidos internacionalmente, bem como na perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos. As principais categorias de análise foram o conteúdo do direito à educação, a eficácia social e a justicialidade. A parte empírica foi realizada em uma escola pública de Porto Alegre, através de estudo de caso, no qual foram apresentados: caracterização institucional, análise do Regimento e do Projeto Pedagógico, com destaque para os itens “direitos e deveres” dos alunos e dos professores; análise estatística de freqüência, permanência e rendimento escolar; observações da dinâmica administrativa e pedagógica; observação e entrevistas sobre o tratamento dos alunos infreqüentes, inclusive sobre os registros na FICAI (Ficha de Comunicação de Aluno Infreqüente). Ademais, realizaram-se entrevistas com conselheiros tutelares, entrevistas com pais de alunos infreqüentes, com visitas a domicílio. Todos estes dados permitiram traçar as condições que promovem a infreqüência bem como as estratégias utilizadas pela escola, pelas famílias e a comunidade, e pelas demais instâncias do Poder Público para evitar a evasão. Dentre as medidas preventivas da infreqüência destacam-se as políticas públicas como o Programa Bolsa Família, com maior poder e abrangência de intervenção; e as práticas docentes e de gestão escolar, com menor impacto e eficácia. Na escola estudada, apenas 11% dos alunos inscritos no Programa Bolsa Família mantiveram a freqüência de 85% até o final do segundo ano de benefício, apesar de a escolar apagar as faltas de vários alunos. Nas relações pedagógicas, o afeto é o recurso mais utilizado, seguido da premiação aos alunos que tiveram menor número de faltas. No resgate dos alunos, destacam-se as ações da supervisão da escola, do Conselho Tutelar, complementadas pelo Ministério Público. De 63 alunos infreqüentes, todos com distorção idade-série, apenas seis voltaram definitivamente a freqüentar a escola. Ainda não há estratégia específica para o acolhimento dos retornados à escola. A justiça professoral se apóia na freqüência, como indicador objetivo e indiscutível para avaliar, classificar e aprovar/reprovar os alunos. Ouvidos os alunos resgatados e suas famílias e elaboradas as configurações familiares, é possível dizer que as famílias oscilam entre o desejo que os filhos freqüentem a escola e o desejo que eles ingressem no mercado de trabalho. O “sentimento de justiça” ainda precisa ser desenvolvido pelas famílias das crianças e adolescentes e (re)conhecido o direito à educação escolar como um direito justiciável, para que possa ser reivindicado. A omissão, negligência e violação do direito à permanência na escola é praticada por todos os entes comprometidos com a defesa dos direitos. Na relação “direito do aluno à permanência na escola” como direito humano e direito público subjetivo versus “dever do Estado em cumprir”, destacam-se as ações do Estado como as mais efetivas no cumprimento do dever de garantir a permanência de crianças e adolescentes na escola. Contudo, nas práticas escolares verifica-se que o direito à permanência na escola é privilégio daqueles que nela já estão inseridos e que não precisam reivindicar este direito. / This thesis discusses the right to education, highlighting the right to stay in school and covering the right to school(ing), the rights at school and the notion of justice. In specialized literature, the concept of ‘right to education’ has been approached considering Brazilian legal and educational structure (from Positive Right), national and internationally acknowledged writers and the Human Rights perspective. The main categories for analysis were the right to education, social efficiency and justiciability. The empirical part of the work took place at a public school in the city of Porto Alegre with an in-depth case study that presents: description of the institution; analysis of the school bylaws (focusing students and teachers’ rights and duties) and the pedagogical (curriculum) project; statistics on attendance, permanence and school progress; observation of administrative and pedagogical dynamics; observation and interviews regarding the procedures undertaken with low attendance rates, including the FICAI (Student Absence Communication Form) records. Besides, there were interviews with Children’s Rights Council advisors, and interviews with the parents of students with low attendance, through home visitations. All this data allowed to outline the conditions that lead to low attendance as well as the strategies to reduce drop-out rates used by the school, the families, the community, and other governmental agencies. Amongst the procedures created to prevent students’ low attendance, the Programa Bolsa Família (Family Allowance Program) stands out as an effective public policy for its wider intervention capacity; some school management and teaching practices, seemly with lower impact and effectiveness were also analyzed. Nevertheless, at the studied school, at the end of the second year on the Program, only 11% of the students enrolled in the Programa Bolsa Família could keep the required 85% attendance rate, in spite of the fact that the school had erased some absences of several students. In pedagogical relations (teacher’s attention to class and individual student), affection is the most used resource, followed by rewards offered to the students with the lowest number of absences. For the rescue of absent students, there were actions taken by the school supervisor and by the Conselho Tutelar (Children’s Rights Council), complemented by those from the State school administration department. Out of 63 students with low attendance rates — all of them over-aged for the grade of enrolment — only six returned definitely to school. At this school, there isn’t yet any specific strategy for the reception of those who return to school. Teachers’ justice is based mainly on attendance, which is considered as the objective and unquestionable indicator to evaluate, rank and/or pass/fail the students. After hearing the ‘rescued’ students and their families, and figuring out their family situation, it is possible to say that families balance between the wish that their children attend to school and the wish that they start working as early as possible. The ‘notion of justice’ still needs to be developed by the families, if the right to school is to be known and acknowledged as a justiciable right – i.e. a right that can be reclaimed as such. Omission, negligence and violation of the right to stay in school are common practices among those who are committed to defend children’s rights and the right to education. Considering the ‘student’s right to stay in school’ as a human right and as “subjective public right” versus the ‘State’s obligations/duties’, the latter (proper State actions) can be highlighted as the most effective ones for accomplishing continuous school attendance (the permanence of children and teenagers in school). However, among the school practices, the right to stay in school ends up being a privilege of those who are already enrolled and attending school, best said, the right to schooling belongs to those who do not need to reclaim it. / Esta disertación trata del derecho a la educación, dando destaque al derecho a la permanencia en el sistema educativo, englobando el derecho a la escuela, los derechos en la escuela y el sentimiento de justicia. En el marco teórico se trabajó el concepto de “derecho a la educación”, a partir de la ordenación jurídica educativa brasilera (del Derecho Positivo), de autores nacionales y reconocidos en ámbito internacional, así como en la perspectiva de los Derechos Humanos. Las principales categorías conceptuales para el análisis fueron: el contenido del derecho a la educación, su eficacia social y justiciable. La parte empírica se hizo en una escuela pública de Porto Alegre, a través de un estudio de caso hecho en profundidad, en el que se presentaron: la caracterización institucional, el análisis del Estatuto y del Proyecto Pedagógico, destacando “derechos y deberes” de los alumnos y de los maestros; el análisis estadístico de presencia, permanencia y aprovechamiento escolar; observaciones de la dinámica administrativa y pedagógica; observación y entrevistas sobre cómo son tratados los alumnos que faltan con frecuencia, incluso, sobre los registros FICAI (Ficha de Comunicação de Aluno Infreqüente). Además, se hicieron entrevistas con consejeros tutelares y con padres de alumnos faltantes y visitas domiciliares. Todos esos datos permitieron diseñar las condiciones que fomentan la infrecuencia así como las estrategias utilizadas por la escuela, la familia y la comunidad y por las demás instancias del Poder Público para evitar la evasión. Entre las medidas de prevención de la infrecuencia se destacan las políticas publicas como el Programa Bolsa Familia, más amplio y con gran poder de intervención; y las prácticas docentes y de gestión escolar, con menos impacto y eficiencia. En la escuela que se hizo la investigación, apenas 11% de los alumnos inscriptos en el Programa Bolsa Familia han mantenido frecuencia de 85% hasta el final del segundo año del beneficio, a pesar de la escuela borrar las faltas de varios alumnos. En las relaciones pedagógicas, el afecto es el recurso más usado, seguido de premiación a los alumnos que han tenido menos faltas. En el rescate de los alumnos se destacan las acciones de la supervisión de la escuela, del Consejo Tutelar, complementadas por el Ministerio Público. De 63 alumnos faltantes, todos con desnivel entre edad y grado, apenas seis volvieron definitivamente a la escuela. Todavía no hay estrategias específicas para el acogimiento a los que retornan a la escuela. La justicia profesoral se basa en la presencia como indicador objetivo e indiscutible para evaluar, clasificar y aprobar o aplazar a los alumnos. Se habló con los alumnos rescatados y con sus familias y se elaboraron las configuraciones familiares. A partir de ahí, se puede decir que las familias oscilan entre el deseo de que sus hijos vayan a la escuela y el deseo de que ingresen al mercado de trabajo. El “sentimiento de justicia” todavía necesita que se lo desenvuelva por parte de las familias de los niños y adolescentes y sea re-conocido el derecho a la educación escolar como un derecho justiciable para que se lo pueda reclamar. La omisión, negligencia y violación del derecho a la permanencia en la escuela son practicadas por todos las entidades comprometidas con la defensa de los derechos. En la relación “derecho del alumno a la permanencia en la escuela” como derecho humano y derecho público subjetivo versus “deber de Estado en cumplir” se destacan las acciones del Estado como siendo las más eficaces en el cumplimiento del deber de garantizar la permanencia de los niños y de los adolescentes en la escuela. A pesar de eso, en las prácticas escolares, se observa que el derecho a la permanencia en la escuela es privilegio para los que ya están en ella.

A dissertação trata do direito à educação, destacando o direito à permanência no ensino e englobando o direito à escola, os direitos na escola e o sentimento de justiça. Na fundamentação teórica, o conceito de “direito à educação” foi abordado a partir do ordenamento jurídico-educacional brasileiro (do Direito Positivo), de autores nacionais e reconhecidos internacionalmente, bem como na perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos. As principais categorias de análise foram o conteúdo do direito à educação, a eficácia social e a justicialidade. A parte empírica foi realizada em uma escola pública de Porto Alegre, através de estudo de caso, no qual foram apresentados: caracterização institucional, análise do Regimento e do Projeto Pedagógico, com destaque para os itens “direitos e deveres” dos alunos e dos professores; análise estatística de freqüência, permanência e rendimento escolar; observações da dinâmica administrativa e pedagógica; observação e entrevistas sobre o tratamento dos alunos infreqüentes, inclusive sobre os registros na FICAI (Ficha de Comunicação de Aluno Infreqüente). Ademais, realizaram-se entrevistas com conselheiros tutelares, entrevistas com pais de alunos infreqüentes, com visitas a domicílio. Todos estes dados permitiram traçar as condições que promovem a infreqüência bem como as estratégias utilizadas pela escola, pelas famílias e a comunidade, e pelas demais instâncias do Poder Público para evitar a evasão. Dentre as medidas preventivas da infreqüência destacam-se as políticas públicas como o Programa Bolsa Família, com maior poder e abrangência de intervenção; e as práticas docentes e de gestão escolar, com menor impacto e eficácia. Na escola estudada, apenas 11% dos alunos inscritos no Programa Bolsa Família mantiveram a freqüência de 85% até o final do segundo ano de benefício, apesar de a escolar apagar as faltas de vários alunos. Nas relações pedagógicas, o afeto é o recurso mais utilizado, seguido da premiação aos alunos que tiveram menor número de faltas. No resgate dos alunos, destacam-se as ações da supervisão da escola, do Conselho Tutelar, complementadas pelo Ministério Público. De 63 alunos infreqüentes, todos com distorção idade-série, apenas seis voltaram definitivamente a freqüentar a escola. Ainda não há estratégia específica para o acolhimento dos retornados à escola. A justiça professoral se apóia na freqüência, como indicador objetivo e indiscutível para avaliar, classificar e aprovar/reprovar os alunos. Ouvidos os alunos resgatados e suas famílias e elaboradas as configurações familiares, é possível dizer que as famílias oscilam entre o desejo que os filhos freqüentem a escola e o desejo que eles ingressem no mercado de trabalho. O “sentimento de justiça” ainda precisa ser desenvolvido pelas famílias das crianças e adolescentes e (re)conhecido o direito à educação escolar como um direito justiciável, para que possa ser reivindicado. A omissão, negligência e violação do direito à permanência na escola é praticada por todos os entes comprometidos com a defesa dos direitos. Na relação “direito do aluno à permanência na escola” como direito humano e direito público subjetivo versus “dever do Estado em cumprir”, destacam-se as ações do Estado como as mais efetivas no cumprimento do dever de garantir a permanência de crianças e adolescentes na escola. Contudo, nas práticas escolares verifica-se que o direito à permanência na escola é privilégio daqueles que nela já estão inseridos e que não precisam reivindicar este direito. / This thesis discusses the right to education, highlighting the right to stay in school and covering the right to school(ing), the rights at school and the notion of justice. In specialized literature, the concept of ‘right to education’ has been approached considering Brazilian legal and educational structure (from Positive Right), national and internationally acknowledged writers and the Human Rights perspective. The main categories for analysis were the right to education, social efficiency and justiciability. The empirical part of the work took place at a public school in the city of Porto Alegre with an in-depth case study that presents: description of the institution; analysis of the school bylaws (focusing students and teachers’ rights and duties) and the pedagogical (curriculum) project; statistics on attendance, permanence and school progress; observation of administrative and pedagogical dynamics; observation and interviews regarding the procedures undertaken with low attendance rates, including the FICAI (Student Absence Communication Form) records. Besides, there were interviews with Children’s Rights Council advisors, and interviews with the parents of students with low attendance, through home visitations. All this data allowed to outline the conditions that lead to low attendance as well as the strategies to reduce drop-out rates used by the school, the families, the community, and other governmental agencies. Amongst the procedures created to prevent students’ low attendance, the Programa Bolsa Família (Family Allowance Program) stands out as an effective public policy for its wider intervention capacity; some school management and teaching practices, seemly with lower impact and effectiveness were also analyzed. Nevertheless, at the studied school, at the end of the second year on the Program, only 11% of the students enrolled in the Programa Bolsa Família could keep the required 85% attendance rate, in spite of the fact that the school had erased some absences of several students. In pedagogical relations (teacher’s attention to class and individual student), affection is the most used resource, followed by rewards offered to the students with the lowest number of absences. For the rescue of absent students, there were actions taken by the school supervisor and by the Conselho Tutelar (Children’s Rights Council), complemented by those from the State school administration department. Out of 63 students with low attendance rates — all of them over-aged for the grade of enrolment — only six returned definitely to school. At this school, there isn’t yet any specific strategy for the reception of those who return to school. Teachers’ justice is based mainly on attendance, which is considered as the objective and unquestionable indicator to evaluate, rank and/or pass/fail the students. After hearing the ‘rescued’ students and their families, and figuring out their family situation, it is possible to say that families balance between the wish that their children attend to school and the wish that they start working as early as possible. The ‘notion of justice’ still needs to be developed by the families, if the right to school is to be known and acknowledged as a justiciable right – i.e. a right that can be reclaimed as such. Omission, negligence and violation of the right to stay in school are common practices among those who are committed to defend children’s rights and the right to education. Considering the ‘student’s right to stay in school’ as a human right and as “subjective public right” versus the ‘State’s obligations/duties’, the latter (proper State actions) can be highlighted as the most effective ones for accomplishing continuous school attendance (the permanence of children and teenagers in school). However, among the school practices, the right to stay in school ends up being a privilege of those who are already enrolled and attending school, best said, the right to schooling belongs to those who do not need to reclaim it. / Esta disertación trata del derecho a la educación, dando destaque al derecho a la permanencia en el sistema educativo, englobando el derecho a la escuela, los derechos en la escuela y el sentimiento de justicia. En el marco teórico se trabajó el concepto de “derecho a la educación”, a partir de la ordenación jurídica educativa brasilera (del Derecho Positivo), de autores nacionales y reconocidos en ámbito internacional, así como en la perspectiva de los Derechos Humanos. Las principales categorías conceptuales para el análisis fueron: el contenido del derecho a la educación, su eficacia social y justiciable. La parte empírica se hizo en una escuela pública de Porto Alegre, a través de un estudio de caso hecho en profundidad, en el que se presentaron: la caracterización institucional, el análisis del Estatuto y del Proyecto Pedagógico, destacando “derechos y deberes” de los alumnos y de los maestros; el análisis estadístico de presencia, permanencia y aprovechamiento escolar; observaciones de la dinámica administrativa y pedagógica; observación y entrevistas sobre cómo son tratados los alumnos que faltan con frecuencia, incluso, sobre los registros FICAI (Ficha de Comunicação de Aluno Infreqüente). Además, se hicieron entrevistas con consejeros tutelares y con padres de alumnos faltantes y visitas domiciliares. Todos esos datos permitieron diseñar las condiciones que fomentan la infrecuencia así como las estrategias utilizadas por la escuela, la familia y la comunidad y por las demás instancias del Poder Público para evitar la evasión. Entre las medidas de prevención de la infrecuencia se destacan las políticas publicas como el Programa Bolsa Familia, más amplio y con gran poder de intervención; y las prácticas docentes y de gestión escolar, con menos impacto y eficiencia. En la escuela que se hizo la investigación, apenas 11% de los alumnos inscriptos en el Programa Bolsa Familia han mantenido frecuencia de 85% hasta el final del segundo año del beneficio, a pesar de la escuela borrar las faltas de varios alumnos. En las relaciones pedagógicas, el afecto es el recurso más usado, seguido de premiación a los alumnos que han tenido menos faltas. En el rescate de los alumnos se destacan las acciones de la supervisión de la escuela, del Consejo Tutelar, complementadas por el Ministerio Público. De 63 alumnos faltantes, todos con desnivel entre edad y grado, apenas seis volvieron definitivamente a la escuela. Todavía no hay estrategias específicas para el acogimiento a los que retornan a la escuela. La justicia profesoral se basa en la presencia como indicador objetivo e indiscutible para evaluar, clasificar y aprobar o aplazar a los alumnos. Se habló con los alumnos rescatados y con sus familias y se elaboraron las configuraciones familiares. A partir de ahí, se puede decir que las familias oscilan entre el deseo de que sus hijos vayan a la escuela y el deseo de que ingresen al mercado de trabajo. El “sentimiento de justicia” todavía necesita que se lo desenvuelva por parte de las familias de los niños y adolescentes y sea re-conocido el derecho a la educación escolar como un derecho justiciable para que se lo pueda reclamar. La omisión, negligencia y violación del derecho a la permanencia en la escuela son practicadas por todos las entidades comprometidas con la defensa de los derechos. En la relación “derecho del alumno a la permanencia en la escuela” como derecho humano y derecho público subjetivo versus “deber de Estado en cumplir” se destacan las acciones del Estado como siendo las más eficaces en el cumplimiento del deber de garantizar la permanencia de los niños y de los adolescentes en la escuela. A pesar de eso, en las prácticas escolares, se observa que el derecho a la permanencia en la escuela es privilegio para los que ya están en ella.

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