Syftet med denna undersökning var att undersöka hur elever i årskurs tre och fyra uppfattar likhetstecknet och hur deras lärare undervisar begreppet ”likhetstecknet” för att öka förståelsen hos eleverna. För att kunna besvara mina frågeställningar använde jag mig av en kvantitativenkätundersökning och kvalitativa intervjuer. Samtliga elever fick svara på en gruppenkät, som bestod av nio prealgebraiska utsagor där likhetstecknet har en central roll. Elevernas svar analyserades och klassificerades i fyra olika kategorier: strukturell uppfattning, operationell uppfattning, annat och inget svar. I mina intervjuer deltog tio elever och två grundskollärare. Intervjuerna gjordes för att ge eleverna möjlighet att muntligen uttrycka sin uppfattning om likhetstecknet. Lärarna beskrev i intervjun hur de bedriver sin undervisning angående likhetstecknet. Min undersökning påvisar att många av eleverna har en ofullständig förståelse av likhetstecknets innebörd. Eleverna uppfattar likhetstecknet som ett operationellt tecken, det vill säga som en uppmaning att utföra en räknehändelse. Vidare visar min undersökning att lärare använder sig av ett laborativt och undersökande arbetssätt för att underlätta för eleverna att förstå begreppet ”likhetstecknet”. Det är viktigt för läraren att ha ett varierande arbetssätt och fortlöpande söka sammanhang ur elevens perspektiv. Nyckelord: Ekvivalens, likhet, likhetstecken, operationell uppfattning, strukturell uppfattning, öppna utsagor.

This thesis deals with load of carbon dioxide on large and small farm, which is subsequently converted by digestibility coefficients of nutrients to the equivalent carbon dioxide. The objects of the calculation are two given farms, located in the Zlín Region. Small farm entertain with 15 pieces of pig sows in a closed herd turnover and large farm breeding cattle herds with a turnover of 100 dairy cows. From the sales of the pig herds on a small farm, I found a total feed consumption, which is 133.5 tons per year, which I calculated the carbon content received from the compound feed, which is 50.35 tons and 3.08 tons of nitrogen per calendar year. Pigs in the feces excrete 8.12 tons of carbon and 0.52 tons of nitrogen. Pigs consume 0.36 tons of carbon and 0.44 tons of nitrogen per ton of edible particles in the meat. To produce 1 kg of meat consumes 0.246 kg of carbon. On a dairy farm income in total 1,645.29 tons of compound feed per year in which they adopt 609.61 tons of carbon and 31.23 tons of nitrogen. In feces they excrete 156.84 tons of carbon and 8.05 tons of nitrogen. In the milk is eliminated 42.78 tons 2.51 tons of carbon and nitrogen. The herd turnover of 31 bulls with the increments 1.4 kg / day 210.53 tons annually consume feed mixtures from which bulls take 71.70 tons, and 3.21 tons of carbon. In feces they excrete 18.09 tons and 1.10 tons of carbon and nitrogen in the meat, at the slaughterhouse is excluded 4.49 tons 0.35 tons of carbon and nitrogen. At the turn of the herd of bulls with the increments of 33.7 1.7 kg / day annually consumes 265.49 tons of feed mixtures from which the bulls take 71.70 tons and 3.21 tons of carbon nitrogen. In feces they excrete 21.35 tons and 1.35 tons of carbon and nitrogen in the meat, at the slaughterhouse is excluded 4.88 tons 0.38 tons of carbon and nitrogen. To produce 1 kg of meat bulls consume 0.248 kg of carbon. In conclusion are recommendations to reduce emissions at the farm which is needed.

This thesis explores the meaning and distribution of spatiotemporal preposition in English in comparison with the Czech prepositions of the same kind. The main part of this work focuses on the usage of the preposition at that,next to on and in, is used to express both temporal and spatial ideas (e.g., at the corner, at 7:30). Investigating the meanings associated with the spatiotemporal particle at used in the gathered material may bring fundamental insights into the relation between language, mental representation and human experience. The thesis aims to identify as large amount of sequences as possible with prepositional function of at, as both languages use different ways of interpreting the usage of the preposition. Whether the English and Czech spatial and temporal usage of the at-phrase is distinct from one another in meaning and distribution; it will be discussed at greater length in the presented collection of examples.

Det långsiktiga målet för Skanska är att nå klimatneutralitet år 2050. Ett steg i den riktningen är att ställa krav på leverantörer att tillhandahålla klimatinformation för att möjliggöra en minimering av klimatpåverkan vid byggproduktionen. Inköp utgör 75 - 80 % av totalkostnaderna i ett projekt, en stor påverkan. Detta examensarbete blir ett av de första stegen i riktningen mot klimatneutralitet. Syftet med uppdraget var att undersöka Skanskas möjligheter att erhålla klimatinformation från sina leverantörer. Med hjälp av Skanska togs en lista över 24 företag fram med de största inköpsposterna från första april 2016 till sista mars 2017. Företagen kontaktades via telefonsamtal för att presentera projektet, därefter har information samt länk till en webbenkät distribuerats via e-post. EPD systemet med certifierade miljövarudeklarationer, Skanskas inköpsprocess och byggprocessens klimatpåverkan har studerats som grund till undersökningen. I resultatet jämfördes svaren mellan leverantörer och underentreprenörer där 19 av de 24 företagen valde att delta vilket ger en svarsfrekvens på 79 %. Rapporten visar att Skanskas leverantörer och underentreprenörer i stor utsträckning kan leverera klimatinformation om sina produkter. Medelvärdet visar att 45 % av företagens produkter har klimatinformation och bland dem finns även produkter med certifierade miljövarudeklarationer (EPD: er). Denna information finns inom produktkategorierna:  Byggvaror  Betongvaroroch stommar  Elmaterial  VVS-produkter / Skanska's long term goal is to be climate neutral in 2050. One of the first steps in that direction is to require climate information from suppliers to be able to minimize the climate impact in the building production. Purchases constitutes 75-80 % of the total costs in projects, a major impact. This examination thesis will be one of the first steps towards climate neutrality. The use of this task is to investigate Skanska’s ability to receive climate information from their suppliers. Together with Skanska, a list of 24 companies was compiled with the largest purchases from the first of April 2016 to the end of March 2017. The companies were contacted by telephone to introduce the project, thereafter information and a link to a web survey were distributed by e-mail. The EPD system, Skanska's purchasing process and the climate impact of the construction process have been studied as the basis for the survey. In the result, the answers were compared between suppliers and subcontractors. 19 of the 24 companies choose to participate, that led to a 79 % response rate. The report shows that Skanska’s suppliers and subcontractors can supply climate information regarding their products to a large extent. The average shows that 45 % of the company’s products have climate information and amongst them also products with EPDs. This information can be found in the following product categories:  Building materials  Concrete products  Framework  Electrical materials  Plumbing, heating, water and sanitation materials

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka prevalensen av myopi hos hjälpsökande i Kenya och analysera associerade miljöfaktorer hos denna population.  Material och metod: Hjälpsökande undersöktes under spannet av åtta dagar i och runt städerna Nairobi, Naivasha och Nakuru i Kenya. En subjektiv, binokulär refraktion utfördes på alla deltagande med hjälp av flipprar, provglas och provbåge. Vid avslutad refraktion fick deltagarna besvara en enkät angående miljöfaktorer som i resultatet analyserades för att undersöka eventuella samband mellan miljöfaktorer och deltagarnas refraktion. myopi definierades i denna studie med en sfärisk ekvivalent (SER) på: ≤ -0,50D.  Resultat: Totalt deltog 125 deltagare mellan åldrarna 8 - 20 med en medelålder på 15,1 (standardavvikelse (SD) ±3,21). Myopi observerades hos 42,4% av deltagarna. Inget signifikant förhållande observerades mellan deltagarnas refraktion och utomhustid (p=0,221), närarbete (p=0,445) eller ålder (p=0,142). Vid jämförelse av skolgående och icke-skolgående deltagare observerades en signifikant skillnad i tid spenderad utomhus (p=0,01). Det observerades även en signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna som tidigare haft korrektion och inte angående utomhustid (p=0,014), ålder (p>0,001) och SER (p=0,008).  Slutsats: Studien visar att nästan hälften av deltagarna hade myopi, vilket är en betydligt högre prevalens än vad tidigare studier i Kenya har observerat. Detta kan troligtvis bero på att denna studie riktade sig till aktivt hjälpsökande deltagare snarare än en slumpmässigt vald demografisk grupp. Det observerades inget samband mellan deltagarnas SER och utomhustid, närarbete eller ålder. / Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of myopia among individuals seeking visual help in Kenya and analyze associated environmental factors in this population.   Methods: Over eight days, individuals were seeking help for their vision in the cities of Nairobi, Naivasha, and Nakuru in Kenya. A binocular, subjective refraction was conducted on all participants using flippers, trial lenses, and trial frames. Following the refraction, participants completed a questionnaire regarding environmental factors. The results were then analyzed to explore potential correlations between environmental factors and participants' refraction. For this study, myopia was defined as a Spherical Equivalent Refraction (SER) of ≤ -0.50D.   Results: A total of 125 participants aged between 8 and 20, with a mean age of 15.1 years (Standard deviation (SD) ±3.21), were included in the study. Myopia was observed in 42.2% of the participants. There was no significant correlation found between participants’ refraction and outdoor time (p=0.221), near work (p=0.445), or age (p=0.142). However, a significant difference in time spent outdoors was observed when comparing participants who attended school and those who did not (p=0.01). Furthermore, significant differences were observed between groups with and without previous correction regarding outdoor time (p=0.014), age (p=<0.001), and Spherical Equivalent Refraction (SER) (p=0.008).  Conclusion: The study highlights a significantly higher prevalence of myopia, affecting almost half of the participants, compared to previous observations in Kenya. This discrepancy is likely attributed to the study's focus on actively help-seeking participants rather than a randomly selected demographic group. Furthermore, no significant association was found between participants' Spherical Equivalent Refraction (SER) and outdoor time, near work, or age.

The dissertation is be concerned with the comparison of two Czech translations of novel "The Castle" by Franz Kafka from the linguistic viewpoint. The dissertation compares text translation by Vladimír Kafka of 1969 and Jana Zoubková of 2014. The dissertation focuses on the methodes of translation, demands, that are placed on a literary translations. The dissertation focuses on a lifetime period of translations and their critism and last but not least, some problems of modern text translation. After closer exploration and analyses of problems of translation our dissertation will evaluate the strengths and weakness of both our translations. Key words: Translation, language, interpretation, mistake, method, critism, equivalent, idiom

The public interest in central living in today’s cities has led to an increasing effect of traffic noise pollution, and today 20% of the inhabitants in Sweden suffer from noise a level that exceeds the limits. At the same time the traffic keeps increasing, and recent researches shows that traffic noise pollution and several of today’s most common health issues are connected, for example, reduction of performance, sleeping issues and cardiovascular diseases. For this cause rules, guidelines and environmental goals has been developed, as well as software’s which calculates the levels of pollution, all this to investigate and improve the environment. The guidelines say that the average sound pressure level shouldn’t exceed 55 dBA over 24 hours of the façade, and the maximum level shouldn’t exceed 70 dBA. Today’s issue is that the guidelines isn’t legally binding and therefore they don’t have to be fully achieved which can led to confusion and unfair interpretations in the matter of a building can or cannot be built according to the limits of traffic noise pollution.   The intensions of this report are to improve the urban environment regarding traffic noise pollution and to increase the understanding and knowledge how this issue affects urban areas. The report will also investigate and compare two different calculation methods for traffic noise pollution, the Nordic propagation method and the Nord 2000.   On this basis a literature survey has been done regarding the noise pollution issues in our cities with its rules, guidelines, objective goals, measures and the two different calculation methods. Investigations of different shapes of a building has been done in combination with the software for calculation of road traffic noise Soundplan, and a case study of a site which is located in the centre of Jönköping. The workflow has been reversed from the “normal”, were the building were designed after the limits of the noise levels were investigated. This resulted in a residential proposal which is optimized from a traffic noise point of view, and uses its own body as a shield. The condoles are directed away from the source of noise and the parking space are placed towards the roads. The final result has been analysed with both of the calculation methods, were a slightly differentiation between the methods can be seen. This is causes by the way the calculation methods deal with information and the differentiation in the calculation methods.   The conclusions from this report are that the traffic noise pollution is one of our major health issues which still are increasing. The main problem in this is that there’s several unmeasurable parameters which influences the way an individual experiences the sound environment, which contributes to the difficulty to establish a proper regulations and standards. Regarding the calculation methods there is issues to use Nord 2000, because the method requires large amounts of information which can be difficult to access. At the same time the Nordic propagation method can show incorrectly results because it hasn’t the same ability to adapt to the specific conditions at each location.

Renoveringar i syfte att energieffektivisera byggnader är en stor ekonomisk investering som kräver ett grundligt underlag innan val av åtgärd. I dagsläget står uppvärmningen av byggnader för omkring en femtedel av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Då endast en procent av det totala fastighetsbeståndet består av nybyggnationer betyder det att det är de redan existerande byggnaderna som står för majoriteten av energianvändningen. De nationella målen som är satta gällande energieffektivisering och minskade utsläpp av växthusgaser berör således de befintliga byggnaderna i större utsträckning. Då cirka en tredjedel av dem kommer att vara i behov av att renoveras inom de kommande åren är det därför viktigt att undersöka vilka energieffektiviseringsåtgärder som är mest lämpade utifrån ett miljöperspektiv. Projektet har baserats på en referensbyggnad lokaliserad i Umeå där fyra åtgärder, i olika varianter, har undersökts. De har hanterat: byte av fönster och balkongdörrar, tilläggsisolering av fasad, tilläggsisolering av vind, en kombination av tidigare nämnda åtgärder samt installering av solcellspaneler. Dessa åtgärder har sedan kombinerats med olika energitillförselsystem som används för att värma byggnaden. Syftet är att utröna ifall den mest miljömässigt lämpliga åtgärden kan vara beroende på energitillförselsystem. De undersökta energitillförselsystemen har varit: bergvärmepump, fjärrvärme, elpanna och pelletspanna. Metoden som har tillämpats har varit en förenklad livscykelanalys (LCA). Det har innefattat utvinning av råvaror, produktion och transport av färdig produkt från fabrik till Umeå. Både mängden energi och utsläpp av ekvivalent koldioxid har undersökts. Syftet har varit att ge fastighetsägare en uppfattning om vilken energieffektiviseringsåtgärd som passar bäst till deras byggnad. Målet har varit att få fram värden på de energimängder och de ekvivalenta koldioxidutsläpp som åtgärderna orsakar, samt hur lång tid det skulle ta att tjäna in dem när de väl implementerats. Resultatet av studien visar betydelsen av att undersöka miljöbesparingarna under en längre tid då det annars kan ge missvisande slutsatser, samt vikten att beakta transportens inverkan på miljön. Generellt kan det sägas att ju högre emissionsfaktor en byggnads energitillförselsystem har desto större incitament ur ett miljöperspektiv finns för att genomföra en renovering av byggnaden så att värmebehovet minskar. I dagsläget är det elektricitet som har den största emissionsfaktorn och installering av solceller skulle ha kunnat ge den största minskningen av ekvivalent koldioxidutsläpp om det inte vore för utsläppen som skedde vid transporten av dem, då de inte kan tjänas in på en livstid. Sett till enskilda renoveringsåtgärder var fönster och balkongdörrar som den mest lämpliga åtgärden vid båda synsätten. Tilläggsisolering av fasaden tjänade in sig på direkten, utifrån minskningen av ekvivalent koldioxid, på grund av att det krävdes ett byte till träfasad; åtgärden kräver därför ytterligare undersökningar för att kunna komma till en definitiv slutsats. Studien har dock endast genomförts på en referensbyggnad som sedan tidigare genomgått en renovering med syfte att energieffektivisera., Därför skulle resultaten kunna skilja sig åt om de utfördes på en byggnad som var kvar i sitt originalskick. / Renovations meant to make buildings more energy efficient is a considerable economic investment that requires a thorough collection of data before a choice regarding a specific solution can be made. At present, around a fifth of Sweden’s total use of energy goes to provide heating for buildings. Only around one percent of the total collection of property consists of new constructions, therefore the ones that stand for the majority of the energy usage are the already existing buildings. The national goals that have been set regarding energy efficiency and a decrease of greenhouse gases are therefore more applicable with the existing buildings. Since around a third of them are going to be in need of renovations within the next few years it is therefore of importance to examine which energy efficient renovation that is most suited based on an environmental perspective. This project is based on a reference building located in Umeå where four different kinds of renovation strategies have been examined. They have been: change of windows and balcony doors, extra insulation of the façade, extra insulation of the attic, a combination of the previously mentioned renovations as well as installation of solar panels. These renovation strategies have then been combined with different energy supply systems. The studied energy supply systems have been: geothermal heat pump, district heating, electric heating and a pellet stove. The method that has been applied have been a simplified lifecycle analysis (LCA) that has looked at the extraction of raw materials, production and transport of the finished product from manufacturing to Umeå. Both the amount of energy required and the emission of greenhouse gases from the process have been taken into account. The scope of this project has been to give property-holders an idea of which renovation stages that is most sustainable for their specific building. The goal has been to acquire values of the amount of energy used and the amount of greenhouse gases released for each renovation stage, as well as the pay-back time required after implementation. The result of this study shows the importance of investigating the environmental savings for a longer time period. Otherwise it can give misdirecting conclusions. As well, it is important to include the effect that transportation has on the environment. Generally speaking, it can be said that the higher the emission factor is for a buildings energy supply system the higher incitement there is, based on an environmental perspective, to carry through a renovation, so that its energy requirements are lessened. At present electricity has the highest emission factor and installment of solar panels would make the biggest reduction of released equivalent carbon dioxide if it weren’t for emissions made during the transportation of them. But it is not possible to get back the emissions released during a whole lifetime. Regarding individual renovations, a change of windows and balcony doors was the most suited based on both views. Extra insulation of the façade had earned itself in immediately, based on the decrease of equivalent carbon dioxide. That is because the façade to be made of wood was required. That renovation is therefore in need of more studies in order to find a definite conclusion. The study has only been done on one reference building which has previously undergone a renovation with the purpose of making it more energy efficient. Thus, the results that are presented here could differ if they were made on a building that was still in its original form.

This degree project illustrates today's noise problems caused by high-speed highways.  The area that has been studied is Kopparlunden along the E18, in Västerås which reflects a long and unique industrial history from the late 1800's. In the current situation  the municipality of Västerås is doing a transformation of the existing industry into a modern residential area with the  new homes, workplaces and services. The purpose of the work is to identify noise and study traffic-related noise problems in this area, partly to check the result of noise values ​​against the requirements, and to propose noise reduction measures. This work is based on own noise measurements and calculations as well as on the study of a couple of relevant reference objects. The result of own noise  measurement and calculations at all four points was about 60 – 63 dBA equivalent on two meter high over ground and about 61 – 67 dBA at five meters high over ground. This means that the measured values exceed the guideline values of approximately 8 dBA at two meters height and 12 dBA at 5 meters height according to BBR. For satisfactory sound levels to be obtained in Kopparlunden, several solutions need to be implemented such as an evacuation corridor between facades and apartments, increased distances between buildings and the noise source, noise screen and well proper placement and design of buildings. / Samhällsbyggnadsteknik

<p>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</p><p>Maltodekstini, hidrolizati skroba niskog stepena konverzije (dekstrozni ekvivalent manji od 20), imaju &scaron;iroku upotrebu u prehrambenoj, kozmetičkoj i farmaceutskoj industriji. U prehrambenoj industriji koriste se u niskoenergetskim prehrambenim emulzijama (majonez, salatni prelivi, namazi) kao zamena za masne materije da bi obezbedili viskozitet, poželjne senzorne osobine i smanjenje energetske vrednosti proizvoda.<br />Viskozitet razblaženih rastora maltodekstrina različitog dekstroznog ekvivalenta i botaničkog porekla meren je kapilarnim viskozimetrom i izračunate su vrednosti unutra&scaron;njeg viskoziteta za pojedine maltodekstrine. Vrednosti untra&scaron;njeg viskoziteta i molekulske mase pokoravaju se zavisnosti &Scaron;taudingerove jednačine, iako su molekuli maltodekstrina relativno kratki i ne spadaju u grupu polimera. Utvrđena je mogućnost odredivanja DE- vrednosti viskozimetrijskin putem i izvedene su jednačine za dva opsega DE (5-10 / 10-20).<br />Da bi se ispitalo pona&scaron;anje emulzija sa maltodekstrinima (emulgovanje) u procesnim uslovima, kao i osobine fmalnih proizvoda (tečljivost, mazivost) ispitivana je dinamika emulgovanja, veličina kapljica i reolo&scaron;ko pona&scaron;anje, tj. uticaj različitih faktora na disperzione karakteristike emulzija suncokretovog ulja u vodi stabilizovanih prehrambenim emulgatorom, sa dodatkom maltodekstrina u kontinualnoj fazi.<br />Utvrđeno je da osobine maltodekstina kao &scaron;to je stepen konverzije (DE-vrednost) tj. veličina molekula maltodekstrina, utiču na dispezione i reolo&scaron;ke osobine emulzija. Uticaj koncentracije ulja i maltodekstrina, kao i delimična zamena ulja maltodekstrinom, na osobine emulzija su takode ispitivane. Sa povećanjem koncentracije ulja, pri istoj koncentraciji maltodekstrina u kontinualnoj fazi, emulzije menjaju tip proticanja od pseudoplastičnog preko tiksotropnog do antitiksotrpnog. Atitiksotropija izazvana smicanjem rezultat je formiranja unutra&scaron;nje strukture emulzije usled povezivanja kapljica ulja preko molekula maltodekstrina kao i orijentacije i deformacije kapljica ulja i maltodekstrina.<br />Dodatkom maltodekstrina za pri istoj koncentraciju ulja i vremenu emulgovanja dobijene su se emulzije sitnijih kapi.<br />Emulzije sa niskom koncentracijom ulja (30%) sa maltodekstrinom u kontinualnoj fazi bile su nestabilne i pokazivale efekat isplivavanja na povr&scaron;inu (creaming), &scaron;to je posledica interakcija molekula maltodekstrina i molekula emulgatora Tween 80 u kontinualnoj fazi i na povr&scaron;ini kapi.</p> / <p>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</p><p>Maltodextrins, low converted products of starch hydrolysis (dextrose equivalent less than 20), have been subject of various investigations due to their wide application in food industry, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. They are used in various low energy food emulsions (mayonnaise, salad dressing, spreads) as fat replacer to provide desirable viscosity, texture and sensory fat-like mouthfeel.<br />Viscosity of diluted maltodextrin solutions of different dextrose equivalent and botanical origin were determined by capillary visometer and intrinsic viscosity [q] of each tested maltodextrin was calculated. The values of [q] together with molecular mass M have shown applicability of Staudinger equation, regardless maltodextrin molecules are rather short. The possibility for the determination of DE-values of maltodextrins by viscometric method has been deduced and the equation was calculated for two ranges of DE (5-10/ 10-20).<br />In order to assess behavior of sunflower oil in water emulsions stabilized with food grade emulsifier with addition of maltodextrins in continuous phase in processing (emulsification), as well as end products in application (pouring, spreading) the emulsification dynamics, globule size changes and rheological behavior, as well as, the influence of different factors on dispersion characteristics of such emulsions were studied.<br />Dispersion and viscous properties of emulsions were influenced by certain specific maltodextrin characteristics such as degree of conversion (DE value) i.e. size of maltodextrin molecules. Influence of oil and maltodextrin concentration and partial substitution of oil with equivalent quantity of maltodextrin were investigated too. With increase of oil concentration at the same concentration of maltodextrin in continuous phase, emulsions undergo changes in flow type from shear-thinning to thixotropic and antithixotropic. Antithxotropy induced by shear, was result of formation of network due to two competing factors; linking of oil droplets through maltodextrin molecules as well as orientation of deformed oil droplets and maltodextrin molecules.<br />Addition of maltodextrin, at the same oil concentration and emulsification time, resulted in formation of emulsions with smaller oil droplets.<br />Emulsions with low oil concentration (30%) with maltodextrin in continuous phase were unstable, showing so called creaming effect. This was mainly due to interactions between maltodextrin and emulsifier Tween 80 molecules which took place in continuous phase and on droplet surfaces.</p>