Ser eficiente é um requisito para a sustentabilidade das empresas concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil. A busca pela eficiência deve estar em harmonia com a melhoria contínua da qualidade, da segurança e da satisfação dos consumidores e das partes envolvidas. O desafio de atender múltiplos objetivos requer que as empresas do setor desenvolvam soluções inovadoras, com a mudança de processos, tecnologia, estrutura e a capacitação das pessoas. Desenvolver um modelo operacional eficiente e uma gestão rigorosa dos custos são fatores-chave para o sucesso das empresas, considerando o contexto regulatório de revisão tarifária que incentiva a melhoria do desempenho. O modelo operacional é definido a partir da organização logística dos recursos para atendimento da demanda de serviços, que define também os custos fixos e variáveis de pessoal (salário, horas extras, refeições), infraestrutura (manutenção de prédios, ferramentas e equipamentos) e deslocamentos (manutenção de veículos, combustível), por exemplo. A melhor alocação e o melhor dimensionamento de bases operacionais possibilitam a redução dos custos com deslocamento e infraestrutura, favorecendo o aproveitamento da força de trabalho em campo, a melhoria do atendimento dos clientes e da segurança dos colaboradores. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de otimização de custos através da alocação de bases e equipes operacionais, com o modelamento matemático dos objetivos e restrições do negócio e a aplicação de algoritmo evolutivo para busca das melhores soluções, sendo uma aplicação de Pesquisa Operacional, no campo da Localização de Instalações, em distribuição de energia elétrica. O modelo de otimização desenvolvido possibilita a busca pelo ponto de equilíbrio ótimo que minimiza o custo total formado pelos custos de infraestrutura, frota (veículos e deslocamentos) e pessoal. O algoritmo evolutivo aplicado no modelo oferece soluções otimizadas pelo melhoramento de conjuntos de variáveis binárias com base em conceitos da evolução genética. O modelo de otimização fornece o detalhamento de toda a estrutura operacional e de custos para uma determinada solução do problema, utilizando premissas de produtividade e deslocamentos (velocidades e distâncias) para definir as abrangências de atuação das bases operacionais, recursos (equipes, pessoas, veículos) necessários para atendimento da demanda de serviços, e projetar todos os custos fixos e variáveis associados. A metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho considera também a projeção de demanda futura para a aplicação no estudo de caso, que evidenciou a efetividade da metodologia como ferramenta para a melhoria da eficiência operacional em empresas de distribuição de energia elétrica. / Being efficient is a requirement for the sustainability of electricity distribution companies in Brazil. The quest for efficiency must be in harmony with the continuous improvement of quality, safety and satisfaction of customers and all stakeholders involved. The challenge of attending multi-objectives requires companies in the sector to develop innovative solutions with the change of processes, technology, structure and enabling their professionals to drive this. Developing an efficient operational model and a strict cost management are keys for companies to achieve success, considering the regulatory context of tariff reviewing that encourages performance improvement. The operational model is defined from the logistics organization of resources to meet the demand of services, which also defines fixed and variable costs with people/teams (payments, overtime, meals), infrastructure (maintenance of building, tools and equipments) and fleet (maintenance of vehicles and fuel costs), for example. The best allocation and the best design of operational facilities (or operational bases) will reduce infrastructure costs and truck rolls, releasing workforce to attend customers and reducing displacements risks. This work presents a cost optimization methodology through the allocation of operational bases and teams, with the mathematical modelling of business objectives, constraints and using Evolutionary Algorithm to find the best solution, as an application of Operations Research in the field of Facility Location in electricity distribution. The optimization model enables the search for the optimal balance point that minimizes the total cost formed by infrastructure, fleet and people. The Evolutionary Algorithm applied in the model offers optimized solutions through the improvement of sets of binary variables based on genetic evolution concepts. The optimization model also gives detailed information about the operational structure and costs for a given allocation solution, using productivity and displacements (speed, distances) information to define the service regions for each operational base and resources (people, vehicles) needed to attend the demand of services, defining all fixed and variable costs for this. The methodology presented in this paper also considers the future demand of services (forecast), used in a case study that showed the effectives of this methodology as a tool for the improvement of operational efficiency in electricity distribution companies.

The Swedish energy power system is in the middle of a paradigm shift where the increased share of intermittent energy sources place higher demand on the ability to regulate and balance the generation and consumption of electricity. Demand flexibility, which means that consumers can adjust their energy consumption, is a promising solution to manage the imbalance in the power system. Electric heat pumps in residential buildings are recognized to have potential to serve as a flexible load. In this thesis, an aggregated multi-family residential building model is developed to generate heat load profiles for a larger number of buildings which facilitate an assessment of the heat pump flexibility. The flexibility assessment is performed for a local distribution grid area with 174 buildings and an electricity price region in Sweden with 10 146 buildings with heat pumps. The flexibility assessment analyses the heat pump load deviation between a base load case and a case where the heat pumps receive an off-signal. The assessment takes into consideration seven flexibility parameters and is conducted for ambient temperatures between -20°C and 15°C. The thermal inertia of multi-family residential buildings facilitates a load shift with a duration of 4.4 to 9.8 hours depending on the ambient temperature. The maximal average power reduction for one hour of 10 MW in a distribution grid and 169 MW in an electricity price region illustrates the potential of using heat pumps as a demand flexibility solution in the electricity grid.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:37:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_RicardoBorges_M.pdf: 725231 bytes, checksum: e24b9811f14e33910092b2f639a89050 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O método desacoplado rápido (MDR) [2] é uma variante do tradicional método de Newton [1] para a resolução do problema de fluxo de carga (obtenção do estado de operação de redes elétricas de potência). Sabe-se que o MDR apresenta desempenho insatisfatório quando aplicado a redes de distribuição, devido à desfavorável relação r/x dos ramos, resultando num processo de cálculo que pode apresentar divergência ou convergência lenta (grande número de iterações). Há algum tempo foi proposta uma alteração no MDR, chamada de rotação de eixos[4], que melhora as características de convergência do método. A idéia consiste em obter uma rede fictícia para a qual o MDR funcione bem e cujo estado de operação (magnitudes e ângulos de tensão) seja o mesmo da rede original. O valor do ângulo de rotação de eixos, único para toda a rede, é determinado empiricamente. Recentemente uma outra proposta de rotação ótima de eixos[5] foi apresentada, sugerindo modificações ao método que trouxeram maior automação aos cálculos, apesar de efeitos desfavoráveis em relação à manipulação de matrizes e ao significado físico da rede elétrica durante o processo iterativo. O presente trabalho traz um novo algoritmo de rotação de eixos que supera algumas desvantagens dos métodos apresentados em [4, 5], com bom desempenho. Além disso, traz uma interessante contribuição sobre a rotação de barras do tipo PV, não abordado anteriormente / Abstract: The fast decoupled loadflow (FDLF) [2] is a variant of the traditional Newton method [1] for solving the loadflow problem (find the operational state of electrical power networks). It is well-known that FDLF presents unsatisfactory performance when applied to distribution systems. Their unfavourable r/x branch ratios may lead to divergence or slow convergence (large number of iterations). A modification to the FDLF, called axesrotation[4], was proposed some time ago, which improves convergency of the method. The idea is to obtain a fictitious network for which the FDLF performs better and which operational state (voltage magnitudes and angles) is the same as the original network. However, the rotation angle is determined empirically. Recently the optimal axes rotation[5] was presented, suggesting some modifications that led to more automated calculations, despite of some undesirable effects on matrices handling and also to the physical meaning of networks during the iterative process. This research work presents a new algorithm for axes rotation that overcomes some disadvantages found in [4, 5], with good performance. Moreover, it brings an interesting contribution on the rotation of PV buses, not previously considered. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T10:49:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meira_PauloCesarMagalhaes_D.pdf: 11828003 bytes, checksum: 693bdd2a6d139783c1aa0f2a05a3d6de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A estratégia de eliminação de defeitos (faltas) empregada pela concessionária de distribuição de energia elétrica tem grande impacto na confiabilidade e na qualidade de energia do sistema. Por exemplo, a política de empregar religadores automáticos tipicamente tem um impacto benéfico nos índices de confiabilidade baseados na frequência e duração das interrupções sustentadas mas, por outro lado, tem um impacto negativo nos índices de qualidade de energia baseados na frequência de interrupções temporárias. Isto pode ser comprovado pelo número de concessionárias ao redor do mundo que estão revendo suas estratégias de empregar religadores automáticos de forma generalizada conforme cresce a preocupação do consumidor com a qualidade de energia. Somado a isso, tem-se o fato de o sistema estar sendo modernizado com o uso de mais equipamentos de monitoração e automação, como chaves seccionadoras automáticas, relés digitais, etc., dentro do contexto que se convencionou chamar redes inteligentes (smart grids). Portanto, atualmente, as estratégias de eliminação de faltas e de melhoria dos índices de confiabilidade e de qualidade de energia em sistemas de distribuição estão passando por modificações e têm atraído o interesse da comunidade científica e tecnológica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver métodos para auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre a estratégia de eliminação de defeitos em sistemas de distribuição via avaliação integrada dos índices de confiabilidade e qualidade de energia. Os métodos empregados são baseados no uso de registros históricos e de medições da concessionária, no cálculo de índices de confiabilidade e de qualidade de energia e em técnicas de otimização e de tratamentos estatísticos. Para permitir o emprego dos métodos a sistemas reais, algoritmos clássicos para análise de confiabilidade e qualidade de energia são revisitados e reformulados de forma a permitir sua aplicação a sistemas de grande porte em tempo de execução factível. São investigadas também formas de permitir a execução paralela e distribuída dos principais algoritmos empregados nos métodos propostos / Abstract: The fault elimination policy used by an electric energy distribution utility has great impact on the reliability and in the power quality of the system. For example, the policy of using automatic reclosers typically has a positive impact in the reliability indices based on frequency and duration of sustained interruptions but, on the other hand, has a negative impact on the power quality indices based on the frequency of temporary interruptions. This can be verified by the number of utilities around the world that are reevaluating their policies in using automatic reclosers in a generalized fashion as the customers demand better power quality. At the same time, the systems are being modernized, including the usage of more monitoring and automation equipment, such as automatic sectionalizing switches, digital relays, etc., in a context that is usually called smart grids. Therefore, currently, the policies regarding fault elimination and improvement of the reliability and power quality indices in distribution system are being reformulated and have attracted the interest of the academic and technology communities. The objective of this thesis is to develop methods to assist in the decision-making process on the fault elimination policies in distribution systems using the integrated evaluation of reliability and power quality indices. The methods are based on the use of historical records and utility measurements, in the computation of reliability and power quality indices, in optimization techniques and statistical analysis. To achieve the implementation of the methods in actual systems, the classic algorithms used to analyze the reliability and power quality are revisited and reformulated in order to allow their application to large-scale systems in feasible running time. Alternatives to allow the parallel and distributed execution of the main algorithms of the proposed methods are also explored / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

The main objective of this diploma thesis is a business valuation of company Pražská energetika, a.s. The aim of this assignment is to indicate the market value as of 1/1/2009. The appraisal is carried out by means of income method DCF in Equity version. In addition, there is a comparison with direct evaluation, where the data are taken directly from the capital market. The thesis is divided into eight chapters, which deal subsequently with basic characteristics, methods of how the strategic and financial analysis has been carried out, value drivers prediction, as well as separation of non-operating assets and calculation of discount rate including the final evaluation. The methods used are mostly similar to methods stated in publications by Miloš Mařík. The results of this appraisal could be useful for small investors, who consider buying or selling stocks of this company.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Favarin Murari / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T04:03:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duque_MarinaBorges_M.pdf: 1960535 bytes, checksum: 1d0e3bb5b148b1377f1e8e33d3ab25ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Para garantir o bom desempenho das redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, bem como aumentar a qualidade dos serviços prestados aos consumidores, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento e a implementação de metodologias que permitam avaliar tanto os custos como os benefícios que trazem as diferentes alternativas de projeto propostas e os seus impactos no sistema como um todo, mantendo sempre aceitáveis os índices de qualidade e confiabilidade do fornecimento aos diferentes consumidores: residencial, comercial e industrial. Nesse contexto, um programa computacional que realize o cálculo dos fluxos de potência é uma ferramenta imprescindível na análise dos sistemas elétricos de potência tendo-se como principais grandezas de interesse, as tensões nas diferentes barras e os fluxos de potência ativa e reativa em todos os componentes da rede elétrica (linhas, transformadores, etc.). E como a maior parte das redes de distribuição de energia elétrica é trifásica, é de fundamental importância adotar uma formulação trifásica que represente de forma adequada os desequilíbrios, e, portanto nesta dissertação é apresentada uma versão de fluxo de carga trifásico baseada no Método Iterativo de Correção de Tensão com possibilidade de inserção de cargas não lineares para contemplar as frequências harmônicas e assim obter o estado da rede (magnitude e ângulo das tensões nodais) e também de outras grandezas elétricas contemplando os efeitos causados por cargas não lineares, com ênfase para o motor de indução trifásico / Abstract: To ensure a good performance of power distribution networks as well as to increase the quality of services provided for the consumers, it is necessary the development and implementation of methodologies to assess the costs and the benefits of the different operating alternatives and their impacts on the system as a whole, while maintaining acceptable levels of quality and the reliability of electricity supply to the various consumers: residential, commercial and industrial. In this context, a computer program that performs the calculation of power flows is an essential tool in the analysis of electrical power systems having as main quantities of interest - nodal voltages and active and reactive power flows - at all electrical network components (lines, transformers, etc.). Once the electrical distribution networks are three-phase, it is crucial to adopt a three-phase formulation that adequately represents the load unbalance. We propose a version of a three-phase load flow based on the Voltage Correction Iterative Method with the possibility of including non-linear loads - with emphasis for three-phase induction motor - to simulating harmonic frequencies and getting the corresponding node voltages and other electrical quantities / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica

The penetration of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) continues to grow and is predicted to claim a vital share of the future energy mix. It poses new challenges in the built environment, as both PV systems and EVs are widely dispersed in the electricity distribution system. One of the vital tools for analyzing these challenges is load flow analysis, which provides insights on power system performance. Traditionally, for simplicity, load flow analysis utilizes deterministic approaches and neglecting  correlation between units in the system. However, the growth of distributed PV systems and EVs increases the uncertainties and correlations in the power system and, hence, probabilistic methods are more appropriate. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of how uncertainty and correlation models can improve the quality of load flow analysis for electricity distribution systems with large numbers of residential PV systems and EVs. The thesis starts with an introduction to probabilistic load flow analysis of future electricity distribution systems. Uncertainties and correlation models are explained, as well as two energy management system strategies: EV smart charging and PV curtailment. The probabilistic impact of these energy management systems in the electricity distribution system has been assessed through a comparison of allocation methods and correlation analysis of the two technologies. The results indicate that these energy management system schemes improve the electricity distribution system performance. Furthermore, an increase in correlations between nodes is also observed due to these schemes. The results also indicate that the concentrated allocation has more severe impacts, in particular at lower penetration levels. Combined PV-EV hosting capacity assessment shows that a combination of EV smart charging with PV curtailment in all buildings can further improve the voltage profile and increase the hosting capacity.  The smart charging scheme also increased the PV hosting capacity slightly. The slight correlation between PV and EV hosting capacity shows that combined hosting capacity analysis of PV systems and EVs is beneficial and is suggested to be done in one framework. Overall, this thesis concludes that an improvement of uncertainty and correlation modeling is vital in probabilistic load flow analysis of future electricity distribution systems.

The Paris Agreement was formed in 2015 to reduce the environmental impact and limit the increase in temperature to 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels. It is believed that an electrification of the transport sector will reduce its negative environmental impact. To reach the goals set by the Paris Agreement we are in need of quick development towards an electrified fleet of vehicles. Despite this urgency electric vehicles (EVs) have failed to reach the majority of the market, instead it has stuck in the chasm between the early adopters and the early majority of the markets. This is due to three main challenges; EVs are relatively expensive compared to conventional petrol- and diesel-powered vehicles, EVs have an inadequate driving range, and the access to a functional charging infrastructure is limited. This thesis focuses on the third challenge regarding charging infrastructure. The charging infrastructure is dependent on the existing electricity distribution infrastructure, i.e. the grid. It is rather time-consuming and costly to strengthen the grid, which is deemed necessary for enabling a roll-out of a charging infrastructure that meets the needs of current and near-future EV operators. This research provides an alternative way of approaching the issues. Instead of strengthening the grid by digging up old cables it looks into the opportunities of incorporating stationary battery storages as a buffer between the EV charging stations and the grid connection point. This battery solution can reduce the power outtake and smoothen out the load from EV charging, thus limiting the impact of EV charging from a grid perspective. The research assesses what type of pathways this solution could follow to successfully drive the adoption of EVs. Furthermore, the study tries to understand how these solutions could be designed to deliver the necessary values regarding EV charging and reducing the overall power outtake from grid connection points. The thesis is carried out by analyzing collected quantitative and qualitative data through the lens of three main theories. These are transition theory, theory on eco-innovations, and theory on the diffusion of innovations. The thesis finds that the two pathways for a battery supported charging infrastructure that will be most efficient in speeding up the adoption rate of EVs is within a workplace and public charging setting in city and urban environments. For both pathways it is expected that a centralized concept, with one battery solution connected to several charging points, will be most feasible in the short-term, which is important as the need for developments are very urgent. The workplace charging will provide 3,6 kW AC-charging while the public charging provides 150 kW DC-charging. The solution is expected to be cost-efficient for specific locations, especially for public charging in city environments with strained grid infrastructures. The study provides an initial assessment for the city of Stockholm which indicates that the power outtake can be reduced by 63,5–112,2 MW in 2030. This means that the current grid infrastructure could support a larger number of EVs, thus reducing the greenhouse-gas emissions from the transport sector and bringing us closer to reaching the goals set by the Paris Agreement. / Parisavtalet utformades år 2015 för att reducera vår klimatpåverkan och begränsa temperaturökningen till 2°C jämfört med nivåerna som rådde innan den industriella revolutionen. Förhoppningen är att en elektrifiering av transportsektorn kan reducera dess negativa klimatpåverkan. För att nå målen i Parisavtalet behövs en snabb omställning mot en elektrifiering av fordonsflottan. Trots situationens brådskande karaktär har elbilar fastnat i en klyfta mellan den begränsade tidiga marknaden och den sena marknaden, vilken utgör majoriteten av kunderna. Det finns tre primära anledningar till detta; elbilar är dyra jämfört med bensin- och dieseldrivna bilar, räckvidden för elbilar är otillräcklig, och det råder begränsad tillgång till en funktionell laddinfrastruktur. Den här studien fokuserar på den tredje anledningen kring otillräcklig laddinfrastruktur. Laddinfrastrukturen är beroende av det existerande elnätet och dess distributionskapacitet. En förstärkning av elnätet är i många fall nödvändig för att möjliggöra en utrullning av en laddinfrastruktur som möter dagens och morgondagens behov. Istället för att förstärka elnätet genom att gräva ner tjockare kablar så fokuserar denna studie på en alternativ lösning kring laddinfrastruktur sammankopplat med stationära batterilager. Batterilagret agerar som en buffert mellan anslutningspunkten till elnätet och laddningspunkten för elbilar. Genom att reducera effektuttaget och jämna ut lastkurvan för elbilsladdning kan en batterilösning begränsa den negativa påverkan det förväntas ha på elnätet. Studien undersöker vilka vägar denna batterilösning kan ta för att öka antalet elbilar i fordonsflottan. Efter att ha förstått vilka dessa lösningsvägar är så analyserar studien hur dessa lösningar kan vara uppbyggda för att erbjuda de efterfrågade och nödvändiga värdena för elbilsladdning och elnätets fortsatta funktionalitet. Studien bygger på analys av kvalitativa och kvantitativa data. Analysen utförs genom att applicera koncept hämtade från teorier kring teknologiska övergångar, miljöinnovationer och spridning av innovationer. De två lösningsområden som förväntas vara mest effektiva i att driva en ökning av antalet elbilar i Sverige är arbetsplatsladdning samt offentlig laddning i stadsmiljöer. En lösning med ett centraliserat batterisystem där en batterilösning är kopplat till flera laddstationer antas vara mest genomförbar på kort sikt, vilket anses vara centralt på grund av utmaningarnas brådskande karaktär. För arbetsplatsladdning tillhandahålls 3,6 kW AC-laddning och för offentlig laddning tillhandahålls 150 kW DC-laddning. Lösningarna förväntas vara kostnadseffektiva for specifika platser och användarprofiler, speciellt för offentlig laddning i stadsområden med ansträngda elnät. En initial uppskattning visar att en laddinfrastruktur kopplat till stationära batterilager inom de två lösningsområdena kan minska Stockholms effektuttag för elbilsladdning med 63,5–112,2 MW år 2030. Detta betyder att dagens elnät kan tillgodose ett ökat antal elbilar, vilka genererar färre utsläpp av växthusgaser och ger oss en bättre chans att nå Parisavtalets mål.