Probably no economic institution of our modern world is affected with a greater public interest than money. Few subjects have been more discussed and few factors have had more influence upon the progress of civilization than has money. It has become perhaps the most indispensable of all the tools which we use in our urbanized modern life. [...]

After the calamitous and environmentally devastating occurrence of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, the sobering realities of the United States' failure to successfully protect its ocean waters have caused several modifications in policy, legislation, and overall direction ofthe entire nation. Although there has been a general shift towards ecological safety and away from the pursuit to drill, oil-drilling explorations have continued to take place in internationally. This research will focus on the future operations of Repsol YPF, S.A., a Spanish oil company stationed in Cuba, whose drilling ambitions have caused a myriad of problems for the United States. The intent of this paper is to investigate the legalities surrounding Cuba's forthcoming deepwater oil drilling plan within the Florida Straights and how the existing relations between Cuba and the United States will shape the outcome. The majority of United States officials, senators, and policymakers are experiencing a great deal of anxiety and apprehension as Cuba's oil drilling plan continues to solidify. Recent changes in legislation and congressional opinion display the United States' overall objective to shape the manner in which the drilling operations will be carried out. This thesis will ultimately explore what progress the United States has made thus far in the sector of dialogue with Cuban officials, the various options the United States could seek in regards to taking part in the drilling operations that will soon commence in Cuba, and the current risks involved with the entirety of the drilling endeavor.

Los patrimonios autónomos han tenido en el sistema jurídico peruano un escaso desarrollo doctrinario y prácticamente una inexistente regulación en nuestra legislación. Ello ha conllevado a la generación de una gran confusión respecto a su tratamiento a nivel legal y jurisprudencial, limitándose a hacer referencia a su característica de “inembargabilidad”. El presente trabajo pretende estructurar la teoría de los patrimonios autónomos a efectos de ordenar el tratamiento judicial sobre dicha institución. Para ello, el primer paso será dejar atrás la decimonónica idea de patrimonio y reconocer que el desarrollo de la sociedad ha motivado su reconocimiento como verdaderos sujetos de derecho, para luego desarrollar la teoría de los patrimonios autónomos. / Autonomous equity had in the peruvian legal system little doctrinaire development and virtually nonexistent regulation in our legislation. This has led to the generation of several confusion regarding the legal and judicial treatment, merely referring to its characteristic of "indefeasible". This paper pretends to structure the theory of autnomous equity for the purposes of organizing the judicial treatment of that institution. To do this, the first step is to eraditcate the nineteenth-century idea of property and recognize that the development of society has led to its recognition as true subject of law, then develop the theory of autonomous equity.

Le principal reproche qui est adressé au droit international est la faiblesse de ses mécanismes de sanctions. Pour cette raison, plusieurs penseurs juridiques ont conclu que le droit international n'existait pas. Le présent mémoire vise donc à étudier la rhétorique derrière cette affirmation et à examiner sa validité. Pour ce faire, nous analysons dans un premier temps la relation entre la sanction et le droit à travers le cadre positiviste du XIXe siècle. Nous étudions tour à tour les soi-disant critères constitutifs de la sanction. Nous les comparons avec d'autres ordres non juridiques pour ensuite rejeter le postulat positiviste qui fait de la contrainte et de la centralisation des pouvoirs les éléments essentiels de la sanction. Nous étudions ensuite le cadre d'adoption des sanctions économiques du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Cette étape nous permet d'expliquer les principales faiblesses et limitations du droit international. Parmi celles-ci, le manque de coopération internationale, le droit de veto et le principe de la souveraineté nationale sont les éléments qui freinent l'adoption des sanctions coopération internationale. Nous examinons ensuite les objectifs derrière l'imposition des sanctions ainsi que leur efficacité. Finalement, nous étudions les embargos en général et les embargos sur les armes. Cette étude nous permet d'une part de démontrer les effets des sanctions économiques sur la population civile et sur les États tiers. D'autre part, elle nous permet de mieux comprendre les problèmes relatifs à l'administration d'une sanction, ainsi qu'aux mesures de contournement des interdictions. / The fundamental criticism addressed to internationallaw denounces the weaknesses of its sanctions mechanisms. For this reason, severallegal thinkers conc1uded to the inexistence of international law. The present text studies the rhetoric behind this statement and examines its validity. To do so, we analyze in the first place the relationship between sanction and law through the positivist framework of the XIXth Century. We examine in turn the so-called fundamental elements of sanction. We compare these elements with different non-Iegal orders so that we can ultimately reject the positivist theory according to which coercion and centralization ofpower are the fundamental elements of sanction. Chapter II examines the United Nations Security Council framework for adopting economic sanctions. This step allows us to underline the main sources ofweaknesses and limitations of internationallaw. In this respect we observe that the lack of international cooperation is the major weakness of internationallaw. Furthermore, an analysis of the relevant dispositions of the United Nations Charter shows that the veto right and the principle of international sovereignty are two elements that hamper international cooperation. We then study the objectives behind the adoption of sanctions as well as their effectiveness. Finally, we study general embargoes as well as arms embargos. This inquiry allows us to focus on the effects of economic sanctions on both civilians and third States. It also helps us understand the problems with regard to the administration of a sanction, as well as the ways to bypass the prohibitions.

Le principal reproche qui est adressé au droit international est la faiblesse de ses mécanismes de sanctions. Pour cette raison, plusieurs penseurs juridiques ont conclu que le droit international n'existait pas. Le présent mémoire vise donc à étudier la rhétorique derrière cette affirmation et à examiner sa validité. Pour ce faire, nous analysons dans un premier temps la relation entre la sanction et le droit à travers le cadre positiviste du XIXe siècle. Nous étudions tour à tour les soi-disant critères constitutifs de la sanction. Nous les comparons avec d'autres ordres non juridiques pour ensuite rejeter le postulat positiviste qui fait de la contrainte et de la centralisation des pouvoirs les éléments essentiels de la sanction. Nous étudions ensuite le cadre d'adoption des sanctions économiques du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Cette étape nous permet d'expliquer les principales faiblesses et limitations du droit international. Parmi celles-ci, le manque de coopération internationale, le droit de veto et le principe de la souveraineté nationale sont les éléments qui freinent l'adoption des sanctions coopération internationale. Nous examinons ensuite les objectifs derrière l'imposition des sanctions ainsi que leur efficacité. Finalement, nous étudions les embargos en général et les embargos sur les armes. Cette étude nous permet d'une part de démontrer les effets des sanctions économiques sur la population civile et sur les États tiers. D'autre part, elle nous permet de mieux comprendre les problèmes relatifs à l'administration d'une sanction, ainsi qu'aux mesures de contournement des interdictions. / The fundamental criticism addressed to internationallaw denounces the weaknesses of its sanctions mechanisms. For this reason, severallegal thinkers conc1uded to the inexistence of international law. The present text studies the rhetoric behind this statement and examines its validity. To do so, we analyze in the first place the relationship between sanction and law through the positivist framework of the XIXth Century. We examine in turn the so-called fundamental elements of sanction. We compare these elements with different non-Iegal orders so that we can ultimately reject the positivist theory according to which coercion and centralization ofpower are the fundamental elements of sanction. Chapter II examines the United Nations Security Council framework for adopting economic sanctions. This step allows us to underline the main sources ofweaknesses and limitations of internationallaw. In this respect we observe that the lack of international cooperation is the major weakness of internationallaw. Furthermore, an analysis of the relevant dispositions of the United Nations Charter shows that the veto right and the principle of international sovereignty are two elements that hamper international cooperation. We then study the objectives behind the adoption of sanctions as well as their effectiveness. Finally, we study general embargoes as well as arms embargos. This inquiry allows us to focus on the effects of economic sanctions on both civilians and third States. It also helps us understand the problems with regard to the administration of a sanction, as well as the ways to bypass the prohibitions. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit, option recherche (LL.M)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Excellent mémoire qui aborde de façon intelligente et stimulante un sujet par ailleurs complexe. Félicitations des membres du jury qui ont apprécié avoir le privilège de lire ce texte."

This article provides a different approach to the debated issue of the criterion of solution of what has come to be called “property not registered vs. embargo registered”. In it, it argues that all the solutions that has been raised (even the adopted as “binding precedent” in the judgment of the Seventh Civil CassationPlenary) are based on an optical error, because they look at the embargo act of a static way, as if it were an act that creates a final situation, forgetting that the embargo is a procedural act that is not an end in itself, but is inserted into the dynamic of the execution process, a process in which the final situation occurs (the awarding of the asset under seizure to the successful bidder or creditor, that is, the acquisition of a real right). Observed, however, theembargo on the dynamic of the executive procedure, as an act that prepares the forced alienation of the asset, is postulated, as a criterion of solution to the problem, that of priority registration (that is, the contained in the first paragraph of the article 2022 of the Civil Code, but with the tempering of the appreciation of good faith), once the annotation of the embargo “reserve priority” to the act of forced alienation of the asset. / El presente trabajo pretende aportar un enfoque distinto al debatido tema del criterio de solución de lo que ha venido a llamarse “propiedad no inscrita vs. embargo inscrito”. En él, se sostiene que todas las soluciones que se han planteado (incluso la adoptada como “precedente vinculante” en la Sentencia del VII Pleno Casatorio) parten de un error de óptica, pues miran el acto del embargo de manera estática, como si se tratara de un acto que crea una situación final, olvidando así que el embargo es un acto procesal que no es fin en sí mismo, sino que se inserta en la dinámica del proceso de ejecución, proceso en el cual se produce la situación final (la adjudicación del bien embargado al postor adjudicatario o al acreedoradjudicatario, esto es, la adquisición de un derecho real). Observado, en cambio, el embargo en la dinámica del procedimiento ejecutivo, como acto que prepara la enajenación forzada del bien, se postula, como criterio de solución al problema, el de la prioridad registral (esto es, la contenida en el primer párrafo del artículo 2022 del Código Civil, pero con el atemperante de la apreciación de la buena fe), en cuanto la anotación del embargo “reserva prioridad” al acto de enajenación forzada del bien.

Political legitimacy has often been addressed in terms of the legitimacy of actors, while the legitimacy of policies as such is relatively neglected. This thesis argues that an analytical distinction between the categories of the actor and its action is necessary, since an actor's legitimacy does not automatically imply the legitimacy of its behaviour; furthermore, in real social discourse, actions are not exempt from legitimacy judgments. The ambition of the thesis is to make use of this research gap and to examine one of the most important tools of the EU's foreign policy by means of an analytical framework of political legitimacy. The selected cases are the current episode of CFSP sanctions against Russia; "appropriate measures" under the ACP Partnership agreement against Zimbabwe; and the informal arms embargo against China. Sanctions dealt with in the first two cases are deemed legitimate, while the arms embargo on China failed to meet the legitimacy criteria. Apart from the findings on legitimacy, two major conclusions can be drawn from the analysis: The lack of internal coherence is impairing the legitimacy of the EU's political measures; and the imposition of sanctions through an institutionalised political framework enhances their transparency in contrast to informal measures.

Legal limits of the cross-border movement of military materials The global trade with military materials is an important, however often under- researched, area of academic enquiry. Such attitude is not correct, because in fact it is a massive global industry in which also Czech companies play a significant role. Given the newspaper headlines and statements of arms dealer, it is obvious there have long been unsolved problems burdening arms dealers caused especially by an inappropriate legal framework. This theses aims to provide an analysis of legal framework in respect to cross-border movement of military materials covering especially European and Czech legislation focusing on its potential limits arising and important for arms dealers. On a global international level the Arms Trade Treaty and other relevant treaties regulating international trade with military materials are identified and described. Attention is also paid to limitations of arms trade such as embargoes or restrictive measures imposed by the UN and the EU respectively as well as to limitations resulting from domestic and European legislation or from its different interpretation. In view of different legal framework this thesis strictly distinguishes whether a movement is realized, while particular law is adequately reflected. There...

Cuba! The name alone connotes many things for people be it rum & cigarrs, old Chevys & colonial buildings, Hemingway & Daquires, Castro & communism, Salsa & Reaggaton, parties & calm life, blue oceans & white sandy beaches, poverty & oppression.  As a tourist destination Cuba is sold as a country caught up in a time capsule. Visit before it is too late, before it forever changes (Culturetrip 2017).   When we read or hear about Cuba in the news its usually when extraordinary events are being covered such as President Obamas visit in 2016, the death and funeral of Fidel Castro in the same year or after hurricane Irma hit the island in 2017.  The image we get, on our side of the world, is often fragmented and without an understanding of the context.  This study consists of three reports connected to the Cuban economy. They have been written in an attempt to creat a different type of journalism - slow news journalism.  Instead of using journalism as a way to extract specific information during a specific event the aim has been to extract conceptions of the lived world by using qualitative methods like participant observation and spending time with Cubans in their own society for a longer period of time. The information has unfolded with and through time during fieldwork in Cuba, rather than having been created from a set of already determined priories before leaving Sweden.  The aim has been to find out what Cuban people (in Cuba) think is important in their daily life. What matters to them? What problems are they facing everyday and how do they cope with some of the daily challenges presented to them?  Are Cubans living their lives cut off from the rest of the world?  One of the most discussed or talked about issues in society was connected and related to the economy, which is why the reports focus on this subject. The reports take an economic insight from different perspectives in an attempt to show that the economy effect people differently depending on where they are situatedgeographically, economically, spatial, and societal in cuban society. / Skänkta cyklar får nytt liv på Kuba- Tells the story of a Norweigan aid project in the cuban province Artemisa. What does a bike mean for a family in Cuba? Can everone afford and get one? What do bikes have to do with the cuban economy? Ekonomin, en av de största utmaningarna på Kuba-  Tells the story of the informal and formal market in Cuba. Why are so many Cubans traveling abroad for business? How does the Cuban economy effect people’s daily lives and how do they face the challenges presented to them? Utbredd sexturism på Kuba- Tells the story of sex tourism on the island with the help of interviews with sex byers, jineteiras and procurers. What does the relationship between foreigners (Yumas) and cubans look like?

La tesis doctoral pretende mostrar el sistema administrativo que se generó después de la expulsión de los jesuitas en 1767 para la gestión de sus propiedades. Asimismo, recoge la normativa contemplada para la aplicación de las propiedades que no debían salir a la venta, junto con las aplicaciones que se dieron a los principales colegios de la actual comunidad valenciana (Valencia, Alicante, Orihuela, Onteniente, Gandía, Segorbe y Torrente). / Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, beca predoctoral FPU referencia 2004-4990.