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The subject of this thesis is the embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. The first part of the thesis examines embargo as an instrument of foreign policy as well as its place in US foreign policy. The second part deals with the evolution of the embargo toward Cuba in political context from events preceding its declaration until recent months. The last part analyses impact of the embargo on the economies of Cuba and the United States.

Dans le cadre des relations francochinoises durant la période maoïste (1949-1978), la coopération industrielle entre les deux pays peut être considérée comme une réussite remarquable. Pondérées à l'origine dans les années 1950, leurs relations économiques vont se développer principalement dans le domaine de l’industrie pendant la décennie suivante, pour arriver à leur apogée dans les années 1970, grâce à trois facteurs favorables : l'établissement des relations diplomatiques en 1964 qui offre l’opportunité non seulement de créer des liens stables indispensables aux futurs contacts économiques bilatéraux, les deux gouvernements jouant alors un rôle de coordinateur de cette coopération industrielle ; l’amélioration des relations sino-américaines et la politique de libéralisation du commerce estouest par Nixon, fournissent un terrain international propice au développement du commerce sino-occidental ; le plan économique du gouvernement chinois fondé sur l'importation de technologies et de matériels occidentaux -- notamment le « plan 43 » --, donne une base financière à la coopération industrielle avec la France. Les résultats de cette coopération sont considérables : développement manifeste du commerce sino-français de grande envergure ; des sociétés françaises tirent profit de l’ouverture du marché chinois pendant la période de la Révolution culturelle ; grâce aux projets de coopération mis en place, notamment ceux d'usines clé en main, la Chine accélère la modernisation de diverses industries, -- électriques, d’engrais, de fibres chimiques, de communication, etc. --, tout en maintenant ainsi l'équilibre de son développement économique. / In the framework of French-Sino relations during the Maoist period (1949-1978), the industrial cooperation between the two countries can be considered as a remarkable success. From a steady beginning in the 1950s, their economic relations principally developed in the industrial domain in the following decade, so as to reach their peak in the 1970s because of three favorable factors. Above all, the establishment of their diplomatic relations in 1964 offered the opportunity to create stable indispensable connections of bilateral economic contacts in the future, then the two governments also played a role as coordinators of this industrial cooperation. Besides, the improvement of Sino-American relations and the political liberalization of East-West commerce promoted by Nixon, provided a propitious international environment for the Sino-Occidental commercial development. Last but not the least, economic the plan of the Chinese government, based on the importation of Western technologies and materials, particularly the “43 plan”, provided a financial basis for the industrial cooperation with France.The results of this cooperation are considerable: Sino-French commerce obtained a large scale of obvious development; French companies benefiting from the economic openness of the Chinese market during the period of the Cultural Revolution; thanks to the implementation of these cooperation projects, particularly the “key-in-hand factories”, China accelerated the modernization of diverse industries in electricity, fertilizers, chemical fibers, communication, etc., -- while maintaining the balance of its economic development.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / La propuesta de modificación al artículo 445 del Código de Procedimiento Civil que busca sustituir su numeral octavo, ampliando el ámbito de protección de la norma de manera sustancial, nos presenta una oportunidad única de analizar a la luz de los principios del análisis económico del derecho cómo responde la población, en general, al aumento de los bienes exceptuados en una liquidación en casos de insolvencia. Así, nos encontramos con que la experiencia internacional es rica en análisis del impacto del fortalecimiento de la posición de los particulares frente a las instituciones financieras, fenómeno dentro del cual es posible enmarcar la modificación en comento, los que serán utilizados en esta investigación para proyectar los efectos que pueden esperarse de un cambio de tal magnitud en nuestro país, toda vez que la experiencia internacional nos demuestra una relación positiva entre la imposibilidad de colateralizar bienes y el costo de los créditos, pero de igual forma se ha observado un aumento en las posibilidades de iniciar un emprendimiento cuando deja de existir el miedo de perder la vivienda. Distintas cifras soportan que no solo desaparece el miedo, sino que finalmente hay más gente iniciando negocios, emprendiendo, cuando se ponen trabas a la liquidación de activos valiosos como las viviendas. Postula esta investigación que el proyecto que declara inembargable los bienes señalados anteriormente tiene como resultado un aumento en el emprendimiento, al eliminar un factor que produce aversión a la hora de solicitar financiamiento para emprender, sobreponiéndose este efecto v a la restricción en la provisión de créditos por falta de garantías. En este sentido, la reforma propuesta es posible proyectarla como un incentivo para la actividad empresarial, a la luz de la experiencia internacional que se analiza, beneficiándose la economía en general de este cambio.

No description available.

During the 2008 spike in oil prices, oil companies and government officials were brought under close scrutiny as many Americans began to question why prices were able to rise so quickly. Americans had become accustomed to living in an economy where cheap oil was the norm, and demanded answers when that situation changed. What most of them did not know is that they were repeating history and mimicking the response to the 1973 oil embargo. Just as in 2008, the United States faced a crisis in 1973 with which it was unprepared to effectively cope. This thesis analyzes the reasons for and consequences of this lack of preparation in 1973 drawing on the writings of major policy makers and leaders of the time, most notably Henry Kissinger, Anwar el-Sadat, and Richard Nixon, Senate hearings testimony, recently declassified government documents detailing plans for U.S. invasion, and contemporary newspapers which recorded public perception. I argue that decades of living with cheaply priced oil, an over reliance on multinational corporations and a lack of understanding of Middle Eastern resentment toward these oil companies, combined with a fundamental misunderstanding of how oil and politics could be linked brought the United States to the ultimate near-decision of invading the Middle East. The 1973 oil embargo brought the United States face-to-face with the consequences of reliance on foreign oil and with the hardships that resulted from it. The United States had relied on oil companies to manage their interests in the Middle East for decades but in 1973 the situation changed forever. I close by considering the ongoing deep ties between the United States and the Middle East that are present still. The same problems that existed in 1973 exist today, and until those are corrected the United States and its economy will be deeply tied to the Middle East and to events in the region.

In the last decade, the EU-China partnership has become increasingly important, translating to the strategic issues of the twenty-first century, which include the problem of non-proliferation. As two of the world's visible international players, China and the EU both have a lot at stake in these matters. Non-proliferation also touches upon one of the bones of contention between the two : the EU embargo on arms sales to China. This paper examines the current state of cooperation on non-proliferation between the EU and China, and the impacts this cooperation may have, notably on the EU arms embargo.

The United States imposed the longest lasting sanction regime on Cuba in 1960 as a result of strained relations in recent years. Each US administration modified form of the sanctions regime, depending on the attitude toward the Cuban issue. General Assembly, the highest authority of the UN, adopts not legally binding but politically significant resolutions. Resolution condemning US sanctions regime has been adopted annually since 1992. Discussion on changes of the sanction regime in the General Assembly is a sign of reflection on current events and unrigid process of resolutions adoption. The main purpose is to determine whether the changes of the sanction regime were mentioned in the discussions on the adoption of the resolutions. The result of the analysis shows the reflection of the events in the speeches of ambassadors. The amount of mentioned events in speeches depends whether they were positive or negative step toward easing the embargo, and also how important the event was.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-02-20T18:46:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luciana_dubeux_beltrao_alves.pdf: 956924 bytes, checksum: fe447bb04565c967568539b155eb6937 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T18:46:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luciana_dubeux_beltrao_alves.pdf: 956924 bytes, checksum: fe447bb04565c967568539b155eb6937 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-04 / Why is the outcome of the judgment of the Declaration of Appeal tending to be improper if it constitutes a mechanism for improving the judicial decision? The traditional civil procedural dogma teaches that the appeal of appeals of declaration is an important resource for perfecting the jurisdictional provision because they are intended to clarify a judicial decision, remedy omissions, correct contradictions or material errors in the contested decision. However, the results of the adjudication of seizure cases demonstrate that these remedies are largely unproven. In this way, the present research intends to analyze these results and its influence on the role in the jurisdictional activity under the aegis of the general theory of the utility of the resources. The decisions handed down by the Public Law organs of the Court of Justice of the State of Pernambuco will be analyzed, considering that there is a significantly higher number of confiscation embargoes in these judging bodies, than in the Civil and Criminal Chambers of this same court. / Por que o resultado do julgamento dos Embargos de Declaração tende a ser pelo improvimento do recurso se eles constituem num mecanismo de aperfeiçoamento da decisão judicial? A tradicional dogmática processual civil ensina que o recurso de embargos de declaração é um recurso importante para o aperfeiçoamento da prestação jurisdicional porque eles se destinam a aclarar uma decisão judicial, sanar omissões, corrigir contradições ou erros materiais na decisão recorrida. Entretanto, os resultados dos julgamentos dos embargos de declaração demonstram que estes recursos são improvidos em sua maioria. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa pretende analisar estes resultados e sua influência no papel na atividade jurisdicional sob a égide da teoria geral da utilidade dos recursos. Serão analisadas as decisões proferidas pelos órgãos de Direito Público do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Pernambuco, tendo em vista que há um maior significativamente superior de embargos de declaração nestes órgãos julgadores, do que nas Câmaras Cíveis e Penais deste mesmo tribunal.

El VII Pleno Casatorio Civil analiza el articulo 2022 en su segundo párrafo, esto se genera debido a un conflicto entre el derecho a la propiedad no inscrito y el embargo anotado preventivamente, ambos de distinta naturaleza. Este análisis busca unificar la línea jurisprudencial dispersa de nuestra corte suprema y doctrina nacional. Cuestión que generó muchas casaciones contradictorias que no otorgaban predictibilidad. Este análisis no es claro y por el contrario es sumamente criticable frente a un tema controversial que genera no solo una nueva incertidumbre, sino un peligro para el sistema registral en el ámbito del derecho de crédito y transferencias de propiedad en nuestro país. Prefiriendo a los que no opusieron su derecho erga omnes frente a los que, si lo hicieron apoyándose en los principios registrales. Se llega a la conclusión de que en la interpretación del articulo 2022 en su segundo párrafo, no se debe excluir al sistema registral, sino por el contrario, se debe incluir a este para llegar a solucionar la oposición entre derechos de distinta naturaleza. En caso contrario se preferirá a cualquier disposición del derecho común que optará por preferir al derecho de propiedad no inscrito sobre el embargo anotado preventivamente, generando una falta de seguridad jurídica en nuestro ordenamiento y colisionando con la finalidad del registro, la oponibilidad