Under lång tid har forskningen fokuserat på hur ledarskapet kan utvecklas och bidra till en effektiv organisation. På senare tid har forskningen börjat belysa även medarbetarens roll i verksamheten. Dock sker denna forskning ur ledarens perspektiv och medarbetarnas perspektiv saknas till stor del. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att genom kvalitativa intervjuer kartlägga upplevelsen av psykologiskt empowerment och förstå hur det kan ses som en del i medarbetarskapet bland ledare och medarbetare, ur ett medarbetarperspektiv. Psykologiskt empowerment berör den anställdes upplevelse av att kunna påverka sin arbetsroll, utföra ett meningsfullt arbete och påverka viktiga beslut. Genom att analysera denna upplevelse kan styrkor och utvecklingsmöjligheter identifieras i medarbetarskapet och ligga till grund för ett vidare utvecklingsarbete. Studien genomfördes på utvalda butiker inom Systembolaget i Västerbottens län. Det som framkom i studien är att det saknas en samsyn gällande medarbetarskapets innebörd. Skillnaden som identifierats är att medarbetarna saknar en arbetsgivaraspekt sett till definitionen av medarbetarskap, något som cheferna framhåller som en viktig del. Arbetsgivaraspekten rör det ansvar som medarbetaren har gentemot arbetsgivaren i och med en anställning. Utifrån de fyra faktorerna i psykologiskt empowerment: kompetens, självbestämmande, påverkan och meningsfullhet, framgår att kompetens och meningsfullhet är de faktorer som är väl genomarbetade inom Systembolaget. Gällande självbestämmande och påverkan finns utvecklingspotential. Utifrån studien kunde följande konstateras; viljan att dela med sig av makt finns hos ledarna, dock är viljan till att ta emot denna tudelad hos medarbetarna. Viljan hos båda parter bör finnas för att skapa förutsättningar för psykologiskt empowerment. Vidare konstateras att en gemensam syn på medarbetarskapets innebörd där förväntningar tydliggörs kan komma att skapa en positiv spiraleffekt för psykologiskt empowerment och medarbetarskap.

In response to increasing global competition, companies are continuously under pressure to undergo dramatic changes. Organisations have flattened their structures to replace their traditional hierarchical management structures with empowered work teams. These are teams that have full responsibility of what they do and handle things traditionally handled by management in the past. In order to achieve this, the management challenge is to create working conditions in which individuals in these teams voluntary choose to commit, collaborate and act towards accomplishment of organizational goals (Duvall, 1999). Today's highly competitive environment, technological improvement, complex customer needs, corporate restructuring and continuous search for innovative ways to take organizations to new heights, affect companies throughout the world. To survive in today's difficult economic conditions, organizations demands more from employees. This study conceptualizes empowerment, dividing empowerment into three categories: structural empowerment, leadership empowerment and motivational empowerment. The study narrows to examine psychological empowerment specifically, an aspect of motivational empowerment. The theory of Spreitzer (1995) of four cognitions and the three principles of Menon (2001) is combined to conceptualize psychological empowerment. Job satisfaction is also discussed with emphasis on intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. Organisational commitment is examined from the three-component theory of Allen and Meyer (1991). The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organisational commitment in a chemical industry. A correlation design was used to determine the relationship between the constructs. Data from a sample of 61 (N=61) employees were used. A correlation design is used to determine the relationship between psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Data were gathered and explored in terms of descriptive statistics. Cronbach alpha coefients and factor analysis are calculated to give an indication of the validity and reliability of the measuring instruments. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients and canonical correlations were used to obtain the empirical results. A regression analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis was carried out to determine the extent to which psychological empowerment predict job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The results of the empirical study indicated practically significant differences between psychological empowerment as a total and two variables: Intrinsic job satisfaction and affective commitment. It was found that psychological empowerment could be used to predict job satisfaction to a certain degree, but could not predict organizational commitment as a total. However, there are indications that it could be used to predict affective commitment. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

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Med allt fler äldre i samhället ökar belastningen inom vård- och omsorgssektorn. E-hälsa kan bidra till en effektivare vård av äldre med medicinsk information och vårdtjänster via internet samt vårdrelaterad service som utförs via ny teknologi. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa äldres erfarenheter av e-hälsa. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där tio vetenskapliga artiklar utgjorde underlag. Resultatet visade att e-hälsa kunde skapa empowerment hos den äldre vårdtagaren genom möjligheten att få stanna i sitt hem samtidigt som det gav egenkontroll av sjukdom och hälsa. Det fanns dock en oro hos äldre att e-hälsa skulle ersätta fysisk kontakt och äldre uppfattade att tekniken var komplicerad. E-hälsa kunde öka tillgängligheten av vård men för att den ska fungera optimalt behöver den individanpassas. Äldres erfarenheter av e-hälsa bör ligga till grund för utveckling av lämpligare och bättre e-hälsolösningar. Kunskapen om äldres erfarenheter kan hjälpa sjuksköterskan att implementera e-hälsolösningar på ett bra och effektivt sätt. Genom ökad kunskap om äldres erfarenheter kan e-hälsa bli ett värdefullt verktyg för en bättre och effektivare vård av äldre. / Telehealth can contribute to a more effective system of health care for elderly patients through medical information and support given via the Internet as well as health related services initiated through new technology. The aim of the study was to highlight older people's experiences of telehealth. The study was conducted as a literature review in which ten scientific articles provided input and formed the basis. The results showed that telehealth could create empowerment amongst the elderly patients as they would be able to stay at home whilst providing self-monitoring of their health and illness. However, there are concerns among the elderly who believe that telehealth would replace physical contact and many think that the technology is to complex to comprehend. Telehealth could be the solution to increasing the availability of health care, but in order for it to function optimally it needs to be individualized. Older people's experiences with telehealth should be the basis for the development of more appropriate telehealth solutions. Knowledge on older people’s telehealth experiences can help nurses implement solutions in a good and efficient way. By broadening and researching the information on the elderly’s experiences with telehealth it can become a valuable health tool.

L‟application du plan d‟ajustement structurel par la Banque Mondiale et le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) dans la dernière décennie n‟a pas épargné les pays en voie de développement notamment ceux de l‟Afrique du Sud Sahara comme la Côte d‟Ivoire. Ainsi, certains pays vont connaître le phénomène de l‟exode rural vers les grands centres urbains, créant un surpeuplement des villes, une chute du niveau de vie, un chômage avec pour corollaire la pauvreté. L‟évolution de ce phénomène en Côte d‟Ivoire accentué par les différentes crises socio politique qu‟à connu le pays nous permet de retenir que la paupérisation demeure un fait préoccupant. Dans un tel cas, notons que la crise pétrolière dans les années 70, la crise économique des années 80 avec ses plans d‟ajustement structurel successifs, ainsi que la dévaluation du franc CFA dans les pays du tiers monde complique d‟avantage la situation des ménages. Cette réalité existante dans les zones rurales est accentuée dans les zones urbaines. Les principales victimes étant les jeunes et les femmes. En effet, ces dernières se trouvent confrontées à des problèmes d‟exclusion, de mise à distance avec un réel problème d‟accès aux ressources. La micro finance, notamment en Côte d‟Ivoire, se veut une alternative en procurant aux femmes pauvres, un droit au crédit afin de se constituer une épargne et investir dans des activités génératrices de revenus. Autant d‟avantage qu‟il convient nous le pensons de mesurer en terme d‟empowerment. Un gain de pouvoir qui pourrait leur permettre d‟être autonome et lutter contre la pauvreté féminine. / The application of structural adjustment by the World Bank and by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the last decade has not spared the developing countries including those in Sub-Saharan Africa like the Ivory Coast. Thus, some countries will experience the phenomenon of rural exodus to urban centers, creating an urban overcrowding, falling living standards and unemployment with the consequent poverty. The evolution of this phenomenon in the Ivory Coast accentuated by the various socio-political crises already known by the country allows us to retain that poverty remains a worrying fact. In those cases, the oil crisis of the 70s, the economic crisis of the 80s with its successive structural adjustment programs, and the CFA franc devaluation in the Third World have further complicated households situation. This reality in rural areas has increased in urban areas. The main victims are the young and women. Indeed, the latter are faces with problems of exclusion, distancing with a real problem of access to resources. Microcredit, particularly in the Ivory Coast, is an alternative by giving poor women a right to credit in order to accumulate savings and invest in activities generating income. We should think of the many advantages in terms of empowerment. A gain of power that could allow them to be independent and to fight against women‟s poverty.

Empowerment, which has been described as both a means of effecting higher and more efficient quality work outputs and a means of facilitating greater freedom in the workplace combines elements of philosophy, psychology, and management theory. The perceptions of the present empowerment level of 3500 employees of a division of a major corporation were analyzed using data from an empowerment survey. The results were examined using correlational and factorial measures to test the structure of the survey. ANOVA and pair-wise comparisons were used to examine group differences on five subscales of the survey based on employee level in the organization. Significant differences were found in almost all categories. Rank order for the three levels differed from previous findings, perhaps due to empowerment thrusts.

Psicóloga / The central aim of our study was to broad knowledge on the variables that may help to reduce burnout. To this end, we investigated whether the association between three job demands (i.e. role conflict, emotional demands and cognitive demands) and burnout was moderated by psychological empowerment and perceived team empowerment. Participants were 1268 employees from two organisations (government employees = 287, hospital staff = 981). Latent moderated structural equations revealed different patterns of moderation in the samples. Psychological empowerment offset the influence of the three job demands on burnout in the hospital sample, whereas in the government organisation only emotional demands were buffered. Perceived team empowerment ameliorated the effect of emotional and cognitive demands on burnout in the government sample whereas in the hospital only emotional demands were moderated. Interestingly, both kinds of empowerment were significant moderators of emotional demands in the two samples. Overall, our results support the notion that psychological and perceived team empowerment can be relevant health-promoting factors that help to deal with high job demands and reduce burnout

The purpose of the study was to examine the perception of teacher empowerment in Christian schools in order to ascertain if teachers were encouraged to take on more leadership responsibilities. One hundred forty-four teachers from 9 Christian schools (K-12) that are accredited by the Tennessee of Association of Christian Schools (TACS) participated in the study. The statistical analysis reported in the study was based on 5 research questions. Two instruments were used to collect data. A survey using a 5-point Likert Scale was used to collect data on teacher responsibilities, training, experiences, affiliation, and professional practices. Student achievement test scores from SAT-10 for the 2010-2011, 2011-2012, and 2012-2013 school years for grades 5, 8, and 11 were used to see if there is a correlation between teachers’ perception of empowerment and student achievement. A series of single sample t-tests were used to determine if there were significant differences between 2 independent groups. A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to measure the relationship between teachers’ empowerment scores and their averaged student achievement test scores.

Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

The objective of this qualitative study was to contribute to the understanding of how musical activities affect the participants' well-being and empowerment and to investigate which fac-tors contribute to that effect. Invitations were sent to 13 adult participants in a rock music school in the middle part of Sweden. 7 persons (4 men, 3 women) participated in the study. 4 themes were discussed in focus groups to highlight how informants were affected by the ac-tivity and what factors were important in the context. Results showed that music activities impact on participants' well-being and empowerment through several factors.Themes that appeared were: 1) focus on the present through music, 2) personal development, 3) meaningful leisure activity 4) the group properties. The group properties theme had four underlying themes: participation, equality, tolerance, cooperation toward common goals and leadership. The study has led to a greater understanding of how musical activities affect indi-vidual well-being and empowerment. A visualization of the participating forces that play a role in this effect has started and extended research with more suitable methods is needed to illuminate the individual factors and how they contribute to individual well-being and em-powerment. / Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att bidra till förståelsen om hur en musikgruppsverk-samhet kan inverka på deltagarnas välbefinnande och empowerment samt att undersöka vad i sammanhanget som kan ge upphov till denna inverkan.Missivbrev skickades till 13 vuxna deltagare i en rockmusikskola i mellersta Sverige och 7 personer (4 män, 3 kvinnor) deltog sedan i studien. 4 teman diskuterades i fokusgrupper i en strävan att synliggöra hur informanterna berörts av verksamheten samt vilka faktorer som varit betydelsefulla i sammanhanget. Transkriberingen av intervjuerna analyserades sedan genom att meningsbärande enheter plockades ut, kodades och delades upp i teman.Resultaten visade att en rockgruppsverksamhet har inverkan på deltagarnas välbefinnande och empowerment genom ett samlad inverkan av flera faktorer. De teman som framkom i fokus-grupperna med betydelse för denna inverkan är 1) fokus på nuet genom musiken, 2) personlig utveckling, 3) meningsfull fritidssysselsättning samt 4) gruppens egenskaper och under detta tema fanns fyra underliggande teman; delaktighet, likvärdighet, tolerans, samarbete mot ge-mensamt mål och ledarskapet. Studien har lett fram till en ökad förståelse om hur en musik-gruppsverksamhet inverkar på individers välbefinnande och empowerment. Ett avstamp till att synliggöra de medverkande krafterna som har en roll i denna inverkan har påbörjats och det behövs mer forskning med bättre lämpade metoder för att mer ingående belysa fenomenet