<p> While several investigations have reported a higher proportion of lipid oxidation (lower carbohydrate oxidation) in females performing heavy endurance exercise at the same relative intensity as males, some studies have failed to support this. Possible factors contributing to the lack of agreement may be differences in subject training status and diet, or the hormonal status of female subjects related to menstrual phase. All these variables are known to affect substrate metabolism during submaximal exercise. These factors were controlled in the present study by selecting subjects who were matched for level of physical conditioning and performance experience and placing them on eucaloric identical diets for 3 days. The females were tested during the mid-follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Six males and 6 females ran on a treadmill at 65% VO2 max for a total distance of 15.5 km (range in performance times, 90 to 101 min). Pre and post exercise needle biopsies of vastus lateralis were assayed for glycogen concentration. Plasma glycerol, glucose, free fatty acids and selected hormones (catecholamines, growth hormone, insulin and glucagon) were measured throughout and following the run by sampling from an indwelling venous catheter. Exercise protein catabolism was estimated from 24 hr (resting and exercise) urinary urea N excretion. </p> <p> Males were found to have significantly higher respiratory exchange ratios (X =0.94 vs 0.87), greater muscle glycogen utilization (by 25%) and greater urea nitrogen excretion (by 30%) than females. Changes in selected hormone concentrations could not explain the greater lipid utilization observed in females. The lower insulin and higher epinephrine levels seen in males could in part explain the greater glycogenolysis and protein catabolism observed inn this group. It is concluded that, during moderate intensity long duration exercise, females demonstrate greater lipid utilization and less carbohydrate and protein metabolism than equally trained and nourished males. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Ten healthy young females (age 22.3 ± 0.2 y, V0₂ₘₐₓ > 40 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) volunteered to participate in a randomized, double-blinded study that examined the effect of both (A) the timing of PRO/CHO/FAT supplementation, pre- and post-endurance exercise, and (B), extra-energy supplementation ( ~ 400 kcal) on indices of protein metabolism. Each subject completed each of three, 7-day supplementation trials conducted at least 1 week apart: a pre-exercise trial (PRE), a post-exercise (PO) trial, and a post-exercise with extra energy (POE) trial. All females were eumenorheic and tested during the early (days 4-7), middle (days 8-11 ), and late (days 12-14) periods of the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Subjects were weighed prior to and following each trial to determine weight loss. During each trial, subjects would consume a checklist diet (days 1-3) and a prepackaged diet (days 4-6) that were isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, and matched for diet composition (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) to the individual's habitual dietary intake. Subjects cycled at 65% V0₂ₘₐₓ for 1 hr, according to their target heart rate on Days 1,3, and 4 and for 1.5 hrs on Day 6 with Days 2 and 5 being rest days. Expired gas and blood samples were collected on Day 6 during exercise (t=0,30,60,90 min) and post exercise for 2 hrs (Blood t=30,60,90,120, Gas t=10,20,30,45,60,90,120 min). On Day 5, expired gas samples were collected post- supplement consumption at the same timepoints as Day 6. 24 h-urine collections were performed on Days 5 and 6. A 75% V0₂ₘₐₓ performance ride to exhaustion was performed in a fasted state on the morning of Day 7. During each trial, subjects had consumed their daily meals at regular intervals by 1500 h prior to the exercise bout (1600 h). In the PRE trial, a PL can+ PRO/CHO/FAT Supplement (Results® + 0.5 g·kg CHO powder[Gatorade®]) was consumed with breakfast (BKFT), and a PL Supplement (I can+ powder) was consumed immediately following the cessation of exercise. In the PO trial, a PL Supplement (2 cans+ powder) was taken at BKFT and the PRO/CHO/F AT Supplement was consumed post-exercise. The POE trial was identical to the PO trial with the exception that subjects received an extra 400 kcal of energy·d-1 at BKFT (Boost®-250 kcal and an extra 150 kcal CHO powder). During the POE checklist diet (Days 1-3), the extra energy was given by the addition of extra items to their daily food consumption. Although plasma estrogen levels were significantly higher during the PO trial (P <0.05), plasma progesterone levels were not significantly different between trials, and both hormones indicated that subjects were in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Significant main effects for time occured in which hematocrit, sodium, potassium, and lactate were observed to increase during exercise and decrease post-exercise. Glucose concentration increase was signiciant for time (P < 0.01) increasing post-exercise after consumption of the supplement. Significant main effects for insulin were observed across time (P < 0.000001) and for trial (P < 0.01) with the POE trial having the largest post-exercise insulin response. No significant differences were observed between the three trials for urinary creatinine (g·24 h⁻¹) and urea (g·24 h⁻¹ and g·g Cr⁻¹). Day 6 urinary 3-methylhistidine (μmol·g Cr⁻¹) was significantly different between trials (POE>PO>PRE)(P < 0.01). Similarly, no significant differences were observed between trials for resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, thermic effect of exercise, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. However, on Day 5, Apparent Nitrogen Balance trended toward signifcance for trial (P=0.086) becoming significant on Day 6 (P <0.005) wherein POE and PO trials were positive and PRE trial was negative. There was a trend towards increased performance times when comparing the POE and PO trials versus the PRE trial (P =0.074). Furthermore, weight loss was significantly lower with post-exercise supplementation (POE<PO<PRE)(P < 0.01). This study suggests that the protein balance of females regularly engaging in endurance activity may benefit from immediate nutritional supplementation following exercise. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Two times are critical for the horse ¾ the first few days of its life and the last few moments of a race. Vitamin E is critical in regard to immune competence in the first and antioxidant status in the latter. Studies conducted at the Middleburg Agricultural Research and Extension (MARE) Center include the development of horse feeds that replace sugar and starch with fat and fiber. The previous fat source of the pasture supplement under development was corn oil, which contains much vitamin E, was replaced with a cereal by product, which contains relatively little. Vitamin E has been studied in horses to a limited degree but not in grazing Thoroughbreds, thus the MARE Center gave me the opportunity to study vitamin E in Thoroughbred mares and foals. Middleburg is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains on Northern Virginia close to the site of one of the toughest endurance races in the world. This allowed me the opportunity to study vitamin E and antioxidant status in the horse during endurance racing. Initial studies of vitamin E supplementation to mares during the last trimester of gestation were disconcerting with no changes in serum concentrations of a-tocopherol (vitamin E). Studies conducted during the post-partum period revealed evidence of responses to vitamin E supplementation, as increased a-tocopherol concentrations were observed in mares' milk and in foal serum. Foals are born with virtually no circulatory antibodies and the supplementation of a synthetic form of vitamin E to mares demonstrated an increased passive transfer of immunoglobulins to foals. Natural vitamin E has shown a greater bioavailability than synthetic forms, in other species and was tested here at the MARE Center on mares. A greater passive transfer of immunoglobulins was observed with natural vitamin E supplementation compared with the synthetic forms, with immunoglobulin M concentrations in foal serum remaining higher for a longer period after birth compared to foals of non-supplemented mares. The transfer of a-tocopherol via the milk was also increased in concentration and duration in mares supplemented with natural vitamin E. Bioavailability of five oral forms of vitamin E (3 natural and 2 synthetic) were tested and one natural form was also administered intravenously so that clearance of vitamin E could be used to calculate the efficiency of absorption of the oral forms. Efficiency of absorption for oral treatments was not determined because of the slow turnover time of the intravenously administered vitamin E, which confounded all subsequent baseline serum a-tocopherol concentrations. Of the salvageable data, serum a-tocopherol concentrations were higher in grouped treatments at 9 and 12 h post dosing. Lipid fractions revealed possible insufficient absorption of the oral doses of vitamin E and possibly tissue saturation following intravenous doses of vitamin E. Serum concentrations of a-tocopherol were generally higher following natural forms of oral vitamin E administration. As vitamin E is the most important antioxidant in cells, it is often supplemented to endurance horses competing in 80 and 160 km races. Vitamin E protects lipid cell membranes from peroxidation by free radicals, which are increased during strenuous exercise resulting in oxidative stress. The antioxidant status of horses is severely tested during endurance racing and so a study was conducted to monitor changes in circulating antioxidants during three endurance races. Interesting novel findings in the horse were the maintenance of serum a-tocopherol and the depletion of erythrocyte glutathione and plasma ascorbate during two 80 km and one 160 km races. Associations were found between increased muscle cell enzyme leakage and decreased antioxidant status during endurance exercise and although associations do not prove a causation of oxidative stress, they do provide motivation to search for a cause and it is tempting to propose that oxidative stress damaged muscle cell membranes in endurance horses. Further, these findings propose a connection between muscle cell damage and a new form of exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) that has been observed in endurance horses, where oxidative fibers are damaged compared to the typical glycolytic fiber damage associated with known forms or ER. An increased understanding of vitamin E utilization in the horse will improve the health and welfare of all horses, but especially newborn foals and the athletic endurance horses. / Ph. D.

Effects of potassium supplementation were evaluated in four studies in endurance horses during races and treadmill exercise. In the first and second studies a potassium-free experimental formula was compared to potassium rich commercial formulas. The first study showed that supplementation increased plasma [K+], and that the extra sodium in the potassium-free experimental formulas helped to attenuate acidosis at the end of the ride. In the second study supplementation also increased plasma [K+], however speeds were lower and no increases were observed in plasma concentrations during the race. Supplementation of potassium during recovery helped to restore plasma [K+]. Higher plasma [Ca++] was found in horses supplied with experimental feeds, due to a lower dietary cation anion balance (DCAB). Three eliminated horses had heart rate arrhythmias and labile heart rates accompanied with higher plasma [K+] and lower [Ca++] than finishers. Also horses supplied with the experimental sodium-rich formula were less dehydrated than the ones receiving commercial formulas. The third study involved an 80 km endurance exercise test on the treadmill, and plasma [K+] was affected by potassium supplementation during exercise and recovery. The supply of potassium caused higher plasma [K+] helping to restore body stores. Also chloride supply in the electrolyte formulas maintained plasma [Cl-] levels during exercise and affected plasma concentrations during recovery. The fourth study showed that potassium supply affects plasma concentration, but also increases lactate production and glucose during sub-maximal exercise. A potassium-free electrolyte supply caused higher plasma [Ca++] during exercise. Higher sodium supply in the potassium-free electrolytes improved hydration during exercise. These studies show that potassium should supplemented after exercise and but not be done during exercise because of the risk of increased neuromuscular excitability. / Ph. D.

Alguns pacientes com dor lombar crônica classificados no grupo de otimização funcional pelo método de classificação Treatment based classification (TBC), apesar de apresentarem bons resultados em questionários funcionais, ainda referem dor e limitação em várias tarefas funcionais. Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar as diferenças de performance entre os pacientes com dor lombar crônica e indivíduos saudáveis submetidos a um conjunto de testes de força isométrica do quadril e resistência lombopélvica, além de identificar valores de corte classificatórios com acurácia aceitável de testes e razões entre esses testes que possam discriminar significativamente os pacientes com dor lombar crônica e indivíduos saudáveis. Trezentos e cinquenta indivíduos (saudáveis n = 170 e pacientes com dor lombar crônica n = 180) foram estratificados por idade, gênero e nível de atividade física. Os pacientes com dor lombar crônica foram incluídos se apresentassem resultado no questionário de função Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) <20%. O conjunto de testes consistiram de: testes de força isométrica de abdutores, extensores e flexores de quadril, teste de resistência da musculatura abdominal profunda e testes de resistência de ponte lateral, ponte frontal, flexores e extensores lombares. Os pacientes com dor lombar crônica apresentaram maiores valores de força isométrica dos flexores do quadril (p> 0,001) e teste de resistência da musculatura abdominal profunda (p> 0,001), mas menor resistência na ponte lateral (p> 0,05), ponte frontal (p> 0,001), flexores (p> 0,001) e extensores lombares (p> 0,05) em comparação com saudáveis. A acurácia foi considerada aceitável para os valores de corte do teste de flexores lombares (91,4seg; AUC = 0,84), flexores/extensores lombares (0,95; AUC = 0,82), ponte lateral/flexores lombares (0,57; AUC = 0,79), ponte frontal/flexores lombares (0,79; AUC = 0,75) e extensores /flexores de quadril (0,67; AUC = 0,73). Sendo assim, conclui-se que pacientes com dor lombar crônica classificados no grupo de otimização funcional pelo TBC, apesar de apresentarem boa pontuação no questionário funcional, apresentaram diferenças de performance em alguns testes. Além disso, as análises de acurácia dos valores de corte de testes e razões permitiram discriminar os pacientes com dor lombar, o que pode auxiliar no programa de tratamento e decisão de alta no retorno á atividades com níveis de demanda elevada no trabalho, atividade física ou mesmo diárias. / Some chronic low back pain (LBP) patients classified on the functional optimization subgroup by the Treatment based classification method (TBC), although presenting acceptable score in functional questionnaires, they still experience pain and limitations in several functional tasks and in sports activities. This study aimed to explore differences in performance between chronic LBP patients and healthy individuals submitted to a set of isometric hip strength and lumbar endurance tests, and to identify accurate tests and ratios classificatory cut-off values to significantly discriminate patients with chronic low back pain and healthy individuals. Three hundred and fifty subjects (Healthy n=170 and chronic LBP patients n=180) were stratified by age, gender and physically active or sedentary. LBP patients were included if they had Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) < 20%. The set of tests consisted of: Isometric strength tests of hip abductors, extensors, flexors, deep abdominal functional test, and endurance tests of lateral bridge, frontal bridge, lumbar flexors and extensors. The LBP patients presented higher strength values of hip flexors (p> 0.001) and deep abdominal function test (p>0.001), but lower endurance on lateral bridge (p>0.05), frontal bridge (p>0.001), lumbar flexors (p>0.001) and extensors tests (p>0.05) compared to healthy individuals. The accuracy was considered acceptable for lumbar flexors test (91.4 sec; AUC = 0.84), lumbar flexors/extensors (0.95; AUC = 0.82), lateral bridge/ lumbar flexors (0.57; AUC = 0.79), frontal bridge/lumbar flexors (0.79; AUC = 0.75) and hip extensors/flexors (0.67; AUC = 0.73). Some chronic LBP patients, despite having acceptable score in functional scores, presented differences in lumbopelvic and hip performance tests and, based on some accurate cut-off classificatory ratios and tests, allowed to discriminate LBP patients, what may be considered in treatment program and decision making for patient\'s discharge when returning to higher demand levels of work, physical or even daily activity.

Alguns pacientes com dor lombar crônica classificados no grupo de otimização funcional pelo método de classificação Treatment based classification (TBC), apesar de apresentarem bons resultados em questionários funcionais, ainda referem dor e limitação em várias tarefas funcionais. Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar as diferenças de performance entre os pacientes com dor lombar crônica e indivíduos saudáveis submetidos a um conjunto de testes de força isométrica do quadril e resistência lombopélvica, além de identificar valores de corte classificatórios com acurácia aceitável de testes e razões entre esses testes que possam discriminar significativamente os pacientes com dor lombar crônica e indivíduos saudáveis. Trezentos e cinquenta indivíduos (saudáveis n = 170 e pacientes com dor lombar crônica n = 180) foram estratificados por idade, gênero e nível de atividade física. Os pacientes com dor lombar crônica foram incluídos se apresentassem resultado no questionário de função Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) <20%. O conjunto de testes consistiram de: testes de força isométrica de abdutores, extensores e flexores de quadril, teste de resistência da musculatura abdominal profunda e testes de resistência de ponte lateral, ponte frontal, flexores e extensores lombares. Os pacientes com dor lombar crônica apresentaram maiores valores de força isométrica dos flexores do quadril (p> 0,001) e teste de resistência da musculatura abdominal profunda (p> 0,001), mas menor resistência na ponte lateral (p> 0,05), ponte frontal (p> 0,001), flexores (p> 0,001) e extensores lombares (p> 0,05) em comparação com saudáveis. A acurácia foi considerada aceitável para os valores de corte do teste de flexores lombares (91,4seg; AUC = 0,84), flexores/extensores lombares (0,95; AUC = 0,82), ponte lateral/flexores lombares (0,57; AUC = 0,79), ponte frontal/flexores lombares (0,79; AUC = 0,75) e extensores /flexores de quadril (0,67; AUC = 0,73). Sendo assim, conclui-se que pacientes com dor lombar crônica classificados no grupo de otimização funcional pelo TBC, apesar de apresentarem boa pontuação no questionário funcional, apresentaram diferenças de performance em alguns testes. Além disso, as análises de acurácia dos valores de corte de testes e razões permitiram discriminar os pacientes com dor lombar, o que pode auxiliar no programa de tratamento e decisão de alta no retorno á atividades com níveis de demanda elevada no trabalho, atividade física ou mesmo diárias. / Some chronic low back pain (LBP) patients classified on the functional optimization subgroup by the Treatment based classification method (TBC), although presenting acceptable score in functional questionnaires, they still experience pain and limitations in several functional tasks and in sports activities. This study aimed to explore differences in performance between chronic LBP patients and healthy individuals submitted to a set of isometric hip strength and lumbar endurance tests, and to identify accurate tests and ratios classificatory cut-off values to significantly discriminate patients with chronic low back pain and healthy individuals. Three hundred and fifty subjects (Healthy n=170 and chronic LBP patients n=180) were stratified by age, gender and physically active or sedentary. LBP patients were included if they had Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) < 20%. The set of tests consisted of: Isometric strength tests of hip abductors, extensors, flexors, deep abdominal functional test, and endurance tests of lateral bridge, frontal bridge, lumbar flexors and extensors. The LBP patients presented higher strength values of hip flexors (p> 0.001) and deep abdominal function test (p>0.001), but lower endurance on lateral bridge (p>0.05), frontal bridge (p>0.001), lumbar flexors (p>0.001) and extensors tests (p>0.05) compared to healthy individuals. The accuracy was considered acceptable for lumbar flexors test (91.4 sec; AUC = 0.84), lumbar flexors/extensors (0.95; AUC = 0.82), lateral bridge/ lumbar flexors (0.57; AUC = 0.79), frontal bridge/lumbar flexors (0.79; AUC = 0.75) and hip extensors/flexors (0.67; AUC = 0.73). Some chronic LBP patients, despite having acceptable score in functional scores, presented differences in lumbopelvic and hip performance tests and, based on some accurate cut-off classificatory ratios and tests, allowed to discriminate LBP patients, what may be considered in treatment program and decision making for patient\'s discharge when returning to higher demand levels of work, physical or even daily activity.

Didėjant visuomenės susidomėjimu asmenine sveikata ir fiziniu aktyvumu iš sporto specialisto šiandien reikalaujama patrauklios treniruočių programos, naujausių metodikų, naujų žinių, efektyvaus darbo, ergonomiškų, saugių sporto priemonių ir aplinkos. Norima, kad treniruočių programos būtų ne tik efektyvios, saugios, bet ir pasiekti rezultatai pastebimi, objektyviai interpretuoti, vaizdžiai pateikti, nurodytos rekomendacijos. Mūsų darbo objektas – su sveikata susijęs fizinis pajėgumas. Todėl mūsų darbo tikslas – ištirti skirtingo pobūdžio fizinių krūvių poveikį fiziniam pajėgumui vyrų ir moterų grupėse. Darbo tikslas yra konkretinamas šiais uždaviniais: 1) Ištirti aerobinės ištvermės ir jėgos ištvermės krūvių poveikį vyrų ir moterų kūno kompozicijos rodikliams (svoris, KMI, riebalinei masei (%) ir kitiems rodikliams); 2) Nustatyti aerobinės ištvermės ir jėgos ištvermės krūvių poveikį vyrų ir moterų bendram aerobiniam darbingumui (MDS rodikliai); 3) Nustatyti aerobinės ištvermės ir jėgos ištvermės krūvių poveikį vyrų ir moterų skirtingų raumenų grupių (kojų, nugaros ir krūtinės) pajėgumui. Tiriamieji. Tyrimuose dalyvavo fiziškai aktyvūs sveikatingumo centro ,,Linija“ lankytojai jauno ir vidutinio amžiaus moterys (n = 16) ir vyrai (n = 20). Tiriamųjų amžius 25–50 metų. Tam, kad įvertintume taikomų programų efektyvumą tiriamuosius skirstėme į pogrupius. Pagal treniruočių pobūdį pogrupiai skirstomi į A – vyraujanti jėgos treniruotė ir B – vyraujanti aerobinės ištvermės treniruotė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / While the public interest in personal health and in physical activity is growing the specialist in sports is required to apply an attractive training program, the brand new methodologies, brand new knowledge, effective work, to work using ergonomic, safe implements and environment. It is desirable that the training programs would be not only effective, safe, but also the obtained results should be easily noticeable, objectively interpreted, visually represented, also special recommendations for this matter should be indicated. The object of our work is the physical capability that is closely linked towards a health. Therefore the purpose of our work is to make the research of the effect of different nature physical strains onto physical capability in regard of the members of inquired men and women groups. The purpose of the work is concretized on the ground of these tasks: 1) to make the research of the effect of aerobic physical strains onto the physical capability in regard of indicators of body composition among the members of men and women groups (weight, Index of body mass, fat mass (%) and other indicators); 2) to estimate the effect of the strains of the aerobic endurance and the endurance of power onto overall aerobic efficiency among the members of men and women groups of inquired persons (MDS indicators); 3) to estimate the effect of the strains of aerobic endurance and the endurance of power onto the capability of muscles of different groups among the members of... [to full text]

La littérature équine comprend peu d’études relatives aux coordinations cavalier-cheval. Ces dernières n’ont été examinées qu’en situations expérimentales sur des durées courtes. Le récent développement des technologies embarquées ouvre de nouvelles perspectives en permettant l’enregistrement combiné des déplacements du cavalier et du cheval durant plusieurs heures. Ce travail de thèse vise, au travers de l'identification de variables macroscopiques, à définir les caractéristiques du couplage cavalier-cheval (CCC) en situation naturelle de course d’endurance. Utilisant les concepts et outils de l’approche des systèmes dynamiques, nos résultats valident une méthodologie permettant d'identifier sur la seule base du CCC les allures et techniques de monte utilisées en compétition d’endurance. Les caractéristiques quantitatives et qualitatives du CCC évoluent différemment tout au long de la course en fonction du niveau d’expertise du couple. Les couples élites présentent une augmentation de vitesse et du pourcentage de petit galop assis alors que les couples expérimentés conservent la même répartition des quatre allures/techniques et les mêmes vitesses. La détérioration de la qualité du couplage observée chez les deux groupes pourrait être attribuée à la fatigue pour les expérimentés alors qu’elle pourrait provenir en partie de l’élévation de la vitesse chez les élites. Cette méthode d’analyse du couplage a fourni les premières observations sur l’influence d’un style de monte émergent sur la performance d’endurance. Nos perspectives visent à développer un dispositif selle-sangle instrumenté permettant l'optimisation du CCC en situation d'entraînement et de compétition. / Equine literature includes only a very limited number of studies related to horse-rider coordination. In addition, these were only investigated in experimental situations limited to a few minutes and during prescribed horse gait and riding techniques. The recent development of mobile technologies offers new perspectives allowing several hours of synchronized horse and rider recordings. This PhD work aims, through some remarkable macroscopic variables, to characterize the horse-rider coupling (HRC) in the various contextual situations of endurance races. Using concepts and tools of self-organizing dynamic system approach, a method was developed and validated to identify, on the sole basis of HRC, horse’s gaits and riding techniques used in endurance competition. This method revealed the emergence of four HRC patterns along endurance race. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the HRC were found to evolve differently throughout the race depending on the expertise level of the dyad. Elite dyads present increases in speed and percentage of sitting canter while advanced dyads maintain the same distribution and averaged speeds for the four horse’s gaits/riding techniques. The reduced quality of the coupling demonstrated by both groups at the end of race may be attributed to fatigue for the advanced dyads while it might also result from the increase in speed for the elite dyads. This method developed for the HRC analysis allowed us to study the influence of an emerging riding style on the endurance performance. Our perspectives in the equestrian domain intend to develop an instrumented saddle-girth device to optimize HRC in both training and competitive situations.

Orientador: Denise Vaz de Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:45:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Normand_AnaCarolinaRocha_M.pdf: 987435 bytes, checksum: da941aa71a589a584d91f06ad86d4702 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O treinamento de endurance promove aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e adaptações no metabolismo oxidativo e sistema de defesa antioxidante. O caldo de cana é rico em água, compostos fenólicos (com ação antioxidante) e principalmente sacarose, apresentando-se como uma bebida interessante para recuperação pós treino. Os objetivos desse estudo foram caracterizar os efeitos da ingesta de caldo de cana durante as três últimas semanas de um protocolo de treinamento de endurance, em parâmetros de estresse oxidativo no sangue, fígado e músculos de ratos. Os animais foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: controle ativo (CA, n=12), controle treinado (CT, n=9), treinado suplementado com caldo de cana (CC, n=9), e grupos treinados suplementados com maltodextrina (M, n=9) e quercetina (Q, n=9), utilizados como grupo controle da porção carboidrato e antioxidante, respectivamente, do caldo de cana. As suplementações foram feitas por gavagem, após todas as sessões de exercícios da 7ª, 8ª e 9ª semanas de treinamento . Os testes de desempenho foram feitos antes e depois da 4ª, 8ª e 9ª semanas. A coleta de amostras de sangue, músculos e fígado foram feitas 24h após o último teste de desempenho. Todos os grupos apresentaram aumento incremental significativo no desempenho durante as nove semanas de treinamento. Não detectamos diferenças significativas entre o desempenho dos grupos treinados e suplementados (CC, Q, M) frente ao desempenho do grupo treinado sem suplementação (CT). Os dados apresentados mostram que o protocolo de treinamento utilizado foi claramente adaptativo e aprimorou a performance. Além de aumento expressivo na performance induziu aumento significativo nas reservas de glicogênio muscular e hepático; aumento na atividade da catalase (CAT) e redução da atividade da glutationa redutase (GR) no sangue associada à queda na capacidade antioxidante total (FRAP) e concentrações de ácido úrico e uréia. Esses efeitos foram observados em todos os grupos treinados, suplementados ou não. Não houve diferença significativa, entre os grupos, na concentração plasmática da enzima creatina quinase (CK), na atividade antioxidante enzimática no músculo nem nos níveis de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) em todos os tecido analisados. No fígado a atividade da GR não foi alterada, enquanto a atividade da CAT diminuiu. O caldo de cana não alterou o perfil adaptativo induzido pelo treinamento. Esses dados são relevantes, pois atestam que quando o treinamento é bem planejado (estímulo/descanso), não há necessidade de suplementação para melhorar performance. Por outro lado, nas condições propostas neste estudo, o caldo de cana pode ser usado como uma opção prática de bebida para hidratação pós treino, uma vez que permite a reposição hídrica sem interferir negativamente na resposta adaptativa induzida pelo treinamento / Abstract: Endurance training induces adaptations in oxidative metabolism, increased reactive oxygen species production and improves the antioxidant system defense. Sugarcane juice is rich in water, phenolic compounds (with antioxidant) and mainly sucrose, presenting itself as an interesting drink for post workout recovery. The aim of this study were to characterize the effects of ingestion of sugar cane juice during the last three weeks of endurance training protocol on oxidative stress parameters in blood, liver and muscles of rats. The animals were divided into five groups: ative control (CA, n = 12), trained control (CT, n = 9), trained and supplemented with sugarcane juice (CC, n = 9), and trained and supplemented with maltodextrin (M, n = 9) and quercetin (Q, n = 9), used as control group of carbohydrate and antioxidant portion, respectively, of sugarcane juice. The supplementations were made by gavage, after all exercise sessions of the 7th, 8th and 9th weeks of training. Performance tests were executed at pre and post the 4th, 8th and 9th weeks. Sample collection of the blood, muscle and liver were performed 24 hours post the last performance test. All groups showed significant increase in performance in nine weeks of training. We didn't detect significant differences between performance of groups trained and supplemented (CC, Q, M) compared with performance of the trained group without supplementation (CT). The data presented show that the training protocol used was clearly adaptive and improved performance. In addition to a significant increase in performance induced significant increase in muscle and liver glycogen, increased catalase activity (CAT) and decreased glutationa reductase activity (GR) in the blood associated with decrease in total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and uric acid and urea plasmatic concentration. These effects were observed in all groups trained, supplemented or not. There was no significant difference, between the groups, in creatine kinase enzyme plasmatic concentration (CK), in antioxidant enzymatic activity in muscle nor lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS) on all analyzed groups. In the liver, GR activity was unchanged while the CAT activity decrease. The sugarcane juice didn't alter the profile adaptive training induced. These data are relevant because show that when the training is well planned (stimulus / rest), there isn't need supplementation to improve performance. On the other hand the proposed conditions of this study, the sugarcane juice can be used as practical option for post workout drink for hydration since it allows fluid replacement without interfering negatively on adaptive response induced by training / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

The purpose of this study was to compare the torque generating capabilities and fatigue responses of female power athletes, female endurance athletes, and age-matched female non-athletic controls.