Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы. В работе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты малоэтажного жилищного строительства с применением энергосберегающих материалов. Произведен анализ внешнего экономического окружения девелоперского проекта. Определены источники финансирования, сформирован бюджет проекта, рассчитаны показатели экономической эффективности проекта. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы и обобщены результаты исследования. / Master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references. The paper considers the theoretical aspects of low-rise housing using energy-saving materials. The analysis of the external economic environment of the development project is made. Sources of financing have been identified, a project budget has been formed, and indicators of the project's economic efficiency have been calculated. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formulated and the results of the study are summarized.

No description available.

År 2020 formulerade lastbilsproducenten Scania CV AB ett mål kring att minska sin energi-förbrukning med 25% till år 2025, med energiförbrukningen för år 2020 som baslinje. Effektiviseringen är nödvändig för att lastbilsproducenten ska kunna fortsätta bedriva ett hållbart och ansvarsfullt företagande. Denna studie utförs hos produktionsenheten DI (drivline-injektor), enheten tillverkar bränsleinsprutningssystem för verksamheten Cummins-Scania XPI Manufacturing. Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera energibesparingsaktiviteter samt föreslå eventuella energibesparingsåtgärder för att kunna stödja produktionsenheten DI med att nå energireduceringsmålet på 25%. En implementationsplan formuleras i syfte att presentera tidslinjen för åtgärdsförslagen. Metoden som tillämpas för att identifiera aktiviteterna är främst litteraturstudier. Dessa kompletteras med empiriska studier som utförs i syfte att tillhandahålla information om produktionsanläggningen. Energikonsumtionen i ursprungsläget samt energikonsumtion efter implementerad åtgärd beräknas för samtliga åtgärdsförslag. Åtgärderna som föreslås för att produktionsenheten ska reducera sin energiförbrukning är följande: • Införa helg- och kvällsavstängningar på maskiner• Införa helg- och kvällsänkningar (viloläge) på maskiner• Byta belysning till LED• Sänka temperatur till följd av implementation av LED-lysrör• Byta till filter med lägre tryckfall• Åtgärda tryckluftsläckage med förebyggande underhåll Implementeringen av följande åtgärder resulterar till en total energibesparing på 228,8 MWh per år. / The year 2020 the truck manufacturer Scania CV AB established a goal of reducing its energy consumption by 25% by 2025, with the year 2020 as its starting point. Reduction of energy consumption is necessary for the truck manufacturer in order to continue to conduct both sustainable as well as responsible business. This study is performed at the production unit DI (driveline-injector), the unit manufactures fuel injection systems for the company Cummins-Scania XPI Manufacturing. The purpose of the report is to identify energy saving activities, and additionally propose energy saving actions to be able to support the production unit DI in achieving the energy reduction target of 25%. A supplementary implementation plan is formulated in order to display the timeline for the presented activities. The method applied to formulate the activities is mainly literature studies from digital scientific publishing systems. Furthermore, are empirical studies performed in order to provide information from the facility. Calculations are performed to identify and present the results of the current energy consumption as well as the energy calculations after the proposed activities. The measures the field study presents for the production unit to reduce its energy consumption result in the following: • Introduce weekend and evening shutdowns on machines• Introduce standby mode on machines• Replace lighting with LEDs• Lower the temperature as a result of implemented LEDs• Switch to filters with lower pressure drop• Implement preventative maintenance in order to reduce compressed air leakage The implementation of the following measures results in a total energy saving of 228.8 MWh per year.

The IoT-embedded smart homes have a high level of home automation and could change many aspects of the residents' daily lives, such as control, convenience, comfort, and energy-saving. The rise of voice-based virtual assistants like Amazon's Alexa, Google assistants in the past five years has brought new potentials to provide occupants with a convenient and intuitive interface to interact with smart homes through conversations. However, the one-way communications in the form of user commands to control building systems does not result in the optimal course of actions. As such, in this thesis, we proposed the concept of proactive smart home assistants and explored the occupants' perception towards smart home assistants proactively providing suggestions to adapt them into energy-saving behaviors. We also investigated the impact of occupants' personal features on their intention in taking energy-saving behaviors. A comprehensive data collection was conducted through online surveys, in which 307 valid responses with participant's personal profile information, their perceptions of smart home assistants, and their feedback to our designed messages were collected. The first manuscript compared participants' responses to traditional plain-text energy-saving suggestions and suggestions provided by smart home assistants. The nudging effect of smart home assistants was justified to be significant in affecting occupant's energy-saving behaviors. Occupant's thermal comfort range, smart home device previous experience, values and beliefs were then proved to have significant impact on their intention in taking the smart home assistant's suggestions. The second manuscript fitted 21 personal characteristics features in machine learning models (SVM, Random Forest, Logistic Regression) to predict occupant's intention and attitude towards energy-saving suggestions. The results indicated that occupant's beliefs about interests in taking actions and beliefs about energy expenses, occupant's education level, residence occupancy type, thermal comfort ranges, and smart home device experiences are important features in occupants' energy-saving behavior intention prediction. This research demonstrates the effect of proactive smart home assistants in human-building interaction as well as the impact of personal characteristic features on occupant's energy-saving behaviors, paving a path to the future development of bi-directional human-building communication. / Master of Science / With the technology development in the fields of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart homes have made it possible to help occupants conserve energy in an efficient way without sacrificing the occupants' comfort. The rise of voice-based virtual assistants like Amazon's Alexa, Google assistants accompany the proliferation of smart speaker products in the past five years has brought new potentials to provide occupants with a convenient and intuitive interface to interact with smart homes through conversations. Based on IoT, the virtual assistants are able to control a broad range of Wi-Fi connected home devices like thermostats, lighting systems, and security systems. As such, through the simple wake words (e.g., "Alexa", "Hey, Google"), occupants can easily control the home environment with their voice commands. Despite the potentials brought by these voice-based virtual assistants, it has been shown that users might not know about all the supported features and limit their interaction with smart home assistants to simple daily tasks. The one-way communications in the form of user commands to control building systems do not result in the optimal course of actions. Therefore, in this study, we have envisioned that these virtual assistants, coupled with their corresponding smart home ecosystems could act proactively as a bridge to facilitate human-building interaction and achieve goals like nudging occupants to adopt sustainable and healthy behaviors. A comprehensive data collection was conducted through online surveys, in which 307 valid responses with participant's personal profile information, their perceptions of smart home assistants, and their feedback to our designed messages were collected. The first manuscript compared participants' responses to traditional plain-text energy-saving suggestions and suggestions provided by smart home assistants. The nudging effect of smart home assistants was justified to be significant in affecting occupant's energy-saving behaviors. Occupant's thermal comfort range, smart home device previous experience, values and beliefs were then proved to have significant impact on their intention in taking the smart home assistant's suggestions. The second manuscript fitted 21 personal characteristics features in machine learning models (SVM, Random Forest, Logistic Regression) to predict occupant's intention and attitude towards energy-saving suggestions. The results indicated that occupant's beliefs about interests in taking actions and beliefs about energy expenses, occupant's education level, residence occupancy type, thermal comfort ranges, and smart home device experiences are important features in occupants' energy-saving behavior intention prediction. This research demonstrates the effect of proactive smart home assistants in human-building interaction as well as the impact of personal characteristic features on occupant's energy-saving behaviors, paving a path to the future development of bi-directional human-building communication.

The study presents a numerical investigation about the hydrodynamic characteristics of a transom mounted interceptor on the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate (FFG-7), in order to assess the potential of propulsion power reduction in a wide range of speeds. This study is aimed to design a stern interceptor with optimal efficiency not only at top speed, but also cruising/transfer speeds, by a simple regulation of its variable geometrical characteristics (from a construction and operational standpoint). A high fidelity numerical model is developed in the open source CFD suite OpenFOAM for the prediction of the longitudinal dynamic equilibrium at speed and the total resistance characteristics of the bare hull. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations are solved using interDyMFoam, a multiphase volume of fluid solver which allows for a dynamic mesh. The numerical model is validated using the results of the experimental model tests conducted on a 1/80th scale model at the United States Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory (NAHL). The validated numerical model is used to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of the transom mounted interceptor at different interceptor settings and speeds. The results show that the interceptor reduces the amount of resistance, the running trim, and the sinkage of the ship at high speeds. For a speed of 0.392 Froude number (Fr), a drag reduction of 3.76% was observed, as well as a significant reduction in trim. / Master of Science / The drag acting on the hull is an important component that has to be considered during the process of designing the ship. An interceptor is a device that has been developed to improve the performance of hulls by reducing the drag. This research studies the influence of the interceptor on the resistance and motion of the ship across a range of speeds. The geometrical characteristics of the interceptor are varied in order to identify the geometry that would provide optimal performance across the speed range tested. This study is conducted using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software OpenFOAM as well as model tests that were conducted on a 1/80th scale model.

台灣現代零售通路之省電燈泡需求管理 / THE DEMAND MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY-SAVING BULBS IN TAIWAN MAJOR MODERN RETAIL CHANNELS: THE FORECAST PERSPECTIVE

Using chilled water within South African gold mines is paramount to the purpose of extracting gold ore efficiently. Using water for cooling, drilling and sweeping and the release of underground fissure water causes the accumulation of vast amounts of water in underground dams. Deep mines use cascading pump systems for dewatering, which is an electrical energy intensive dewatering method. Due to the recent equalisation of demand to generation capacity of electrical energy in South Africa, various methods towards demand side reduction have been implemented. With the introduction of a time-of-use (TOU) tariff structure by Eskom, the implementation of projects that shift load from peak TOU times to times of the day when electrical energy is less expensive has increased. To enable load shifting on mine dewatering pumps, preparation before and recovery after peak TOU is needed for effective results. This induces a preparation- and comeback load in the standard TOU. With an annual increase in TOU tariffs and the rate of increase of standard TOU being greater than that of the peak TOU, a reduction in electrical energy consumption before and after peak TOU is needed. To enable this, a step-by-step control technique was developed to promote the shifting of load from standard- to off-peak TOU, while still realising a full load shift from peak TOU. This technique entails dynamic control ranges of underground dam levels as opposed to the conventional constant control range method. Two case studies were used to test the developed technique. Results indicated significant additional financial savings when compared to conventional control methods. Additional savings of R1,096,056.65 and R579,394.27 per annum were respectively achieved for both case studies. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

[pt] O Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) passou por uma grande reestruturação, saindo de uma situação de monopólio estatal para uma de desestatização regulamentada. Neste processo, a interação entre os agentes, causada pelas privatizações ocorridas no setor, passou a condicionar a formação dos preços do mercado de energia elétrica e, consequentemente, dos contratos dela derivados. O presente trabalho coloca a eletricidade no contexto das outras commodities e debate suas características específicas; apresenta o Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) e o Mercado Brasileiro de Energia Elétrica e discute a Formação dos Preços no Mercado de Curto Prazo Brasileiro. Foram usados dados históricos para a estimação dos parâmetros de um modelo que capta as principais características dos preços spot de energia elétrica e, lançando mão do Método de Monte Carlo (MMC) para a simulação desses preços, foi analisada a flexibilidade de compra e venda parcial de um contrato de energia elétrica, usando a Teoria de Opções Reais (TOR). Concluiu-se que essa flexibilidade agrega valor aos contratos de energia. / [en] The Brazilian Electric Power Industry (SEB) has undergone a major restructuring moving from a situation of state monopoly to a regulated privatization. In this process, interaction among agents took place in the industry, influencing electricity spot prices and consequently power derivative contracts. This work: places electric power in the context of other commodities and discusses its specific characteristics; presents the Brazilian Power Companies and the Brazilian Electricity Market and discusses the formation of short-term prices in Brazil. We used historical data to carry out the parameters estimation of a model that captures the main characteristics of electricity spot prices and we analyzed a flexibility of partial buying or selling of one energy contract using the Real Options Approach (ROA), employing Monte Carlo Method (MCM) to simulate these prices. We concluded that this flexibility adds value to power contracts.

Human brain and related topics like neuron spikes and their active potentials have become more and more attractive to people these days, as these issues are extremely helpful for curing many neural injuries and cognitive diseases. One method to discover this field is by designing a chip embedded in brains with probes to actual neurons. It is obvious that batteries are not practical for these applications and thereby RF radiation is used as power sources, revealing that chips should operate under a very low power supply. Since neural signals are analog waveforms, analog-to-digital converter (A/D converter, ADC) is the key component in a neural recorder chip. This thesis proposes the complete design of a low power 8-bit successive approximation register (SAR) A/D converter for use in a wireless neural recorder chip, realizing the function of digitizing a sampled neural signal with a frequency distribution of 10Hz to 10kHz. A modified energy-saving capacitor array in the SAR structure is provided to help save power dissipation. Therefore, the ADC shall operate within a power budget of 20­μW maximum from a 1­V power source, at a clock frequency of 500kHz corresponding to a conversion rate of 55.5-kS/s. All the circuits are designed and implemented based on the IBM/Global Foundries 8HP 130nm BiCMOS technology. Simulations of schematic and layout versions are done respectively to verify the functionality, linearity and power consumption of the ADC. Key words: Successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR-ADC), low power design, energy-saving capacitor array, neural recorder applications

Low-emissivity (low-E) window films are designed to improve the energy performance of windows and prevent indoor overheating by solar radiation. These films can be applied to different types of glazing units without the need for changing the whole window. This characteristic offers the possibility to improve the energy performance of the window of old and historic buildings for which preservation regulations say windows should remain more or less unchanged. This research aims to figure out to what extent a low-E window film can improve thermal comfort and energy performance of an old three-storey historic stone building in the cold climate of Mid-Sweden. In this research, first, with help of the simulation software “IDA ICE”, the entire building was modelled without window films in a one-year simulation. Second step was to add the low-E window films (3M Thinsulate Climate Control 75 (CC75)) to all the windows and repeat the simulation. Comparison between the results of the two cases revealed an improvement in energy use reduction as well as the thermal comfort when applying the films. For the application of the window films, a cost analysis using payback method was carried out which showed a long- time payback period. Although an investment with a long-time payback period is considered as a disadvantage, for historic buildings with very strict retrofit regulations specially when it comes to the building’s facades, application of the low-emissivity window films for better energy performance and thermal comfort is among the recommendable measures, but not necessarily the best.