L’efficacité énergétique devient un domaine de recherche incontournable dans la communauté scientifique vu son importance dans la lutte contre les crises énergétiques actuelles et futures. L'analyse des performances énergétiques, pour les procédés industriels, nécessite la connaissance des grandeurs physiques impliquées dans les équilibres de masse et d'énergie. D’où la problématique : comment choisir les points de mesure sur un site industriel de façon à trouver les valeurs de tous les indicateurs énergétiques sans avoir des redondances de mesure (respect des contraintes économiques), et en conservant un niveau de précision des résultats ? La première partie présente la formulation du problème d’instrumentation ayant pour but de garantir une observabilité minimale du système en faveur des variables clés. Ce problème est combinatoire. Une méthode de validation des différentes combinaisons de capteurs a été introduite. Elle est basée sur l’interprétation structurelle de la matrice représentant le procédé. Le verrou de long temps de calcul lors du traitement des procédés de moyenne et grande taille a été levé. Des méthodes séquentielles ont été développées pour trouver un ensemble de schémas de capteurs pouvant être employés, en moins de 1% du temps de calcul initialement requis. La deuxième partie traite le choix du schéma d’instrumentation optimal. Le verrou de propagation des incertitudes dans un problème de taille variable a été levé. Une modélisation du procédé basée sur des paramètres binaires a été proposée pour automatiser les calculs, et évaluer les incertitudes des schémas trouvés. Enfin la méthodologie complète a été appliquée sur un cas industriel et les résultats ont été présentés. / Energy efficiency is becoming an essential research area in the scientific community given its importance in the fight against current and future energy crises. The analysis of the energy performances of the industrial processes requires the determination of the quantities involved in the mass and energy balances. Hence: how to choose the placement of the measurement points in an industrial site to find the values of all the energy indicators, without engendering an excess of unnecessary information due to redundancies (reducing measurements costs) and while respecting an accepted level of accuracy of the results ? The first part presents the formulation of the instrumentation problem which aims to guaranteeing a minimal observability of the system in favor of the key variables. This problem is combinatory. A method of validation of the different sensors combinations has been introduced. It is based on the structural interpretation of the matrix representing the process. The issue of long computing times while addressing medium and large processes was tackled. Sequential methods were developed to find a set of different sensor networks to be used satisfying the observability requirements, in less than 1% of the initial required computation time. The second part deals with the choice of the optimal instrumentation scheme. The difficulty of uncertainty propagation in a problem of variable size was addressed. To automate the evaluation of the uncertainty for all the found sensor networks, the proposed method suggested modeling the process based on binary parameters. Finally, the complete methodology is applied to an industrial case and the results were presented.

This thesis details the ways in which energy is consumed in an existing Canadian high-rise apartment building and outlines a strategy to reduce its consumption of grid purchased energy by 90%. Grid purchased energy is targeted because the building is located in Saskatchewan where energy is predominantly generated from fossil fuels that release greenhouse gas emissions into the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions are targeted because of the growing consensus that human activities are the cause of recent global climate destabilization and the general trend towards global warming. Energy consumption is also a concern because of anticipated resource shortages resulting from increases in both global population and average per capita consumption. Many researchers are beginning to claim that a factor 10 reduction in energy use by industrialized nations will be required in order for our civilization to be sustainable.<p>The building that was studied is an 11 story seniors high-rise with a total above ground floor area of 8,351 m2. It was constructed in 1985, in Saskatoon, SK, and it is an average user of energy for this region of the world and for a building of its size and type. Numerous field measurements were taken in the building, both during this study and previously by the Saskatchewan Research Council. These measurements were used to create a computer model of the building using EE4. After the computer model of the building was created different energy saving retrofits were simulated and compared. <p>Over 40 retrofits are presented and together they reduce the annual grid purchased energy of the building from 360 kWh/m2 (based on above ground floor area) to 36 kWh/m2, a factor 10 reduction. Natural gas consumption was reduced by approximately 94% and grid purchased electrical consumption was reduced by approximately 81%. As a result of these energy savings, a factor 6.6 reduction (85%) in greenhouse gas emissions was also achieved. The goal of factor 10 could not be achieved only through energy conservation and the final design includes two solar water heating systems and grid-connected photovoltaic panels. These systems were modeled using RETScreen project analysis tools.<p>Capital cost estimates and simple payback periods for each retrofit are also presented. The total cost to retrofit the building is estimated to be $3,123,000 and the resulting utility savings from the retrofits are approximately $150,000 per year. This is a factor 6.0 reduction (83%) in annual utility costs in comparison to the base building. While the typical response to proposing a green building is that financial sacrifices are required, there is also research available stating that operating in a more sustainable manner is economically advantageous. This research project adds to the green building economics debate by detailing savings and costs for each retrofit and ranking each retrofit that was proposed. The most economically advantageous mechanical system that was added to the building was energy recovery in the outdoor ventilation air. It should also be noted that there was already a glycol run-around heat recovery system in the building and even greater savings would have been obtained from installing the energy recovery system had this not been the case.<p>While the goal of factor 10 required economically unjustifiable retrofits to be proposed, the majority of the retrofits had simple payback periods of less than 20 years (30 out of 49). This research shows that certain retrofits have highly desirable rates of return and that when making decisions regarding investing in auditing a building, improving energy efficiency, promoting conservation, or utilizing renewable energy technologies, maintaining the status quo may be economically detrimental. This would be especially true in the case of new building construction.

This thesis details the ways in which energy is consumed in an existing Canadian high-rise apartment building and outlines a strategy to reduce its consumption of grid purchased energy by 90%. Grid purchased energy is targeted because the building is located in Saskatchewan where energy is predominantly generated from fossil fuels that release greenhouse gas emissions into the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions are targeted because of the growing consensus that human activities are the cause of recent global climate destabilization and the general trend towards global warming. Energy consumption is also a concern because of anticipated resource shortages resulting from increases in both global population and average per capita consumption. Many researchers are beginning to claim that a factor 10 reduction in energy use by industrialized nations will be required in order for our civilization to be sustainable.<p>The building that was studied is an 11 story seniors high-rise with a total above ground floor area of 8,351 m2. It was constructed in 1985, in Saskatoon, SK, and it is an average user of energy for this region of the world and for a building of its size and type. Numerous field measurements were taken in the building, both during this study and previously by the Saskatchewan Research Council. These measurements were used to create a computer model of the building using EE4. After the computer model of the building was created different energy saving retrofits were simulated and compared. <p>Over 40 retrofits are presented and together they reduce the annual grid purchased energy of the building from 360 kWh/m2 (based on above ground floor area) to 36 kWh/m2, a factor 10 reduction. Natural gas consumption was reduced by approximately 94% and grid purchased electrical consumption was reduced by approximately 81%. As a result of these energy savings, a factor 6.6 reduction (85%) in greenhouse gas emissions was also achieved. The goal of factor 10 could not be achieved only through energy conservation and the final design includes two solar water heating systems and grid-connected photovoltaic panels. These systems were modeled using RETScreen project analysis tools.<p>Capital cost estimates and simple payback periods for each retrofit are also presented. The total cost to retrofit the building is estimated to be $3,123,000 and the resulting utility savings from the retrofits are approximately $150,000 per year. This is a factor 6.0 reduction (83%) in annual utility costs in comparison to the base building. While the typical response to proposing a green building is that financial sacrifices are required, there is also research available stating that operating in a more sustainable manner is economically advantageous. This research project adds to the green building economics debate by detailing savings and costs for each retrofit and ranking each retrofit that was proposed. The most economically advantageous mechanical system that was added to the building was energy recovery in the outdoor ventilation air. It should also be noted that there was already a glycol run-around heat recovery system in the building and even greater savings would have been obtained from installing the energy recovery system had this not been the case.<p>While the goal of factor 10 required economically unjustifiable retrofits to be proposed, the majority of the retrofits had simple payback periods of less than 20 years (30 out of 49). This research shows that certain retrofits have highly desirable rates of return and that when making decisions regarding investing in auditing a building, improving energy efficiency, promoting conservation, or utilizing renewable energy technologies, maintaining the status quo may be economically detrimental. This would be especially true in the case of new building construction.

The motivation of this project is found on the past trend of growing greenhouse gases emissions and, also growing, energy use over the world that still remains. This trend overlaps with a more recent increase in the awareness regarding the effects of human activities towards the Earth ecosystems. Thus, the upgrade of the already-in-use systems is necessary to move towards greener and more modern technologies that permit continue with the economic growth while building more sustainable societies. Thereby, the research focuses on the improvement of the ventilation system of a warehouse building and a cooking school located in the same plot, in an industrial area in Gävle, Sweden. The current system conditions, even consisting in some cases in recirculating air handling units, doesn’t permit the utilisation of the waste heat by bringing it back to the system. The strategy used during the project follows a case study scheme: looking the system, understanding it in a complete way and designing the proper solution that fulfils the requirements. The study was approached as an energy audit: with several meetings with the company, collecting airflows data with the thermo-anemometer device, sketching the required building drawings and designing the optimal solution for the company. Finally, the project resulted in the selection of the proper air handling unit, equipped with a heat recovery system, and the design of its ventilation duct system that permit a heat energy savings derived of the heat demand used to heat the makeup air of about 67 %. Furthermore, the occupancy study helped design the new scheduling for the ventilation periods that reduce the electricity demand of the ventilation system by 30 %. Thus, was obtained a significant energy use reduction that results in a sizeable energy cost saving.

Rönnbyskolan and Rönnby förskola is a school area situated in the city of Västerås, Sweden that consist of a total of five buildings. The main buildings are built in 1973 which makes their energy use of interest. Due to the individual goals for Sweden to lower its energy use by 2020, the city of Västerås has begun an energy efficiency process to reduce energy use in potential buildings. In this degree project, a survey of the buildings’ energy consumption has been reviewed and possible energy reduction methods have been presented. This was made by studying the surveys of the buildings ventilation systems, the heating systems, the envelope and the buildings application by taking measurements. The results from the measurements have been studied and confirmed with the literature study and suggestions of energy effective solutions are presented based on energy calculations. Based on the results, four different technological installations and four building engineering actions have been evaluated. The calculations were supplemented with a model built and simulated in the simulation tool IDA ICE. Economical aspects were taken into account, which shows the connection between energy savings and economic profit. Due to high investment costs, only a few actions were cost effective. The result of the study showed that the buildings can reduce their energy consumption by 17 % or 34 kWh/ m2, year using the measures that turned out profitable.

År 2014 trädde lagen om energikartläggning i stora företag, även känd som EKL, i kraft och sedan dess har energikartläggningarna tagit god fart. Med lagen om energikartläggning i större företag har drömmen om en utsläppsneutral framtid kommit ett steg närmare relisering. Denna rapport är ett av många steg som krävs för att göra världen till en mer sund och framtidssäker plats att leva på. Energikartläggningar ämnar att skapa en uppfattning om fastigheters energianvändning och dess potential till förbättringar. Denna energikartläggning behandlar Gårda 19:12, en kontorsfastighet i Göteborg där kommunalt ägda förvaltningsbolaget Higab står som förvaltare. Energikartläggningen behandlar energin ämnad åt fastighetsdrift då det är detta som Higab råder över. Verksamhetsdrift behandlas  endast kort utan noggrannare analyser då det inte är av beställares intresse. Fokus ligger på stödprocesser som verksamheten i fastigheten inte råder över. Mätningar har genomförts vid upprepade besök och inventeringar i fastigheten och nödvändiga beräkningar har genomförts baserat på insamlad information och standardiserad brukarindata. Simuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE har använts för att simulera nyttan av åtgärdsförslag presenterade i slutet av kartläggningsrapporten. Energikartläggningen av fastighetens energianvändning baseras på faktiska mätningar och systemanalyser baserat på tillhandahållen information av fastighetsförvaltare. Analyserad fastighet är från 1987 och har sedan tidigare ett lågt energibehov och klarar redan idag under en mild vinter kraven för nybyggnation. Energibärare in till fastigheten är fjärrvärme och el. Inkommande energi kommer i rapporten redovisas under användningsområde. Med energikartläggningen har fastighetsdriften kartlagts till att stå för 77,6 % av totalt använd energi uppdelat på belysning, lokalvärme, lokalkyla, ventilation, tappvarmvatten och användning av hissar. Energianvändning uppdelat på dessa användningsområden kommer att presenteras i rapporten samt systemens uppbyggnad och användning inom fastigheten. Fokus i energikartläggningen ligger i att indentifiera och analysera energianvändarna i fastigheten och kommer att mynna ut i ett antal åtgärdsförslag av olika storlek i investering och energibesparing. Beräkningar och mätningar visar att den specifika energianvändningen för fastighetsdrift är 47,5 kWh/m2Atemp. Fastigheten är bra optimerad i många energianvändningsområden. Energikartläggningen gör det tydligt att belysning står för en betydande del av energianvändningen på knappt 19 % av total fastighetsenergi. Av denna anledning riktas tre av åtta åtgärdsförslag åt syftet att sänka byggnadens energianvändning inom belysning. Resterande åtgärdsförlag är inom områdena ventilation, installation av solceller och tappvarmvatten. / As a result of the EU energy efficency directive, in 2014 the government decided about the law of energy audit in big companies. Since then, the speed of which companies does energy audits have greatly increased. This is a major step towards an energy neutral society. In 2014, the law on energy audits for large companies came into force and since then, energy audits have taken a good pace. With EKL, the dream of a emission-neutral future has come one step closer to realization. This report is one of many steps required to make the world a more healthy and future-proof place to live in for the current and future generations. The work with energy audits aims to provide an idea of ​​the energy use of real estate and its potential for improvement. This energy audit deals with Gårda 19:12, an office property in Gothenburg, where municipal-owned company Higab stands as property manager. The energy audit deals with the energy intended for maintaining property functions, as this is what Higab can control. It does not cover business operations completely, but is covered briefly without more accurate analyzes as it is not of the client's interest. The focus is on support processes. The IDA ICE simulation program has been used to simulate the benefits of action proposals. The energy mapping of the property's energy use is based on actual measurements and system analyzes, measured or provided by property manager. The property was built in 1987 and has a low energy requirement as it is, and does during mild winters already meet the requirement for new constructions. Energy carriers to the property are district heating and electricity and will be divided into their application area in the report. With this energy audit, energy used for maintaining property functions has been surveyed to account for 77.6% of total energy usage, consumed by lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and the use of lifts. The focus of the energy audit lies in identifying and analyzing energy users in the property and will result in several measures of varied sizes in investment and energy saving. Calculations and measurements show that the specific energy use for real estate operations is 47.5 kWh/m2 compared to 58.93 kWh/m2, which was the total energy use in 2016. The property is well optimized in many energy applications. After completion of the survey, lighting accounts for a significant part of energy use of more than 18 % of total property energy. For this reason, three of eight measures are aimed at reducing the building's energy use in lighting. Remaining measures covers ventilation, installation of solar panels (for electricity) and tap water.

The aim of the thesis is to determine why there are set wrong conditions of public expenditure programs to improve energy efficiency in the Czech Republic. The thesis analyzes conditions of funding and planning of specific projects funded by the Operational Environment program. The main criterion for evaluating projects is the consideration of energy efficiency. Methodologically, the research is based on an analysis of secondary data and the concept of cost-effectiveness. Based on the analysis, recommendations are made for changes in processes and parameterization of public expenditure programs in order to take account of higher energy efficiency criteria in the design and selection of supported projects, and thus be the energy efficiency target for 2020 by 20% could be achieved.

My diploma thesis is focused on processing of an energy audit of an apartment buil-ding in accordance with the Decree 480/2012 Coll. as amended. In the theoretical part I deal with the revitalization of residential and prefabricated houses both in classical ways and with modern technologies. In the practical part is processed analysis of ener-gy consumption of the apartment building in Kyjov in the initial state. In the last part is the energy audit of the apartment building, where are suggested precautions and then proposed the option for implementation.

The diploma thesis deals with the energy audit of the kindergarten building Špálova in Ostrava, according to order No. 480/2012 Sb. as amended. It is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the project of photovoltaic power plants in the energy audit, the second part analyzes the calculation procedures in the design of energy-saving measures and the third part completes the energy audit according to the requirements of the above-mentioned decree.

This diploma thesis discusses the possible ways of financing the comprehensive revitalization of the apartment house. This diploma thesis contains calculations of the savings, selection of the implementer and assessment of the debt financing.