The goal of the master's thesis is elaborating energy audit within the current legislation in Czech republic. Thesis includes introduction, in which has been described photovolatics panels. The building is evaluated in terms of energetic, economic and environmental. Part of the energy audit was to designed and evaluated austerity measures.

The aim of this diploma thesis is assessment of options to reduce energy consumption in industrial areal belonging to Fritzmeier company. This thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part there is analysis of electrical energy and natural gas consumption in considered industrial area based on data from energy audit. The second part consists of short theoretical elaboration of cogeneration and cogeneration technologies, design of five variants of use of cogeneration units with combustion engine running on natural gas and evaluation of proposed variants. Third part of this thesis is about modernization of lighting system in small section of assembly hall. In this part parameters of new LED lighting system for selection are set, based on theoretical elaboration of LED problematics and five variants offered by specialized companies are evaluated.

This diploma thesis is dealing with energy audit of industrial building with administration part, situated in Blansko, South Moravia region. The theoretical part is focused to windows from the energy balance point of view, because one of the energy saving measures is the change of current insufficient window filling. The main objective of this diploma thesis is to find the most energy saving variant which is going to be evaluated from the both, ecological and economical, aspect. The third part is dedicated to usage of computer technology as software for 3D model creating of assessed building or energy consumption simulation for particular systems as heating in relation to characters of different kinds of windows.

There is a large potential in making the residential and service sector more energy efficient and the first step towards achieving a more efficient use of energy is to implement an energy audit. In this study a property with an approximate area of 8 000 m2, consisting of a main building and three building extensions from different eras has been examined. The main building and its extensions were built in different stages and the first one in the early 20th century and some parts of the last building extension were modified at the time that the examination was carried out. This indicates that there is a vast energy savings potential in the property and an energy audit was performed. The main aim of the study was to examine where the energy was being used and where energy could be saved. Energy saving measures has been suggested together with a calculated approximate energy decrease and payback period. The total energy savings potential for the measures is approximately 146 MWh. The energy audit showed that a large amount of electricity was being used during non-work hours and that energy was lost through the building envelope. The electricity use during non-work hours was examined during the night walk, however, it is suggested to carry out further examinations regarding the property’s vast electricity use during non-work hours. To add loose wool in the roof of B2 has an energy savings potential of 33 000 kWh/year. Another measure is to clean the heat exchangers, this measure has an energy savings potential of 26 000 kWh/year. Also it is suggested to optimize the operational hours for the lighting by implementing presence control and to decrease the energy use for ventilation by cleaning the heat exchangers. Further examinations that would improve the study would be to do measurements of the electricity and temperatures to get a better understanding of the buildings energy use. Also to model the building in a simulation tool would give a calculated energy loss that is more like the actual energy loss of the building and make the results more reliable.

In the age of technology and development in which we live nowadays, it is inevitable to realise that this so-called progress is translated into pollution, damage to the environment and abuse of energy and fossil fuels. The companies and factories that produce the goods we need, use a lot of energy and pollute in massive ways, posing dilemmas such as how to make these companies more energetically and environmentally efficient, with the aim of decreasing the emissions and energy use. This literature review proposes a compilation and update of suggestions made to microbreweries after undergoing an energy audit, in an attempt to make these companies more energy-efficient, competitive, economical and sustainable. The information has been obtained by searching peer-reviewed articles in different databases and re-arranged in this article into sections on energy efficiency measures, waste treatment options and environmental impact. Several studies have been carried out on improving efficiency and trying to decrease the environmental impact of beer production processes. The main issues found during the process are energy efficiency and the generated wastewater. Both problems could be solved either by using an internal boiler that would generate less waste, applying renewable energies or by treating the residues in bioreactors, a field that needs further study. The choice of packaging material will be influenced by customer preferences and material recycling, being glass bottles and aluminium cans the most popular choices.

La región Lambayeque esta entre las principales ciudades que con alto consumo energético ya que tiene un alto porcentaje de uso de energías por sus diversas actividades económicas que están en constante crecimiento. El centro de esparcimiento ‘’LAS PIRKAS’’ ubicado en el distrito de Jayanca, provincia de Lambayeque, departamento de Lambayeque, con el transcurrir de los años ha ido acaparando un gran protagonismo en el sector turismo, lo que ha llevado a generar a una gran ampliación de su demanda energética para poder satisfacer a sus consumidores. En donde no se ha realizado un estudio de consumo energético en sus instalaciones, teniendo como consecuencia un gasto promedio mensual de 11817,2 kW-h/mes, resultando un índice de consumo energético de 1,93 Para poder solucionar este dilema se propuso una auditoria energética comprendiendo únicamente a la parte eléctrica para reducir el consumo de energía sin interrumpir las funciones del centro de esparcimiento donde se identificaron las áreas de mayor consumo como la cocina y restaurante que significan el 50% de uso de la energía total, así mismo presentar propuestas de mejora para el uso eficaz de la energía eléctrica. La práctica de las medidas planteadas aumentará en proporción la reducción aproximada del consumo eléctrico anual de 25 267,224 kW-h y una economización de S/17 472, 30 disminuyendo también el índice de consumo promedio a 1,54. Esto se llevará a cabo con una inversión de S/ 47 811 para mejorar sus equipos e instalaciones, teniendo una relación beneficio/costo de 1,21, logrando recuperar la inversión en aproximadamente 4 años. La auditoría energética demuestra que es posible reducir el consumo de energía, aumentando y mejorando la eficiencia energética del centro de esparcimiento ´´LAS PIRKAS´´ / The Lambayeque region is among the main cities with high energy consumption since it has a high percentage of energy use due to its various economic activities that are constantly growing. The ''LAS PIRKAS'' recreation center located in the district of Jayanca, province of Lambayeque, department of Lambayeque, over the years, has gained great prominence in the tourism sector, which has led to generating a great expansion of its energy demand to be able to satisfy its consumers. Where an energy consumption study has not been carried out in its facilities, resulting in an average monthly expense of 11817.2 kW-h/month, resulting in an energy consumption index of 1.93 To solve this dilemma, an energy audit was proposed, comprising only the electrical part to reduce energy consumption without interrupting the functions of the leisure center where the areas with the highest consumption were identified, such as the kitchen and restaurant, which represented 50 % of use. of total energy, as well as present improvement proposals for the effective use of electrical energy. The practice of the proposed measures will proportionately increase the approximate reduction in annual electricity consumption of 25,267.224 kW-h and a saving of S/17,472, 30 also decreasing the average consumption index to 1.54. This will be carried out with an investment of S/ 47,811 to improve its equipment and facilities, having a benefit/cost ratio of 1.21, recovering the investment in approximately 4 years. The energy audit demonstrates that it is possible to reduce energy consumption, increasing and improving the energy efficiency of the recreation center´´LAS PIRKAS

The Swedish residential sector uses 140 TWh of energy, making the residential sector the largest energy user. The Swedish single-family houses (SFHs) are responsible for 12 % of the final energy use. From those dwellings, there are 417 909 single-family houses built before 1930.On the basis of the above information, the Swedish residential building stock is considered to be of relatively high age. Due to this situation, there is a great potential for the implementation of energy saving measures. This work consists in a study case of a single-family house (SFH) built in Stråtjära which uses electricity and wood as energy carrier, the aim in this dwelling is to propose measures to reduce energy expenditure proposing cost-effective measures and reaching a minimum label of bronze category in the Miljöbyggnad energy use indicators. At first, a literature review was performed to observe the renovation strategies previously applied in similar studies. A quantitative and empirical approach was completed, where energy data from the bills of 2023-2024 together with on-site data collection were combined as a way to determine the energy entering and leaving the dwelling. The research was conducted with the help of the IDA ICE energy simulation program, to monitor the energy and ventilation performance of the dwelling. The results obtained from the simulation and hand calculations indicated that there was room to improve the property. Namely, the calculations concluded that the ventilation and the primary energy number need to be improved to meet the Swedish building regulations. Furthermore, the installation of photovoltaic (PV) modules to meet part of the electricity demand could helped to improve the energy situation. Finally, the reduction of electricity use was focused on the efficient use of electricity, avoiding the electricity consumption in unused rooms, such as the guest room, and the reduction of heat/thermal losses through the insulation of the envelop. The methodology used consisted of two different scenarios, one that meets the objectives of monetary savings and economic viability and the other that seeks to comply with the requirements imposed by the Swedish authorities in terms of energy efficiency.

The law on energy audits for large companies was adopted by the Swedish Parliament in 2014 and implies that companies that answer to the law are to present a representative picture of their energy consumption. In addition, suggestions for cost-effective measures are to be made, that will lead to reduced energy consumption and more efficient use of energy. This energy audit was made in accordance with directives and the Swedish Energy Agency’s recommendations. It was done for Umeå Energy’s office building at Dåvamyrans CHP, which is their largest CHP for district heating. The building was completed in 2007, and is connected to the powerplant Dåva 1 by a subsurface tunnel. Dåva 2 was completed in 2010 to meet the increased need for heating in Umeå, and to reduce the share of oil in Umeå Energy's fuel mix. It is a highly energy efficient and environmentally sound facility for the production of district heating.   As an energy simulation program IDA ICE performs very well when it comes to estimating a building's actual energy consumption, this program will be used for the energy audit of the office. The energy audit separates itself to estimate the energy consumption in the building for heating, cooling, building electricity and business electricity and exclude the external consumptions for lighting and transports.   Measurements were taken for a week for the buildings electricity consumption. The values were then used together with an inventory of the effects of lighting, electrical components and assumptions for electricity consumption for the office part, to appreciate the building's total needs of business electricity. Inventories of ventilation and temperature measurements were made to get the heating demand for the model. Personal Attendance was also estimated, to be able to simulate the cooling need for which measurements are not available. The model was corrected thoroughly to match the estimated electric consumption and the heat consumption that had been measured, and corrected on the basis of boundaries for the model.   The results showed that the building has a total annual energy requirement of 157,5 [kWh/m2], 97 [kWh/m2] for district heating, 55,2 [kWh/m2] for electricity consumption and 5,1 [kWh/m2] for district cooling . The corrected simulation according to measurements and estimates was used to make an energy balance for district heating, and to simulate different improvement actions that was later analyzed for individual and simultaneous influence on each other.   A conclusion was drawn that the measure which favors both district heating, district cooling and electricity consumption, is a combination of all limited measures including the replacement of LED lamps for certain areas, turning of the lights and shutting down computers after hours, as well as the reduction of the air handling units operating times and reducing the temperature with one degree for the entire building. These combined measures balance and affect each other positively, and can provide potential savings of between 27 000 and 37 000 [SEK] per year depending on varying energyprices district heating and electricity.    Other practical measures that should be done is conducting measurements for the hot water demand, cooling need and electricity consumption for the building, since they aren’t being conducted currently. An adjustment of the ventilation flows should also be made, this is because some diverging flows were detected during measurements. It should be examined how the activation of night cooling functions during the summer. If it would be activated during summer it would provide a reduced cooling requirement.    Keywords: Energy Audit, Energy Efficiency, District Heating, Electricity Consumption, IDA ICE, Umeå Energi / Lagen om energikartläggning för stora företag antogs av Sveriges Riksdag år 2014 och innebär att företagen som är inräknade ska redovisa en representativ bild av sin energiförbrukning. Dessutom ska det lämnas in föreslag för att göra kostnadseffektiva åtgärder, som ska leda till en minskad energiförbrukning och effektivare användning av energi. Denna energikartläggning har gjorts enligt lagens riktlinjer och Energimyndighetens rekommendationer för energikartläggningar. Kartläggningen gjordes för kontorsbyggnaden vid Dåvamyrans kraftvärmevärk, som är Umeå Energis stora produktionsanläggning för fjärrvärme. År 2007 färdigställdes kontoret och ligger i anslutning till Dåva 1 via en tunell under jorden. Dåva 2 färdigställdes 2010 för att möta det ökade behovet av fjärrvärme i Umeå och för att minska andelen olja i Umeå Energis bränslemix. Den är en väldigt energieffektiv och miljöanpassad anläggning för produktion av fjärrvärme.   Eftersom energisimuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE presterar mycket bra när det kommer till att uppskatta en byggnads verkliga energiförbrukning, kommer detta program att användas för energikartläggningen av byggnaden. Energikartläggningen avgränsar sig till att endast ta med energiförbrukningen inom byggnaden för uppvärmning, fjärrkyla, fastighetsel och verksamhetsel. Från kartläggningen exkluderas den yttre förbrukningen i form av belysning, motorvärmarstolpar och transporter som tillkommer i verksamheten.   Mätningar gjordes under en vecka för elförbrukningen. Dessa användes sedan tillsammans med inventerade effekter för belysning, elektriska komponenter och antaganden för elförbrukningen för kontorsdelen till att uppskatta byggnadens totala behov av verksamhetsel. Inventeringar av ventilation och mätningar för temperaturer gjordes för att få uppvärmningsbehovet för modellen. Personnärvaro uppskattades också för att kunna simulera ett fjärrkylabehov där mätningar inte finns att tillgå. Modellen korrigerades grundligt för att matcha den uppskattade elföbrukningen och fjärrvärmeförbrukningen som hade mätts, normalårskorrigerats och korrigerats utifrån avgränsningar.    Resultatet visade att byggnaden har ett totalt årligt energibehov på 157,5 [kWh/m2], varav 97 [kWh/m2] för fjärrvärme, 55,2 [kWh/m2] för elförbrukningen och 5,1 [kWh/m2] för fjärrkylan. Grundsimuleringen användes för att göra en energibalans för fjärrvärmen och simulera för olika förbättringsåtgärder som senare analyserades för enskild och sammanlagd påverkan på varandra.    Som slutsats drogs att den åtgärd som gynnar både fjärrvärme, elförbrukning och fjärrkylaförbrukning, är en kombination för alla begränsade åtgärder som innefattar byte av led lampor, släckning av belysning och avstängning av datorer efter arbetstid, reducering av ventilationssystemets drifttider och reducering av temperaturen i byggnaden med en grad. Dessa sammanlagda åtgärder balanserar och påverkar varandra positivt och kan ge en potentiell besparing på mellan 27 000 och 37 000 [kr] per år beroende på varierande energipris för el och fjärrvärme.    Andra praktiska åtgärder som framgår av metodavsnittet är att mätningar för tappvarmvatten, fjärrkyla och byggnadens elförbrukning borde införas eftersom sådana mätningar inte görs i nuläget. En injustering av ventilationsflöden borde också göras, detta eftersom avvikande flöden upptäcktes under mätningar. Sedan borde det undersökas hur aktiveringen av nattkyla fungerar under sommartid, att det ses till så att den är på, eftersom det skulle ge ett reducerat kylbehov för den varma perioden om den inte vore aktiverad.   Nyckelord: Energikartläggning, Energieffektivisering Fjärrvärme, Elförbrukning, IDA ICE, Umeå Energi, Umeå / Nej

Energy efficiency in the building sector is crucial for many countries in succeeding with the completion of goals regarding energy efficiency. This study has investigated if there are any possible and reasonable solutions for Attefallshus in Sweden to meet the demands of the National Board of Housing regarding energy performance in houses. By building a model and calculating the annual energy usage for a specific Attefallshus, through simulations with the software IDA ICE and general input, an energy audit has been obtained. By comparing the specific energy usage for the studied case with the requirement the conclusion that it is possible for this small building to achieve a low enough energy usage to meet the demand. Solar cells are the key to accomplish the target of a low specific energy usage and by combining this with an effective system for heating it possible to get under the limit. The usage of domestic hot water is a very large part of the building specific energy usage and alone almost reaches the set bounds which is why it is of great importance to carefully design systems and to regain heat with effective ventilation. A large part of the energy usage in Attefallshus is related to the user why awareness and careful usage of energy is a significant factor in reaching a low specific energy usage.

Fuel supply issues are a major concern in remote island communities and this is an engineering field that needs to be analyzed in detail for transition to sustainable energy systems. Power generation in remote communities such as the islands of the Maldives relies on power generation systems primarily dependent on diesel generators. As a consequence, power generation is easily disrupted by factors such as the delay in transportation of diesel or rises in fuel price, which limits shipment quantity. People living in remote communities experience power outages often, but find them just as disruptive as people who are connected to national power grids. The use of renewable energy sources could help to improve this situation, however, such systems require huge initial investments. Remote power systems often operate with the help of financial support from profit-making private agencies and government funding. Therefore, investing in such hybrid systems is uncommon. Current electrical power generation systems operating in remote communities adopt an open loop control system, where the power supplier generates power according to customer demand. In the event of generation constraints, the supplier has no choice but to limit the power supplied and this often results in power cuts. Most smart grids that are being established in developed grids adopt a closed loop feedback control system. The smart grids integrated with demand side management tools enable the power supplier to keep customers informed about their daily energy consumption. Electric utility companies use different demand response techniques to achieve peak energy demand reduction by eliciting behavior change. Their feedback information is commonly based on factors such as cost of energy, environmental concerns (carbon dioxide intensity) and the risk of black-outs due to peak loads. However, there is no information available on the significant link between the constraints in resources and the feedback to the customers. In resource-constrained power grids such as those in remote areas, there is a critical relationship between customer demand and the availability of power generation resources. This thesis develops a feedback control strategy that can be adopted by the electrical power suppliers to manage a resource-constrained remote electric power grid such that the most essential load requirements of the customers are always met. The control design introduces a new concept of demand response called participatory demand response (PDR). PDR technique involves cooperative behavior of the entire community to achieve quality of life objectives. It proposes the idea that if customers understand the level of constraint faced by the supplier, they will voluntarily participate in managing their loads, rather than just responding to a rise in the cost of energy. Implementation of the PDR design in a mini-grid consists of four main steps. First, the end-use loads have to be characterized using energy audits, and then they have to be classified further into three different levels of essentiality. Second, the utility records have to be obtained and the hourly variation factors for the appliances have to be calculated. Third, the reference demand curves have to be generated. Finally, the operator control system has to be designed and applied to train the utility operators. A PDR case study was conducted in the Maldives, on the island of Fenfushi. The results show that a significant reduction in energy use was achieved by implementing the PDR design on the island. The overall results from five different constraint scenarios practiced on the island showed that during medium constrained situations, load reductions varied between 4.5kW (5.8%) and 7.7kW (11.3%). A reduction of as much as 10.7kW (15%) was achieved from the community during a severely constrained situation.