Daily life of our societies is strongly linked with the usage of natural resources. However, the vital resources of our planet especially energy is a limited resource. The energy consumption in the manufacturing industry is increasing and becoming noticeable; moreover it is being consumed in ways that can’t be sustained. There is great concern about minimizing the consumption of energy usage in the manufacturing industry and sustaining the natural carrying capacity of the ecosystem as well. This is one of the important challenges in today’s industrial world. This research work looks into one of the energy intensive manufacturing processes i.e. the casting process in automotive industry. Here the casting process for cylinder head manufacturing at one of the manufacturing plant in Europe is studied for identifying the most energy intensive steps namely melting, holding and pouring. Parameters that influence these steps and the relationships for energy consumption and dissipation have also been identified through extensive literature survey. By applying system dynamics modeling and simulation approach the interaction between each parameter in the overall process is analyzed in regard to energy consumption. By varying values of the parameters that have the highest impact in the process, the breakthrough opportunities that might dramatically reduce energy consumption during melting and holding have been explored, and potentially energy-saving areas based on the findings have also been identified. The output from this research work enables the company to identify potential avenues to optimize energy usage in the production and hence sustain its manufacturing.

Gas supplying process for consumers needs sufficient share of energy for upstream, midstream and downstream purposes. In spite of a huge amount of great investments into the industry it is still available to improve the efficiency of energy usage inside the industry. The biggest share of energy consumption is within transportation sector. Optimization of operating conditions of gas pipeline is a one of the cheapest ways for reducing energy consumption. Optimization doesn’t need any investments into the industry. It works only within operating parameters. Adjustable operating parameters of a gas pipeline are operative pressure, rotation speed of compressors, amount of operating units, gas temperature after a compressor station and others. The energy consumption depends on the combination of the parameters which determine an appropriate operation mode to provide the particular gas flow through a pipeline, the maximum capacity, the minimum energy consumption and others. From energy saving point of view it is possible to reduce energy demand in the gas industry due to optimization of the operation mode. A few approaches to achieving energy reduction through optimization are investigated in this work and presented in this article, such as saving energy through changing of loading between compressor stations, varying the depth of gas cooling and changing the loading of gas pumping units. The results of analyzing inside the study model reflect the possibility for improving efficiency of gas trunk pipelines.

<p>Agricultural tractors make massive use of hydraulic control technology. Being fuel con-sumption a big concern for agricultural applications, tractors typically use the state-of-the-art technology, load-sensing (LS) architecture, to allow good controllability in systems withmultiple actuators while promoting higher energy efficiency. Several variants of LS systemshave been proposed over the years, and research on cost-effective methods to further increasetheir efficiency is of high interest for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the fluidpower community. In this work, several energy-efficient solutions are proposed and demon-strated for the reference agricultural tractor hydraulic system, aiming at reducing the fuelconsumption and increasing the system efficiency, but without affecting the functionalityof the hydraulic control system. More importantly, facing the more stringent regulationson the CO2emission and the rising consciousness of a greener environment in society, bothindustry and academia have investigated the use of electricity as energy carrier and storage.This report also carries out the study on the possibility of electrification of the referencemachine, focusing on the auxiliary hydraulic supply to the planter.</p> <p>To begin with, the quantification of the energy loss within the hydraulic system representsan important step to drive the development of cost-effective solutions. For this purpose, acombined approach of simulation and experimental testing has been undertaken to character-ize the power distribution in the high-pressure circuit. After learning that the remote controlvalves are responsible for up to 25% of power loss in the system, two different energy-efficientsolutions are proposed on the tractor circuit. Both methods target at lowering the pumpdelivery pressure through incorporating electronic proportional pressure reducing valves (ep-PRVs). To support the development of the technology, the research takes into considerationthe circuit of a 400 hp tractor, simulation and experimental results show that among themain working conditions the solution can reach up to 15.6% power saving over the standardLS system.</p> <p>Moreover, the primary purpose of a tractor is to providing power to and controllingvarious implements. Most of their mechanical actuation is performed also with the electro-hydraulic fluid power system that is highly power-dense and versatile, but that has a low energy transmission efficiency. A new control approach of the hydraulic supply units thatpower the implement functions through the hydraulic remote is proposed, which switches thetraditional flow control methodology to an impressed pressure methodology. With a 16-rowplanter connected to the tractor understudy, a simulation model of the two vehicles is imple-mented and validated against experiments. Experiments on the proposed solutions appliedto the reference tractor and planter confirmed how an overall 38% efficiency improvementwas achieved during actual tests.</p> <p>On top of the IPSC strategy, more intelligent control algorithm is explored by proposinga new system architecture to fully incorporate both of the LS pumps with all of the EHRs,to achieve dynamic regrouping control (DRC) or static regrouping control (SRC). The DRCalgorithm determines the best supply configuration to all of the functions with minimumpower loss in time, which eventually leads to 44% power reduction compared to the base-line. On the other hand, the SRC algorithm targets at providing the best planter groupinglayout when connected to the tractor supply to contribute to least throttling losses duringrepresentative planting operations. The restuls from the SRC configuration can serve as asuggestive layout for the OEM when promoting such machines to the market.</p> <p>Last but not least, different scenarios of both selective purely electrification architectureand selective e-pump supply architecture are considered to discover the potential futuredirection of electrification to follow for the reference machine. From the power saving pointof view, replacing the fertilizer and vacuum hydraulic motors with the electric ones couldlead to 72% power reduction from the engine. However, more study on the cost analysiscould be useful to balance the saving and the cost added in the system.</p>

Homologie simpliciale est un outil très efficace pour accéder à des informations importantes sur la topologie des réseaux sans fil, tels que : la couverture et la connectivité. Dans cette thèse, nous modélisons le réseau sans fil comme un déploiement aléatoire des cellules. Tout d’abord, nous introduisons un algorithme pour construire le complexe de Cech, qui décrit exactement la topologie du réseau. Ensuite, ˇ le complexe de Cech est utilisé dans des applications avancées. La première application est d’économiser ˇ l’énergie de transmission pour les réseaux sans fil. Cette application non seulement maximise la couverture de le réseau, mais réduit également la puissance de transmission. En même temps, la couverture et la puissance de transmission sont optimisées. La deuxième application est pour équilibrer la charge de trafic dans les réseaux sans fil. Cette application contrôle la puissance de transmission de chaque cellule dans le réseau, toujours sous contrainte de couverture. Avec la puissance d’émission contrôlée, les utilisateurs sont redirigés vers des cellules de charge plus faibles. Par conséquent, la charge du trafic est répartie entre lesdifférentes cellules. / Simplicial homology is a useful tool to access important information about the topology of wireless networks such as : coverage and connectivity. In this thesis, we model the wireless network as a random deployment of cells. Firstly, we introduce an algorithm to construct the Cech complex, which describes exactly the topology of the network. Then, the Cech complex is used in further applications. The first application is to save transmission power for wireless networks. This application not only maximizes the coverage of the network but also minimizes its transmission power. At the same time, the coverage and the transmission power are optimized. The second application is to balance the traffic load in wireless networks. This application controls the transmission power of each cell in the network, always under the coverage constraint. With the controlled transmission power, the users are redirected to connect to the lower traffic load cells. Consequentially, the balanced traffic load is obtained for the network.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to plan blueprints for a school located Härbregatan and Vallby Skolgata in Västerås with a focus on energy losses and window placement to choose the most suitable types of windows to obtain a good internal environment. Method: The methodology used to conduct this thesis was based on earlier case studies, literature book and literature reviews in the form of legal specification from Boverket Byggregel (BBR) that had a significant impact on how the school was designed, interior and exterior views. Results: The study demonstrated how important window types and selection was for the students and the teachers occupying the classrooms because windows are a vital source of light, energy and encouragement due to the daylight. Larger windows minimize the need for electrical lighting but increases the risk of energy loss due to inadequate insulation resulting in an impact on the indoor environment and causing a higher energy usage. The size of the window also has an impact on specific transmission losses, thermal bridges, heat losses and as well as the solar radiation passing through the glass, according to this study. Conclusions: The study came to the conclusion that while windows have a significant role in these aspects, additional aspects that include the size of walls, doors, floors and ceiling also play an essential part. Larger windows lead to increased transmission losses and thermal bridges, but at the same time it lets in more daylight and sunlight in the form of heat energy, therefore larger windows are a better choice to use in the school building.

In order to control the energy consumed by vehicles for crossing signalized intersections, this project designs and tests a speed guidance energy-saving strategy for signalized intersections, taking drivers’ bounded rationality into consideration. This research achieves speed guidance by developing theoretical foundation of speed guidance, dividing scenarios for practise of speed guidance, and calculating optimal trajectories for vehicles. As for influence of bounded rationality, this research categorizes all drivers into three different types: aggressive drivers, normal drivers and conservative drivers. Numerical simulation of this research is focuses on a single intersection, with three traffic saturation level, represented by 346, 519 and 692 vehicles per hour. Considering the foreseeable popularization of electric cars (EV) in the close future, proportion of EV is also taken as a variable, and experiments are carried separately at three milestones of EV proportion: 0%, 30%, and 60%. The findings suggest that aggressive drivers benefit the most from the speed guidance in energy saving, and speed guidance does lest benefit to normal drivers. Both drivers’ bounded rationality and high traffic volume could lead to increase of energy consumption, while providing specifically modified speed guidance is able to achieve satisfying reductions to these effects. With increase of EVs’ proportion in the traffic flow and drop of overall energy consumption, effect of the guidance becomes comparatively worse than the previous non-EV performance of 7% to 11%, while remaining to be effective to cut off overall energy consumption by 5% to 8%. This research is able to improve normal speed guidance with more accurate and practicable guidance information for drivers in current traffic environment.

This report aims to investigate how fluid-based heat-recovery systems for ventilation can be optimized. A high proportion of existing systems operate at lower efficiency than possible, and thus do not reach their full potential in terms of energy savings. The aim of this report has been to find out why, to identify which parameters affect the efficiency of such systems, and to develop a general methodology for optimization. As a method for execution, a literature study and field experiments were chosen. The results from the literature study showed that dimensioned efficiency, fluid flow in the circuit and degree of contamination of the system were important parameters that greatly affected performance. The field experiments largely confirmed this, but also showed that an implementation of the theoretically optimal fluid flow is not always beneficial to the performance, but higher flow should always be considered. The results also indicated a correlation between the fluid flow and the convective heat-transfer coefficient (U-value) in the heat exchangers. A methodology for optimization is presented in the discussion section. As a suggestion for further research, two possible directions are proposed - the potential of cleaning and the effect of the fluid flow. / Den här rapporten har syftat till att utreda hur vätskekopplade värmeåtervinningssystem för ventilation kan optimeras. En hög andel befintliga system fungerar med lägre verkningsgrad än vad som är möjligt, och uppnår därmed inte sin fulla potential vad gäller energibesparing. Målet med den här rapporten har varit att ta reda på varför, att identifiera vilka parametrar som påverkar dylika systems verkningsgrad, och att ta fram en generell metodik för optimering. Som metod för utförande gjordes först en litteraturstudie och senare fältexperiment som utgick ifrån vad litteraturstudien indikerade. Resultatet från litteraturstudien visade att dimensionerad verkningsgrad, vätskeflödet i kretsen och försmutsningsgrad av systemet var viktiga parametrar som påverkade prestandan i hög grad. Fältexperimenten bekräftade detta till stor del, men visade också att en implementering av det teoretiskt optimala vätskeflödet inte alltid är till gagn för prestandan, utan högre flöde borde alltid övervägas. Resultaten indikerade också en korrelation mellan vätskeflödet och det konvektiva övergångstalet (U-värdet) i värmeväxlarna. En metodik för optimering presenteras i diskussionsavsnittet. Som förslag på vidare forskning föreslås två möjliga inriktningar – rengöringens potential samt vätskeflödets inverkan.

Understanding how psychological processes drive human energy choices is an urgent, and yet relatively under-investigated, need for contemporary society. A knowledge gap still persists on the links between psychological factors identified in earlier studies and people’s behaviors in the energy domain. This research applies a meta-analytical procedure to assess the strength of the associations between five different classes of individual variables (i.e.,: attitudes, intentions, values, awareness, and emotions) and energy-saving behavioral intentions and behaviors (self-reported and actual). Based on a systematic review of studies published between 2007 and 2017, we estimate the average effect size of predictor-criterion relations, and we assess relevant moderators and publication bias, drawing on data obtained from 102 independent samples reported in 67 published studies (N = 59.948). Results from a series of five single meta-analyses reveal a pattern of significant positive associations between the selected psychological determinants and energy-saving indicators: associations between individual-level predictors and energy-saving outcomes are positive and moderate in size, ranging from large effects for emotions to small-moderate effects for pro-environmental values. Interestingly, moderation analysis reveals, among other things, that attitude-behavior links are not statistically significant when actual behavior is considered as an outcome. Implications for policy interventions are discussed.

Världen står inför stora utmaningar berörande klimat och miljö vilket är direkt kopplat till energianvändning. Globalt sett ökar energibehovet hela tiden samtidigt som en stor del av energimixen fortfarande utgörs av fossila bränslen. Industrier är den sektor som står för den största energianvändningen, hela 38 % både globalt och lokalt i Sverige. För att kunna uppnå de mål som satts, bland annat FN:s globala mål och målen som ingår i Parisavtalet, så måste energianvändningen i bland annat industrier minska. I denna rapport presenteras en fallstudie som gjorts på en industrianläggning med flera tillhörande byggnader belägen i Sverige. I fallstudien har en energikartläggning utförts och tillhörande energieffektiviseringsförslag har rekommenderats. Anläggningen är en stålindustri och tillverkar verktyg till gruvindustrin. Syftet med arbetet var att kartlägga energianvändningen, lokalisera åtgärder att rekommendera för energieffektivisering och därefter utföra LCC- och nuvärdeskalkyler på förslagen. Energikartläggningen utfördes både på industrianläggningens stöd-och produktionsprocesser, medan energieffektiviseringsförslagen fokuserade på industrianläggningens stödprocesser som innefattar belysning, ventilation, tryckluft, ånga, lokalkomfort, pumpning, tappvarmvatten, interna transporter samt övriga okategoriserade stödprocesser. Målet med det var att ge förslag på hur industrin ska kunna minska sin energianvändning, vilket gynnar industrin, både ur ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. För energikartläggningen tillhandahölls information främst genom kommunikation med anställda på fallföretaget och observationer i anläggningen. Flertalet antaganden har även gjorts, de gjordes vid tillfällen som annan information inte fanns tillgänglig och när beräkningar förenklades. Studien gav en klar bild av hur mycket energi fallföretaget använder årligen och hur energin är fördelad på industrianläggningens processer. Den visade även att en mängd åtgärdsförslag kunde läggas fram för fallföretaget för att minska deras energianvändning. Förslag lades fram i någon form för alla stödprocesser. LCC- eller nuvärdeskalkyler utfördes även på alla stödprocesser förutom ventilation. Industrianläggningens totala energianvändning under år 2022 var ca 47 131 MWh. Skulle fallföretaget välja att utföra de rekommenderade åtgärder som föreslogs så skulle, utifrån de kalkyler som gjorts, den nya energianvändningen bli 42 861 MWh vilket resulterar i en energibesparing på 4 270 MWh/år och en kostnadsbesparing på ca 6 400 000 kr/år. / The world is facing major challenges concerning climate and the environment, which are directly linked to energy use. Globally, energy demand is constantly increasing, while a large part of the energy mix still consists of fossil fuels. Industries is the sector responsible for the largest energy use, 38% both globally and locally in Sweden. To achieve the goals that have been set, including the UN's global goals and the goals included in the Paris Agreement, energy use in industries, among other things, must decrease. This report presents a case study made at an industrial plant with several associated buildings located in Sweden. In the case study, an energy audit has been carried out and associated energy efficiency measures have been recommended. The facility is mainly a steel machining industry with some complementary processes. The purpose of the work was to audit the energy use, locate measures to recommend for energy efficiency and then perform LCC and present value calculations on the proposals. The energy audit was carried out on both the industrial plant's support and production processes, while the energy efficiency measures focused on the industrial plant's support processes, which include lighting, ventilation, compressed air, steam, local comfort, pumping, tap water, internal transports and other uncategorized support processes. The goal was to provide suggestions on how the industry can reduce its energy use, which benefits the industry, both from an economic and environmental perspective. For the energy audit, information was provided mainly through communication with employees at the case company and observations in the facility. Some assumptions have also been made, they were made on occasions when other information was not available and when calculations were simplified. The study gave a clear representation of how much energy the case company uses annually and how the energy is distributed among the industrial plant's processes. It also showed that several measures could be put forward for the case company to reduce their energy use. Proposals were presented in some form for all support processes. LCC or present value calculations were also performed for all support processes except ventilation. The industrial plant's total energy use in 2022 was approximately 47 131 MWh. Should the case company choose to carry out the recommended measures that were proposed, based on the calculations made, the new energy use would be 42 861 MWh, which results in an energy saving of 4 270 MWh/year and a cost saving of approximately 6 400 000 SEK/year.

The aim of this master's thesis is to find out the possibility of building a passive house in the Ural region. To achieve this goal it was necessary to solve the following problems, the results are presented in the thesis: 1) to define the concept of "passive house"; 2) to identify the technologies used under the construction of energy efficient buildings; 3) to consider the alternative mounting options of low-rise buildings; 4) to establish the geographic and climatic conditions of the selected area; 5) to describe the socio-economic situation in the region; 6) to reveal the specifics of the Passive House in the Ural Federal District. It was found out that construction of a Passive House in compliance with all the relevant technologies and global standards of Passive Houses in the climatic conditions of the Ural region at this stage is difficult. The main reasons of that are the following: 1) The climatic conditions of the region require for increasing the insulation layer, development and application of new types of insulating materials with higher resistance to heat transfer. 2) The economic conditions of the region determine the choice in favor of budget accommodation rather than innovation. 3) The complexity of the design, the lack of professionals and practical experience in the construction of passive houses. Master's thesis contains 62 pp., 6 fig. 5 tab., 67 bibliographic references. Graphic part - 5 sheets. / Цель диссертации - определить возможность постройки пассивного дома в Уральском регионе. Для реализации поставленной цели необходимо было решить следующие задачи, результаты изложены в диссертации: 1) определить понятие "Пассивный дом"; 2) обозначить технологии, применяемые при строительстве энергоэффективных зданий; 3) рассмотреть альтернативные возможности монтажа малоэтажных строений; 4) установить географо-климатических условия выбранной территории; 5) описать социально-экономическую ситуацию заданного региона; 6) выявить специфику пассивного дома для Уральского федерального округа. Установлено, что постройка пассивного дома с соблюдением всех технологий и соответствующего общемировым стандартам пассивного дома на данном этапе в климатических условиях Уральского региона затруднительна. Основными причинами этого являются: 1) Климатические условия региона, требующие увеличения слоя изоляции, разработки и применения новых видов изолирующих материалов с большим сопротивлением теплопередаче. 2) Экономические условия региона, определяющие выбор в пользу бюджетного жилья, нежели инновационного. 3) Сложность конструкции, отсутствие специалистов и практического опыта строительства пассивных домов. Магистерская диссертация содержит 62 с., 5 табл., 6 рис., 67 библиограф. ссылок. Графическая часть – 5 л.