Sammanfattning. I dagens Sverige är ett hållbart byggande, med tanke på klimatförändringarna, en viktig aspekt. Detta har gjort att riksdag, regering, myndigheter och ideella organisationer, såsom SGBC, har utformat lagar, riktlinjer och certifieringar. SGBC är Sveriges största ideella organisation för certifiering av byggnader. De utformar i dagsläget en uppdatering av sitt miljöcertifieringssystem Miljöbyggnad. I denna uppdatering, vid namn Miljöbyggnad 3.0, planerar man att införa ett nytt bedömningsområde, nämligen byggskedet. Byggskedet innefattar fyra olika bedömningsområden: Byggavfall, Energi och Energislag, Förnyelsebart bränsle samt Kontroller och Hantering. Utgångspunkten för studien var att jämföra NCC:s checklista för Grönt Byggande med de kommande kraven i Miljöbyggnads bedömningsområde, byggskedet. Detta har gjorts genom litteraturstudie av SGBC:s hearingversion av Miljöbyggnad 3.0 och dess byggskedesindikatorer samt av Grönt Byggandes checklista. Denna inledande del av examensarbetet resulterade i arbetets första resultat och slutsats. Dessa var att checklistan för Grönt Byggande är i stort behov av en uppdatering och att dess punkter kring bodar är i särskilt behov av granskning. Arbetet noterade även att checklistan saknar kvantifierbara gränsvärden för kontroller. En annan del, som arbetet behandlade, var NCC:s projekt i praktiken och speciellt hur dessa skulle stå sig i en certifiering i de kommande byggskedeskraven. Detta skedde dels genom litteratur- och intervjustudie av ett avslutat projekt som NCC har genomfört, samt dels en enkät- och intervjustudie vid platsbesök på ett pågående projekt, som NCC jobbar med. Den andra delen av arbetet var att genom en litteraturstudie för byggskedet granska hur NCC:s projekt i praktiken klarar sig igenom en certifiering. Detta för att ge en bild av hur NCC:s projekt klarar kommande krav i Miljöbyggnads bedömning i ”byggskedet”. Den utförda certifieringen visade att NCC:s projekt i dagsläget inte uppnår något betyg alls. Det hamnar på” klassad” vilket är då lägsta betyget Brons ej kunnat uppnås. Slutsatsen som drogs var att NCC med små medel, genom bland annat införande av mottagningskontroller och noggrannare dokumentation, ändå kan klara sig upp till lägsta nivån Brons. De kan, med en något mer krävande insats, även nå det högre betyget Silver. / Abstract. Sustainable development intending to climate change is an important aspect in Sweden today. Laws, guidelines, and certifications have been created by the parliament, government, agencies such as Boverket, and nonprofit organizations like Sweden Green Building Council (SGBC). SGBC is Sweden's largest non-profit organization for building certifications and is currently updating its environmental certification system for environmental building. This certification is, called environmental building 3.0 and is planned to introduce a new assessment criteria named the building phase. The building phase is comprised of four different assessment criteria’s: building waste, energy value and energy type, renewable fuel as well as control and handling. The starting point for this study was to compare the NCC's checklist for green building with the future requirements of the environmental building assessment criteria from SGBC. The thesis is based on a literature study of the SGBC development plan for environmental building 3.0, its construction indicators, and the environmental building checklist. Results and conclusions of the first part of the work showed that the checklist for environmental building is in urgent need for an update and review, especially its points about temporary housing. This part of the result also revealed that the checklist needs measureable control limits. The second part of the study was to examine how NCC's projects would perform in a certification process with the new standards regarding building codes. This was done through a literature study, interviews with project members of both a completed project and an ongoing project at NCC, and a survey. This part of the study was also to assess trough a literature study of the construction site how NCC projects were to perform during a certification of the building phase. The current certification that NCC's projects have is classified, which are the grade obtained by a company when the lowest grade cannot be obtained. The next level on the scale is Bronze, which could currently not be reached. The conclusion of the thesis is that NCC can, with small funds, through the introduction of reception controls and more detailed documentation attains the next level on the scale, Bronze. It is also believed that the classification level Silver is obtainable with further efforts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to increase the efficiency of the planning stages in the building industry. The goal was to produce valuable information that will be useful in the future development of Swedish national BIM guidelines. Method: The study has been conducted by following the principles of content analysis. “Content analysis is a research method that uses a set of procedures to make valid inferences from text”. By searching for and analysing the content of national BIM guidelines, valuable information for future development of Swedish national BIM guidelines would be produced. The BIM guidelines had to fulfil two criteria in order to qualify for the study: Be a national BIM guideline. Have a version in English. Once selected, the guidelines were analysed using 11 topics, namely BIM execution plan, Level of Development, Format standards and their application – interoperability, accountability, filing, archiving, modes of collaboration, operations and maintenance, simulations, pre-qualifications, BIM functions through project phases. These were chosen based on works by R. Sacks, Gurevich, & Shrestha and Hooper. Findings: Out of the 81 BIM guidelines listed in the BIM guides project by BuildingSMART, 10 national BIM guidelines from 10 different countries were chosen for further study. NATSPEC from Australia, Belgian guide for the construction industry, CanBIM from Canada, COBIM from Finland, HKIBIM BIM project specification from Hong Kong, New Zealand BIM handbook, Statsbygg BIM manual from Norway, Singapore BIM guide, Level 2 PAS from the UK and NBIMS from the USA. All topics have a high level of inclusion, pointing to that the topics from Hooper and Sacks are relevant on a global scale. Pre-qualifications scored the lowest, and BIM functions through project phases scored the highest. Implications: Cover all 11 topics reviewed in this study. Avoid strict protocols with excessive level of detail, but rather formulate guidelines as frameworks, thus making them user-friendly and usable. Formulate guidelines so details may easily and logically be worked out in a BIM execution plan. Make a plan to keep the documents up to date. Limitations: This study only includes national BIM guidelines with English versions available. It has solely been conducted by document analysis and does therefore not provide much information on what current users of national BIM guidelines think of the guidelines reviewed, apart from what is mentioned from Hooper’s work. The score of each guideline indicate how much information it contains, and a high score may therefore not necessarily indicate it is the most user-friendly and readable guideline. Keywords: BIM guidelines, national BIM guidelines, BIM implementation / Sammanfattning Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att öka effektiviteten i planeringsstadiet inom byggbranschen. Målet var att producera värdefull information som kommer att vara användbar vid den framtida utvecklingen av svenska nationella BIM-riktlinjer. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom att följa principerna för innehållsanalys. Innehållsanalys är en forskningsmetod som använder en rad tillvägagångssätt för att dra giltiga slutsatser från text. Genom att leta efter och analysera innehållet i nationella BIM-riktlinjer, bör värdefull information för framtida utveckling av svenska nationella BIM-riktlinjer kunna frambringas. BIM-riktlinjerna behövde uppfylla två kriterier för att kvalificera sig till studien: 1. Vara en nationell BIM-riktlinje. 2. Ha en version på engelska. Riktlinjerna som valdes ut analyserades utifrån 11 ämnen, nämligen BIM:s genomförandeplan, utvecklingsnivå (LoD), formatstandarder och deras tillämpning - driftskompatibilitet, ansvarsskyldighet, register och mapphantering, arkivering, samarbetsformer, drift och underhåll, simuleringar, förkvalifikationer, BIM-funktioner genom projektfaser. Dessa valdes utifrån verk av R. Sacks, Gurevich, & Shrestha och Hooper. Resultat: Av de 81 BIM-riktlinjerna som listades i BIM-guideprojektet av BuildingSMART valdes 10 nationella BIM-riktlinjer från 10 olika länder för vidare studier. NATSPEC från Australien, Belgian guide for the construction industry, CanBIM från Kanada, COBIM från Finland, HKIBIM BIM project specification från Hong Kong, New Zealand BIM Handbook, Statsbygg BIM-handbok från Norge, Singapore BIM-guide, Level 2 PAS från Storbritannien och NBIMS från USA. Alla ämnen är inkluderade till hög grad och pekar på att ämnena från Hooper och Sacks är relevanta på global nivå. Förkvalifikationer fick lägst poäng, och BIM-funktioner genom projektfaser fick högst. Slutsats: Inkludera alla 11 ämnen som ses över i denna studie. Undvik strikta protokoll med överdriven detaljnivå och formulera riktlinjer som ramverk, vilket gör dem användarvänliga och användbara. Formulera riktlinjer så att detaljer enkelt och logiskt kan utarbetas i en BIM-genomförandeplan. Gör en plan för att hålla dokumenten uppdaterade. Begränsningar: Denna studie innehåller endast nationella BIM-riktlinjer med engelska versioner tillgängliga. Den har enbart genomförts med dokumentanalys och ger därför inte information om vad nuvarande användare av nationella BIM-riktlinjer tycker om de riktlinjer som granskats, förutom vad som nämns från Hooper-arbetet. Antalet poäng för varje riktlinje anger hur mycket information den innehåller, och ett högt betyg behöver därmed inte nödvändigtvis indikera att det är den mest användarvänliga och läsbara riktlinjen. Nyckelord: BIM-riktlinjer, nationella BIM-riktlinjer, BIM-implementering

The road and construction industry is far behind other industries in terms of the use of modern working methods like BIM. However, as the Swedish Transport Administration and other customers is beginning to request the use of BIM, the industry must adapt and start using the new working methods. The transition is problematic because there are no standards and rules for how and when BIM is to be used. In addition, there are technical difficulties with proprietary file formats and learning projectors that are unfamiliar to the new software. But as the demand for BIM increases, companies need to adapt to win the jobs, the same applies to the smaller projects in the long run. The benefits reported with BIM are many, where the visualization opportunity leads to improved work coordination because everyone in the project sees the same things and thus gains greater understanding is the greatest advantage. The customer also gets a clear picture of the projector's proposal, which simplifies the decision-making process as it can be done faster. The ability to perform collision checks is also seen as an advantage as it can save money later in the project. A BIM can also be used for work preparation, which gives the construction workers a better understanding of what to do, their skills can also be used to review the model for detecting design errors and locating dangerous work operations. The information associated with the model makes it easier to make readjustments and the changes are reflected directly as the changes are made - this reduces drawing revisions and the actual costs of the project becomes clearer. To use 3D design instead of 2D design in smaller road and construction projects may imply a longer planning phase, for Tullholmsviken stage 3, the 3D design took 8 hours longer to create than when using traditional methods, which corresponds to 6400 kr in increased costs. This leads to increased design costs, but the benefits that modeling imply is estimated to compensate for the increased costs. In the previous phase of Tullholmsviken, there was a coordination problem between the architect and the land projector. The cost of fixing the problem was estimated to 32000 SEK, but with a 3D-modell that problem would probably been fixed earlier in the process and the costs would not be as high as 32000 kr. Increased projection costs for a 3D-modell would therefore be economically justifiable for that particular project

Miljöbedömning används för att få en helhetssyn av den miljöpåverkan som ett planerat projekt kan medföra. Enligt miljöbalken är syftet med en miljöbedömning att integrera miljöaspekter i planering och beslutsfattande för att främja en hållbar utveckling. En miljökonsekvensbeskrivning (MKB) är ett dokument som tas fram i miljöbedömningsprocessen och ska beskriva den identifierade påverkan samt göra en samlad bedömning av dess konsekvens. Metoden idag för att genomföra en samlad bedömning bygger på en kvalitativ jämförelsematris där konsekvensen är ett utfall av kombinationen av värdet på miljöaspekten samt påverkan ett projekt har på miljöaspekten. Konsekvensen redovisas sedan som en färg.    En litteraturstudie genomfördes med syfte att granska den nuvarande metodiken och dess brister samt alternativ till dagens metodik. De huvudsakliga bristerna ansågs vara avsaknad av transparens, tydliga riktlinjer samt att fler nyanser i bedömningen var önskvärt. En kvantitativ metod, där siffror används istället för färger, ansågs vara ett alternativ som skulle kunna vara en del av lösningen.    En studie genomfördes för att undersöka hur denna kvantitativa metod skulle kunna utformas matematiskt. Konsekvensen är en kombination av värdet och påverkan, där det undersöktes om det ska beskrivas som en summa eller en produkt. En enkät skickades ut till MKB-utövare i branschen, där bedömningar av ett fiktivt MKB-scenario samlades in och analyserades utifrån tre olika matematiska modeller. Detta resulterade i att för en kvantitativ beskrivning av konsekvensen, z, som en kombination av påverkan, x, och värdet, y, var det matematiska uttrycket <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?z=%5Csqrt%5B%5D%7B(x%5E2+y%5E2%20)%20%7D" /> lämpligast att använda. / Environmental assessment is used to get an overall view of the environmental impact a planned project can lead to. According to the Swedish Environmental Code, the purpose of an environmental assessment is to integrate environmental aspects into planning and decision making as to promote sustainable development. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a document produced in the environmental assessment process and describes the identified impact and makes a comprehensive assessment of its impact. The basis for an overall assessment is based on a qualitative comparative matrix where the consequence is an outcome of the combination of the value and the impact for one aspect, the consequence presents as a color.   A literature study about the review of the current methodology and its shortcomings as well as alternatives to today's methodology was conducted. The main shortcomings were lack of transparency, clear guidelines and more variety in the assessment were desirable. A quantitative method, using numbers instead of colors, was considered an option that could be part of the solution.   A study was conducted to investigate how a quantitative method could be designed. In order to quantify the consequence instead of using a color, an examination how this expression would look like mathematically was performed. The consequence is a combination of the value and impact, where it was examined whter it should be described as a sum or a product. A survey was sent to EIA practitioners, assessing a fictitious EIA scenario was collected and analyzed based on three different mathematical models. The thesis resulted in, for a quantitative description of the consequence, z, as a combination of influence, x, and the value, y, the mathematical expression <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?z=%5Csqrt%5B%5D%7B(x%5E2+y%5E2%20)%20%7D" />  was most suitable to use.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia voltada para a geração de um índice de sustentabilidade ambiental aplicável a bacias hidrográficas urbanas abrangendo fatores relativos aos aspectos sociais, econômicos e físicos da bacia. O índice proposto foi implementado na bacia do arroio Sapucaia localizada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, abrangendo parte dos municípios de Cachoeirinha, Canoas, Esteio, Gravataí, Novo Hamburgo e Sapucaia do Sul, compreendendo uma área de aproximadamente 131 km2, estando a mesma sujeita a um intenso processo de urbanização e submetida a uma forte pressão antrópica. O índice proposto constitui-se de três dimensões: FDH ( Fator de Desenvolvimento Humano ), FUS ( Fator de Uso do Solo ) e FFP ( Fator de Fragilidade Potencial ). O FDH tem por objetivo representar aspectos da qualidade de vida da população expressa pelos itens educação, longevidade, renda e saneamento. O FUS avalia o uso do solo predominante na sub-bacia com base na classificação da imagem. O FFP avalia os aspectos físicos da bacia tomando por base a configuração da hidrografia e os dados altimétricos da área. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas as folhas MI 2970/4 (São Leopoldo) e MI 2971/3 (Gravataí) da Cartografia Sistemática Brasileira em escala 1:50.000, uma imagem do sensor ASTER do ano de 2001 (plataforma EOS/TERRA), bandas 1, 2 e 3N com resolução espacial de 15 m, fotografias aéreas em escala 1:40.000 do ano de 1991 e a base de informações por setor censitário do Censo Demográfico 2000 (IBGE) dos municípios integrantes da bacia. A metodologia mostrou-se adequada como instrumento de análise ambiental de bacias hidrográficas localizadas em áreas urbanas, sobretudo quando da inexistência de uma base de dados mais elaborada. Nesse aspecto o trabalho também permitiu demonstrar o potencial de utilização das técnicas de geoprocessamento como elemento de apoio na construção de indicadores de sustentabilidade ambiental. Os resultados foram apurados por sub-bacia originando um mapa final de setorização em função dos níveis de sustentabilidade, classificados como alta, média e baixa sustentabilidade. Esse mapa indicou cinco áreas, considerando a distribuição espacial dos níveis de sustentabilidade apurados em cada sub-bacia, constituindo-se assim num primeiro indicador das suas condições ambientais. Os resultados demonstram que as áreas mais sujeitas a pressão urbana, são aquelas que apresentaram os menores níveis de sustentabilidade, como no caso das sub-bacias 7 (IS = 0,531), 9 (IS = 0,67) e 10 (IS = 0,665) contudo também apontam baixos níveis de sustentabilidade para aquelas áreas localizadas junto as nascentes da bacia, em função de uma maior fragilidade potencial, como no caso da bacia 1 (IS = 0,612). Recomendando-se dessa forma restrições quanto ao seu uso e ocupação, bem como a adoção de políticas ambientais e de ordenamento territorial voltadas a sua preservação. / This study proposes a methodology come back for the generation from an index of applicable environmental sustainability to hydrographic basins situated in urban areas considering relative factors to the social, economic and physical aspects of the basin. The proposed index was implemented in the basin of the Sapucaia river located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, embracing part of cities of Cachoeirinha, Canoas, Esteio, Gravataí, Novo Hamburgo and Sapucaia do Sul, understanding an area of approximately 131 km2, being the same subjects to an intense urbanization process and submitted to a strong human-induced pressures. The proposed index is constituted of three dimensions: FDH (Factor of Human Development), FUS (Factor of Use of the Soil) and FFP (Factor of Potential Fragility). FDH has for objective to represent aspects of the quality of life of the population expressed by the items education, longevity, income and sanitation. FUS evaluates the use of the predominant soil in the sub-basin with base in the classification of the image. FFP evaluates the physical aspects of the basin taking for base the configuration of the hydrography and the elevation data of the area. In this study employed were the 1:50.000 charts, from Braziliam Systematic Cartography, MI 2970/4 (São Leopoldo) and MI 2971/3 (Gravataí) pages, an ASTER image (EOS/TERRA platform) of the year of 2001, used bands 1, 2 and 3N with space resolution of 15 m, aerial pictures in scale 1:40.000 of the year of 1991 and the 2000 Demographic Census (IBGE) of the integral municipal districts of the basin. The methodology was shown appropriate as instrument of environmental analysis of hydrographic basins situated in urban areas, above all when of the inexistence of an elaborated base of data. In that aspect the study also allowed to demonstrate the potential of use of the geoprocessing techniques as support element in the construction of indicators of environmental sustainability. The results were select for sub-basin originating a final map of sectors according to level of sustainability, classified as high, medium and low sustainability. This map indicated five areas, considering the spatial distribution of the levels of sustainability in each sub-basin, thereby a first indicator of its environmental conditions. The results show that the areas most subject to pressure urban, are those that have the smallest levels of sustainability, in the case of sub-basins 7 (IS = 0.531), 9 (IS = 0.67) and 10 (IS = 0.665), however also show low levels of sustainability for those areas located nears the sources of the basin, according to a greater potential fragility, as in the case of sub-basin 1 (IS = 0.612). Recommending so restrictions on their use and occupation, and the adoption of environmental policies and territory planning toward its preservation.

SALES, Luiz Belino Ferreira, Partner-environmental analysis of the segment of the low course of the river Maranguapinho in the Fortaleza-Ce: relations society x nature. 2004. 133 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa. Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2004. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T18:04:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_lbfsales.pdf: 7405674 bytes, checksum: 1fe4e1312890a37b294853746a9a74a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T18:04:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_lbfsales.pdf: 7405674 bytes, checksum: 1fe4e1312890a37b294853746a9a74a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T18:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_lbfsales.pdf: 7405674 bytes, checksum: 1fe4e1312890a37b294853746a9a74a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / The Environmental Analysis of low course Maranguapinho-Ce River, constitutes a work of understanding of the present complexities in the area through the evaluation of the impacts of the use process and occupation of the earth and his/her effect in the ecology of the landscape and the partner-environmental resultants of such actions. The work search an integrated approach using for that elements of understanding of the dynamics of formation of the active natural processes and of the present social processes in the study area. His/her importance consists of the understanding of the landscape as a space unit, an operational concept (SUERTEGARAY, 2000), that it is formed of the synthesis of the natural processes with the social processes. The studied area understands a segment of the bass course of the river located Maranguapinho in the city of Fortaleza in his/her portion west, being understood among the neighborhoods Antônio Bezerra, Autran Nunes, Henrique Jorge, Parque Genibaú and João XXIII. / A Análise Ambiental do Baixo Curso do Rio Maranguapinho-Ce, constitui um trabalho de compreensão das complexidades presentes na área através da avaliação dos impactos do processo de uso e ocupação da terra e seu efeito na ecologia da paisagem e as resultantes sócio-ambientais de tais ações. O trabalho busca uma abordagem integrada utilizando para isso elementos de compreensão das dinâmicas de formação dos processos naturais atuantes e dos processos sociais presentes na área de estudo. Sua importância consiste na compreensão da paisagem como uma unidade espacial, um conceito operacional (SUERTEGARAY, 2000), que é formado da síntese dos processos naturais com os processos sociais. A área estudada compreende um segmento do baixo curso do rio Maranguapinho localizada na cidade de Fortaleza em sua porção oeste, estando compreendida entre os bairros Antônio Bezerra, Autran Nunes, Henrique Jorge, Parque Genibaú e João XXIII.

FRANCA, Manoel Jorge Pinto da. Análise de sustentabilidade do sistema agroflorestal com agricultores de Nova Olinda e Santana do Cariri -CE. 2004. 131 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2004. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T20:01:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_mjpfranca.pdf: 791093 bytes, checksum: 99bebe3d573bf6fd1142f130389b3e39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T20:02:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_mjpfranca.pdf: 791093 bytes, checksum: 99bebe3d573bf6fd1142f130389b3e39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T20:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_mjpfranca.pdf: 791093 bytes, checksum: 99bebe3d573bf6fd1142f130389b3e39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agroflorestais difundidos pela Organização Não Governamental ACB – Associação Cristã de Base e implantados por agricultores familiares, nos municípios de Nova Olinda e Santana do Cariri. Procurou-se realizar um trabalho objetivo, identificando fatores ambientais, sociais e econômicos, que devem ser considerados e que tenham relevância para o desenvolvimento dos sistemas agroflorestais na região semi-árida em estudo. A área de estudo foi a comunidade de Taboleiro – Nova Olinda e Catolé – Santana do Cariri, onde havia as duas experiências que mais caracterizavam a implantação dos sistemas agroflorestais. Para o enriquecimento e visando-se estabelecer bases comparativas, entrevistou-se agricultores familiares que não trabalham a proposta da “Agrofloresta”, denominados no estudo de agricultores convencionais. Para a análise ambiental, calculou-se performance ambiental dos sistemas utilizando-se a Metodologia do Guia do Produtor Rural. BNB (1999). Na análise social, verificou-se os aspectos que podem influenciar decisivamente na validação da proposta, como organização social, capacitação, educação, saúde, habitação, acesso a utensílios domésticos e lazer. Na análise econômica utilizou-se o cálculo da Renda Familiar Per Capita e Renda Percentual por Setor/Ocupação dos agricultores do sistema. De uma maneira geral, analisando os aspectos ambientais, sociais e econômicos, os sistemas agroflorestais se mostraram melhores em relação aos sistemas convencionais. A análise ambiental constatou a sustentabilidade ambiental em uma área pesquisada. Percebe-se que as diferenças nos fatores ambientais e sociais das comunidades e entre as propriedades trabalhadas influenciam no resultado final do sistema implantado. Constata-se que mesmo com as melhorias apresentadas pelos sistemas agroflorestais, estes não conseguem a curto prazo resolver todas as dificuldades apresentadas, não podendo, portanto, ser caracterizado como sustentável, em relação aos três aspectos estudados. Daí é necessário compreender que as conclusões aqui apresentadas são parte de um processo e não podem neste momento contemplar o todo. Mas, apresenta, portanto, indicativos importantes para a consolidação de propostas sustentáveis de convivência como o Semi-Árido.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia voltada para a geração de um índice de sustentabilidade ambiental aplicável a bacias hidrográficas urbanas abrangendo fatores relativos aos aspectos sociais, econômicos e físicos da bacia. O índice proposto foi implementado na bacia do arroio Sapucaia localizada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, abrangendo parte dos municípios de Cachoeirinha, Canoas, Esteio, Gravataí, Novo Hamburgo e Sapucaia do Sul, compreendendo uma área de aproximadamente 131 km2, estando a mesma sujeita a um intenso processo de urbanização e submetida a uma forte pressão antrópica. O índice proposto constitui-se de três dimensões: FDH ( Fator de Desenvolvimento Humano ), FUS ( Fator de Uso do Solo ) e FFP ( Fator de Fragilidade Potencial ). O FDH tem por objetivo representar aspectos da qualidade de vida da população expressa pelos itens educação, longevidade, renda e saneamento. O FUS avalia o uso do solo predominante na sub-bacia com base na classificação da imagem. O FFP avalia os aspectos físicos da bacia tomando por base a configuração da hidrografia e os dados altimétricos da área. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas as folhas MI 2970/4 (São Leopoldo) e MI 2971/3 (Gravataí) da Cartografia Sistemática Brasileira em escala 1:50.000, uma imagem do sensor ASTER do ano de 2001 (plataforma EOS/TERRA), bandas 1, 2 e 3N com resolução espacial de 15 m, fotografias aéreas em escala 1:40.000 do ano de 1991 e a base de informações por setor censitário do Censo Demográfico 2000 (IBGE) dos municípios integrantes da bacia. A metodologia mostrou-se adequada como instrumento de análise ambiental de bacias hidrográficas localizadas em áreas urbanas, sobretudo quando da inexistência de uma base de dados mais elaborada. Nesse aspecto o trabalho também permitiu demonstrar o potencial de utilização das técnicas de geoprocessamento como elemento de apoio na construção de indicadores de sustentabilidade ambiental. Os resultados foram apurados por sub-bacia originando um mapa final de setorização em função dos níveis de sustentabilidade, classificados como alta, média e baixa sustentabilidade. Esse mapa indicou cinco áreas, considerando a distribuição espacial dos níveis de sustentabilidade apurados em cada sub-bacia, constituindo-se assim num primeiro indicador das suas condições ambientais. Os resultados demonstram que as áreas mais sujeitas a pressão urbana, são aquelas que apresentaram os menores níveis de sustentabilidade, como no caso das sub-bacias 7 (IS = 0,531), 9 (IS = 0,67) e 10 (IS = 0,665) contudo também apontam baixos níveis de sustentabilidade para aquelas áreas localizadas junto as nascentes da bacia, em função de uma maior fragilidade potencial, como no caso da bacia 1 (IS = 0,612). Recomendando-se dessa forma restrições quanto ao seu uso e ocupação, bem como a adoção de políticas ambientais e de ordenamento territorial voltadas a sua preservação. / This study proposes a methodology come back for the generation from an index of applicable environmental sustainability to hydrographic basins situated in urban areas considering relative factors to the social, economic and physical aspects of the basin. The proposed index was implemented in the basin of the Sapucaia river located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, embracing part of cities of Cachoeirinha, Canoas, Esteio, Gravataí, Novo Hamburgo and Sapucaia do Sul, understanding an area of approximately 131 km2, being the same subjects to an intense urbanization process and submitted to a strong human-induced pressures. The proposed index is constituted of three dimensions: FDH (Factor of Human Development), FUS (Factor of Use of the Soil) and FFP (Factor of Potential Fragility). FDH has for objective to represent aspects of the quality of life of the population expressed by the items education, longevity, income and sanitation. FUS evaluates the use of the predominant soil in the sub-basin with base in the classification of the image. FFP evaluates the physical aspects of the basin taking for base the configuration of the hydrography and the elevation data of the area. In this study employed were the 1:50.000 charts, from Braziliam Systematic Cartography, MI 2970/4 (São Leopoldo) and MI 2971/3 (Gravataí) pages, an ASTER image (EOS/TERRA platform) of the year of 2001, used bands 1, 2 and 3N with space resolution of 15 m, aerial pictures in scale 1:40.000 of the year of 1991 and the 2000 Demographic Census (IBGE) of the integral municipal districts of the basin. The methodology was shown appropriate as instrument of environmental analysis of hydrographic basins situated in urban areas, above all when of the inexistence of an elaborated base of data. In that aspect the study also allowed to demonstrate the potential of use of the geoprocessing techniques as support element in the construction of indicators of environmental sustainability. The results were select for sub-basin originating a final map of sectors according to level of sustainability, classified as high, medium and low sustainability. This map indicated five areas, considering the spatial distribution of the levels of sustainability in each sub-basin, thereby a first indicator of its environmental conditions. The results show that the areas most subject to pressure urban, are those that have the smallest levels of sustainability, in the case of sub-basins 7 (IS = 0.531), 9 (IS = 0.67) and 10 (IS = 0.665), however also show low levels of sustainability for those areas located nears the sources of the basin, according to a greater potential fragility, as in the case of sub-basin 1 (IS = 0.612). Recommending so restrictions on their use and occupation, and the adoption of environmental policies and territory planning toward its preservation.

Tidiga skeden är avgörande för huruvida ett byggprojekt blir framgångsrikt eller inte. Brister i kommunikation och samverkan har flaggats som några av de problem som förekommer inom branschen och forskningen slår fast att förhållningsregler för dessa två faktorer bör fastställas i ett tidigt skede. Trots att tidiga skeden har stor inverkan på byggprocessen är denna i mindre omfattning utforskad än senare skeden. Denna forskningslucka motiverar att undersöka även detidiga skedena. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka projektledares upplevelser av startskedet i byggprojekt och specifikt avseende kommunikation och samarbete och även fastställa vilka metoder för möten och riskanalyser i tidigt skede som kan leda till ökad måluppfyllnad. Vidare har användametoder för samarbete och kommunikationer observerats och analyserats. Studien genomfördes på en mindre projektledningsfirma i Mellansverige där fem projektledare intervjuades enligt semistruktureradmodell. Resultatet visar att den befintliga forskning och litteratur om tidiga skeden som finns stämmer överens med den bild som speglas av intervjuerna. Projektledarna anser att brist på tid i tidiga skeden är en vanlig orsak till fel tillsammans med frånvaron av mål alternativt otydligt formulerade mål. Användandet av en kommunikatör eller facilitator ansågs kunna ha positiv inverkan på projekt men används i dagsläget sparsamt och lokalisering av intressenter i byggprojektses som en stor utmaning i stora organisationer. Vidare upplevs det föreligga frustration över svårigheten att ordentligt fastställa behovet och lokalisera alla som kan tänkas påverkas av intressenter i byggprojektet. Studien har gett en fördjupad bild av några projektledares syn på tidiga skeden. Slutsatsen av studien visar på vikten av att arbeta mer omfattande med de tidiga skeden, i synnerhet med mål, för att byggprojektet skall bli mer framgångsrikt och effektivt samt och även minimera felaktigheter. Kommunikation och samarbete spelar en viktig roll i detta arbete och i förlängningen på slutprodukten.

The purpose of this study was to develop an operation method to manage the energy model at Nya Karolinska Solna and apply it to a fully operational floor in the facility. Deficiencies and improvement potential was then analysed for future management of the model. Manual measurements were performed on the examined floor regarding heating, cooling and facility electricity and were then compared to the corresponding parameters calculated by the model. The model was calibrated with actual airflows, time schedules and internal gains to get a representative comparison with the measured energy use. The results show that the developed mode of operation works well for the examined floor but has some improvement areas for when it should be applied to the the entire facility as a lot of processes connected to updating the model are time consuming. Improvement potential was found concerning the acquisition of data and calibration of the model. The proposed mode of operation could be improved by firstly concluding the actual usage of the occupants to adjust air flows, time schedules and internal gains and secondly, by implementing a system of reporting future deviations from normal operational patterns. The total actual energy use compares well to the energy use calculated by the model. However, if comparing the parameters individually, deviation is evident. It was also found that values in the model for internal gains are overestimated during days and underestimated during nights and weekends resulting in a deviation of the compared parameters of the examined floor.