In 2014, the One Environmental System for mining came into effect. This legislative framework was introduced to streamline the environmental regulation of mining activities by consolidating such regulation in the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA). The most significant aspect of the regulatory framework, for purposes of this research, is the allocation of powers to the authorities responsible for implementing the One Environmental System. The authorities tasked with implementing the One Environmental System are the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE), the Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF) and the Department of Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation (DHWS). In the distribution of power, the DMRE is tasked with enforcing the regulatory framework in the minerals extraction industry. The DEFF sets the regulatory framework and is the appeal authority for decisions taken by the DMRE. Finally, the DHWS is responsible for regulating and enforcing the National Water Act. Although introducing the One Environmental System has improved the regulation of the environment in relation to mining, its regulation - and, more so, enforcement - has received more criticism than praise. Intragovernmental fragmentation has been cited as a cause of ineffective implementation of the regulatory framework. A lack of cooperation between the departments hampers the objective of streamlining the environmental regulation of mining. Therefore, it is imperative that the authorised departments cooperate with each other to achieve the effective implementation of the One Environmental System for mining. The aim of this dissertation is to suggest ways to foster cooperation between the DMRE, DEFF and DHWS to achieve the effective implementation of the One Environmental System. This goal is achieved by providing an analysis of the implementation efforts of the three departments. Since the analysis shows that intragovernmental fragmentation has hampered the effective implementation of the regulatory framework, this research provides recommendations to improve the implementation of the One Environmental System.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T14:33:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_MEIRE_2017.pdf: 5210370 bytes, checksum: ada4f97f30caf36533e85162ed255249 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T14:33:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_MEIRE_2017.pdf: 5210370 bytes, checksum: ada4f97f30caf36533e85162ed255249 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / To analyze the interrelations between families-based farmers, work praxis, use and conservation of water and land in the New Amazonia Settlement Project from 2000 to 2017, in the Boa Vista-Roraima agrarian area was the general objective of this thesis. Purpose traced from observation of social, economic and environmental dynamics. Transformative movements in the landscape units of the Lavrado environmental system. Edgar Morin's systemic complexity dialectic approach, combined with the Robert Yin case study, integrated the methodological and epistemological strategy of the research, elements chosen because they allowed to understand and explain the whole and the parts, order and disorder, the objective and the subjective. The environmental perception and the categories of analyzes were constituted in the instruments of data apprehension in the real world. Therefore, Place, program, strategy and immaterial work, made possible to understand, describe and reflect on the processes and the birth of autopoietic organizations in the Settlement. The quantitative and qualitative analyzes reflected the results found. In this trail it was possible to unveil the generative movement of the identity characteristics of the families-based farmers, the identity of the interactions and relationships expressed in environmental history. In the settlement, the site is the place of residence and the farm is the place of work, endowed with topophilic feelings. The multifunctionality of the family agriculture unit, as well as the pluriactivity of labor were evidences captured in the family productive unit, where the family is the centrality, inducing the productive and reproductive processes of social and biological life. Emergencies that originated the social, political and economic organizations, constitutive of a particular culture, reconstructed generationally around a common goal, the struggle for the land in the corners of the northern Amazon. It was found that conservation and degradation walk side by side, in morinian's complementarity, revealing contradictions and recursion, aspects that promote sustainability reflected in uncertainty, diversity, equity and adaptability. / Analisar as interrelações entre os agricultores familiares, práxis de trabalho, uso e conservação das águas e da terra no Projeto de Assentamento Nova Amazônia no período de 2000 a 2017, espaço agrário de Boa Vista-Roraima constituiu-se no objetivo geral da presente tese. Propósito traçado a partir da observação das dinâmicas sociais, econômica e ambientais. Movimentos geradores de transformação nas unidades de paisagens do sistema ambiental do Lavrado. A abordagem da dialética da complexidade sistêmica de Edgar Moran, combinada com o estudo de caso de Robert Yin integraram a estratégia metodológica e epistemológica da pesquisa, elementos escolhidos porque permitiram compreender e explicar o todo e as partes, a ordem e a desordem, o objetivo e o subjetivo. A percepção ambiental e as categorias de análises constituíram-se nos instrumentos de apreensão dos dados no mundo real. Assim, Lugar, programa, estratégia e trabalho imaterial, possibilitaram compreender, descrever e refletir acerca dos processos e o nascimento das organizações autopoiéticas no Assentamento. As análises quantitativas e qualitativas refletiram os resultados encontrados. Nessa trilha foi possível desvelar o movimento gerador das características identitárias dos agricultores familiares, identidade gestada das interações e relações, expressa na história ambiental. No assentamento, o sítio é o lugar de morada e a roça o lugar de trabalho, dotados de sentimentos topofílicos. A multifuncionalidade da unidade de agricultura familiar, bem como a pluriatividade do trabalho foram evidências captadas, onde a família é a centralidade, indutora dos processos produtivos e reprodutivos da vida social e biológica. Emergências que originaram as organizações sociais, políticas e econômicas, constitutivas de uma cultura em particular, reconstruída geracionalmente em torno de um objetivo comum, a luta pela terra nos rincões da Amazônia setentrional. Constatou-se que conservação e degradação caminham lado a lado, na complementaridade moriniana, desvelando contradições e recursividade, aspectos promotores da sustentabilidade refletidos na incerteza, diversidade, equidade e adaptabilidade.

This paper presents the parameters that should guide an environmental management system for a car dealership in Santa Maria, RS. taking as a basis the technical recommendations contained in ISO 14001. To this end, carried a diagnosis in the workshops of the company, at which time it was possible to observe, record, analyze and propose the guidelines compared to the management system of the undertaking, taking into account their specificities. The work has taken as a strategy to identify the waste management practices recommended in the technical literature, proper waste management in workshops, and the diagnosis of environmental auditing, verifying the conditions of waste management, wastewater and other related aspects potentially polluting activities; the diagnosis of environmental auditing, verifying the conditions of waste management, wastewater and other aspects related to the potentially polluting activities, and a comparative analysis of the environmental management practices outlined in ISO 14001, and the critical aspects of risk of pollution found in the workshops of the company studied. The research presented is applied to the type of qualitative approach, and the introduction is presented in five chapters, which include the review of theoretical concepts on the subject, the company characteristics and environmental conditions of their interaction, and an analysis on the issues essential to the organization's environmental management. From the study it can be inferred that the company has, in many respects, good management of the processes that can impact the environment, however, need to formalize an environmental management system in order to excellence necessary procedures for sustainability legal compliance and competitiveness. / Este trabalho apresenta os parâmetros que devem nortear um sistema de gestão ambiental para uma concessionária de veículos do município de Santa Maria, RS, tomando por base as recomendações técnicas constantes na ISO 14001. Para tanto, realizou-se um diagnóstico nas oficinas da empresa, ocasião em que foi possível observar, registrar, analisar comparativamente e propor as diretrizes para o sistema de gestão próprio da empresa, levando em conta suas especificidades. A realização do trabalho tomou como estratégia a identificação das práticas de gestão de resíduos preconizadas na literatura técnica, adequadas à gestão de resíduos em oficinas mecânicas; o diagnóstico de auditoria ambiental, verificando-se as condições de gestão de resíduos, efluentes e outros aspectos referentes às atividades potencialmente poluidoras; e uma análise comparativa entre as práticas de gestão ambiental preconizadas na ISO 14001, e os aspectos críticos de risco de poluição, encontrados nas oficinas da empresa estudada. A pesquisa apresentada é do tipo aplicada, de abordagem qualitativa e, além da introdução é apresentada em cinco capítulos, que incluem a revisão dos conceitos teóricos sobre o tema, as características da empresa e suas condições de interação ambiental, e uma análise sobre os aspectos essenciais à gestão ambiental da organização. A partir do estudo, é possível inferir que a empresa apresenta, em muitos aspectos, boas condições de gestão dos processos que podem impactar o ambiente; entretanto, precisa formalizar um sistema de gestão ambiental, tendo em vista a excelência necessária aos processos de sustentabilidade, atendimento à legislação e competitividade.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-07-19T00:20:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_MILVIA.pdf: 24309575 bytes, checksum: ea488eca029da38ea2ef27def0f40641 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T00:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_MILVIA.pdf: 24309575 bytes, checksum: ea488eca029da38ea2ef27def0f40641 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-01 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The environmental dimension into the planning is critical to managing and planning territories. The materialization of the natural heritage, of shapes, anthropogenic uses, occupations and equilibrium states or instability, manifested in the landscape. The interaction nature and society fosters an understanding of the environmental system, given the interdependence of the landscape of the constituent components (physical, biological and human), translate patterns that demonstrate levels of aggradation and / or degradation resulting from human interventions. The vulnerability processes, point degree of exposure and extent of the environmental system in relation to factors interfering elements and processes homeostasis and their resilience, against external impacts and negative imbalances in the natural cycle, which according to ecodynamics (TRICART, 1977), show the picture of stability / instability of biotic components, abiotic and man-made, integrated into the landscape through matter and energy exchanges. In this sense, it analyzed in the survey, environmental vulnerability of the Sisal Territory (Bahia), constituted by the State Law No. 10,705 / 2007, from a systemic perspective of environmental approach. The unit-bounds in 20 municipalities - Araci, Baroque, Biritinga, Candeal, Cansan??o, Concei??o do Coit?, Ichu, Iti?ba, Lamar?o, Monte Santo, Northeast, Burning, Quijingue, Retirol?ndia, Santaluz, Santo Domingo, Serrinha Toucan Teofil?ndia and Valente, which are inserted into the semi-arid, with the occurrence of caatingas, Savannas, pediplanos, trays and representativeness of the River Basin Itapicuru. By using geoprocessing techniques, the organization of georeferenced spatial database with natural and socioeconomic variables, the use of mapping and coverage of land, the field survey and models integrated by fuzzy logic, it became clear that the East Territory Sisal has the largest environmental vulnerability levels, caused by intercropping between lithological composition, soil structure, slope and shape of the terrain, deforestation of biomes and especially agricultural activities of subsistence and extensive cattle, which are constitute a driving force to the degradation of the natural heritage site. / A dimens?o ambiental dentro do planejamento ? fundamental para a gest?o e ordenamento de territ?rios. A materializa??o do patrim?nio natural, das formas, dos usos antr?picos, das ocupa??es e dos estados de equil?brio ou instabilidade, manifesta-se na paisagem. A intera??o natureza-sociedade favorece a compreens?o do sistema ambiental, haja vista que a interdepend?ncia dos componentes constituintes da paisagem (f?sicos, biol?gicos e humanos), traduz padr?es, que demonstram n?veis de agrada??o e/ou degrada??o decorrentes das interven??es antr?picas. Os processos de vulnerabilidade apontam graus de exposi??o e extens?o do sistema ambiental em rela??o aos fatores, elementos e processos de interfer?ncia em sua homeostase e em sua capacidade de resili?ncia, frente a impactos negativos externos e desequil?brios nos ciclos naturais que, de acordo com a ecodin?mica (TRICART, 1977), indicam o quadro de estabilidade/instabilidade dos componentes bi?ticos, abi?ticos e antr?picos integrados na paisagem atrav?s de trocas de mat?ria e energia. Neste sentido, analisou-se na pesquisa, a vulnerabilidade ambiental do Territ?rio do Sisal (Bahia), constitu?do pela Lei Estadual n? 10.705/2007, a partir de uma perspectiva sist?mica de abordagem ambiental. A unidade delimita-se em 20 munic?pios ? Araci, Barrocas, Biritinga, Candeal, Cansan??o, Concei??o do Coit?, Ichu, Iti?ba, Lamar?o, Monte Santo, Nordestina, Queimadas, Quijingue, Retirol?ndia, Santaluz, S?o Domingos, Serrinha, Tucano, Teofil?ndia e Valente, os quais se encontram inseridos no semi?rido, com a ocorr?ncia de caatingas, cerrados, pediplanos, tabuleiros e representatividade da Bacia Hidrogr?fica do Rio Itapicuru. Atrav?s das t?cnicas de geoprocessamento, a organiza??o de banco de dados espaciais georreferenciados, com vari?veis naturais e socioecon?micas, o mapeamento de uso e cobertura das terras, o levantamento de campo e os modelos integrados pela l?gica fuzzy, evidenciou-se que o leste do Territ?rio do Sisal possui os maiores n?veis de vulnerabilidade ambiental, causadas pela consorcia??o entre a composi??o litol?gica, a estrutura dos solos, a declividade e forma do terreno, o desmatamento dos biomas e, principalmente, as atividades agr?colas de subsist?ncia e pecu?ria extensiva, as quais se configuram como for?a motriz ? degrada??o do patrim?nio natural local.

This master thesis has been conducted for Hanza Holding AB which is a global company with production facilities grouped into local clusters in proximity to its clients. The company has experienced an increased demand from companies seeking to relocate their production back to their home countries to be closer to their end markets. Hanza’s experience of reversed offshoring, referred as backshoring in the literature, triggered the present investigation.  Offshoring is a widespread business practice among companies in developed countries that have moved production to countries with weaker environmental and social regulations to reduce operational cost. However, it has been achieved at a high environmental, social and operational cost. Backshoring is an emergent trend that has mainly been driven for improving companies’ operational performance. Despite the negative social and environmental consequences that offshoring has had at host countries, neither environmental or social aspects have been considered as the most important drivers when taking backshoring decisions.  In Sweden, companies have been active in offshoring and backshoring. China has been one of the top 3 host regions where manufacturing was moved to and from. Sweden is one of the European countries where manufacturing, especially within the automotive industry, is still of importance for the country’s economy. The country is also considered a forerunner with ambitious environmental policies. These facts made it interesting to investigate if improved sustainability in the supply chain of Swedish offshoring companies could be a backshoring driver if all pillars of sustainability are considered in the decision-making process. Consequently, the present investigation aimed to explore if Sweden provides the conditions to improve the supply chain sustainability of companies in the Swedish automotive industry if offshored manufacturing of steel parts is brought back from China to Sweden. Furthermore, based on the results of the present investigation, the second aim was to provide Hanza with recommendations for how the company could contribute to improved supply chain sustainability.  To achieve the purpose of the study, the Environmental Decision Making framework proposed by Sexton et al. (1999) was applied. The two options to be considered were analyzed by performing a partial life cycle assessment and by applying an own developed method to assess the decision criteria. Later on, the results were analyzed to recommend Hanza measures to improve supply chain sustainability.  The results showed that Sweden has all conditions needed to improve the supply chain sustainability if manufacturing was backshored from China to Sweden. Environmental sustainability could be the most important driver followed by social and economic sustainability. Furthermore, Hanza’s manufacturing cluster strategy could be concluded to improve environmental sustainability in the supply chain by reducing emissions from transport. However, the company could implement several measures to take its contribution to a higher level. / Detta examensarbete har genomförts för Hanza Holding AB som är ett globalt företag med produktionsanläggningar grupperade i lokala kluster i närheten av sina kunder. Företaget har upplevt en ökad efterfrågan från företag som vill flytta tillbaka sin produktion till sina hemländer för att komma närmare sina slutmarknader. Hanzas erfarenhet av omvänd offshoring, även kallad backshoring i litteraturen, var utgångspunkten för detta arbete. Offshoring är en utbredd affärspraxis bland företag i utvecklade länder som harflyttat produktionen till länder med svagare miljömässig och sociallagstiftning för att minska sina kostnader. Detta har dock uppnåtts till en hög miljömässig, social och operativ kostnad. Backshoring är en framväxande trend som främst har drivits på för att förbättra företags operationella prestation. Trots de negativa sociala och miljömässiga konsekvenser som offshoring har haft i värdländerna,har varken miljö eller sociala aspekter ansetts vara de viktigaste drivkrafterna vid beslut om backshoring. I Sverige har företag varit verksamma både inom offshoring och backshoring. Kina har varit en av de tre främsta regionerna där tillverkningen har flyttats till och från. Sverige är ett av de europeiska länder där tillverkning,särskilt inom fordonsindustrin, fortfarande anses vara av betydelse för landets ekonomi. Landet anses också vara en föregångare med ambitiös miljöpolitik. Dessa fakta gjorde det intressant att undersöka om förbättrad hållbarhet i leverantörskedjan skulle kunna vara en drivkraft för företag om alla tre hållbarhets pelare beaktas i beslutsprocessen. Av denna anledning var målet med denna studie att undersöka om det finns förutsättningar i Sverige för att förbättra hållbarheten i leveranskedjan hos företag inom den svenska fordonsindustrin om tillverkning av stål artiklar flyttades från Kina till Sverige. Det andra syftet var att ge Hanza rekommendationer för hur företaget skulle kunna bidra till en förbättrad hållbarhet i leverantörskedjan. Huvudmetoden för att uppnå syftet med studien var ett tillvägagångssätt för att ta miljöbeslut framtaget av Sexton et al. (1999). De två alternativ som skulle övervägas analyserades genom att utföra en partiell livscykelanalys och genom att tillämpa en egenutvecklad metod för att bedöma beslutskriterierna. Senare analyserades resultaten för att ge Hanza rekommendationer för att förbättra hållbarheten i försörjningskedjans. Resultaten visade att Sverige har alla förutsättningar som behövs för att förbättra hållbarheten i leveranskedjan om tillverkningen flyttas tillbaka till Sverige från Kina. Miljömässig hållbarhet kan vara den viktigaste drivkraften följt av social och ekonomisk hållbarhet. Därutöver, drogs slutsatsen att Hanzas lokala klusterstrategi skulle kunna förbättra miljömässig hållbarhet i leveranskedjan genom att minska utsläppen från transporter. Företaget skulle dock kunna genomföra flera åtgärder för att ta sitt bidrag till en högre nivå.

Consequências decorrentes da influência antrópica no aquecimento global têm apontado para a real necessidade de utilização de alternativas energéticas renováveis e, dentre estas, dos agrocombustíveis. Nesse contexto, a crescente e significativa demanda interna e externa por etanol de cana-de-açúcar implicam em diversas transformações espaciais em nível nacional, estadual e municipal, movimentando a economia e indicando impactos socioambientais relacionados aos aspectos produtivos, sobretudo ligados à monocultura canavieira. Com o processo de descentralização da gestão ambiental no Brasil, concebido a partir da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, os municípios se vêem pressionados a atuar em seus territórios, mas para que isso aconteça de maneira efetiva, além da necessidade de articulação dos órgãos ambientais entre as distintas esferas do Poder Público, cada município precisa instituir seu Sistema Municipal de Meio Ambiente, SISMUMA. Assim, o objetivo maior da presente pesquisa é verificar a atuação do SISMUMA frente à crescente produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, consistindo, além da revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática, em estudo de casos nos municípios de Brotas e Araraquara. / The effects of human activities on global warming have highlighted to need to use alternative energy sources, among these, the biofuels. In this context, the large and growing domestic and international demand for sugarcane ethanol implies several spatial transformations at the national, state and municipal levels, boosting the economy and causing socio and environmental impacts related to productive activities, especially sugarcane monoculture. With the decentralization of environmental management in Brazil, as conceived of by the Environmental National Politic, municipalities have been under pressure to act in their domains. However, for efficient implementation, each municipality must establish its Municipal Environmental System, the so called SISMUMA, and there is thefor environmental agencies and the various Government agents to coordinate their efforts. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to verify SISMUMA\'s capability to act in the face of the growing production of sugarcane ethanol in São Paulo. The study involved review of the literature on the subject and case studies in the municipalities of Brotas and Araraquara.

The objective of this paper is to show the Strategic Environmental System (SAE) as a tool to strategic planning, and a model to territorial competitivity applied in practice with long run objectives to integrate the environmental aspects in the development planning processes, increasing the knowledge level about the environmental context and the interrelations with other dimensions of sustainable development. / Esta ponencia tiene como objetivo presentar el Sistema Ambiental Estratégico (SAE) comouna herramienta para la planificación estratégica y modelo para la competitividad territorial, aplicado a la práctica con objetivos a largo plazo de integrar los aspectos ambientales en los procesos de planificación de desarrollo, aumentando el nivel de conocimiento sobre el contexto ambiental y las interrelaciones con las otras dimensiones de desarrollo sostenible.

Consequências decorrentes da influência antrópica no aquecimento global têm apontado para a real necessidade de utilização de alternativas energéticas renováveis e, dentre estas, dos agrocombustíveis. Nesse contexto, a crescente e significativa demanda interna e externa por etanol de cana-de-açúcar implicam em diversas transformações espaciais em nível nacional, estadual e municipal, movimentando a economia e indicando impactos socioambientais relacionados aos aspectos produtivos, sobretudo ligados à monocultura canavieira. Com o processo de descentralização da gestão ambiental no Brasil, concebido a partir da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, os municípios se vêem pressionados a atuar em seus territórios, mas para que isso aconteça de maneira efetiva, além da necessidade de articulação dos órgãos ambientais entre as distintas esferas do Poder Público, cada município precisa instituir seu Sistema Municipal de Meio Ambiente, SISMUMA. Assim, o objetivo maior da presente pesquisa é verificar a atuação do SISMUMA frente à crescente produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, consistindo, além da revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática, em estudo de casos nos municípios de Brotas e Araraquara. / The effects of human activities on global warming have highlighted to need to use alternative energy sources, among these, the biofuels. In this context, the large and growing domestic and international demand for sugarcane ethanol implies several spatial transformations at the national, state and municipal levels, boosting the economy and causing socio and environmental impacts related to productive activities, especially sugarcane monoculture. With the decentralization of environmental management in Brazil, as conceived of by the Environmental National Politic, municipalities have been under pressure to act in their domains. However, for efficient implementation, each municipality must establish its Municipal Environmental System, the so called SISMUMA, and there is thefor environmental agencies and the various Government agents to coordinate their efforts. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to verify SISMUMA\'s capability to act in the face of the growing production of sugarcane ethanol in São Paulo. The study involved review of the literature on the subject and case studies in the municipalities of Brotas and Araraquara.

The green supply chain concept occurs to mitigate environmental degradations and controlair, water and waste pollution through the adoption of green practices in manufacturing andbusiness operations. The essential ideology behind green concept is to enhance environmental sustainability. This can be through some reviews which can be done on some previous studies, articles or /and papers which includes within its concept caring about the environmental issues. Since the environmental issues are increasing concerning the green supply chain a researchabout the actual supply chain performance and its greening in an integrated environmental management system (EMS) is required to be done. This will be shown in this research. As well as the SC is shown to be driven to ISO 14001 to meet the requirements of life cycle incombination with design and development. A modified model of EMS is suggested aftergreening the SC. It is of great importance to green the SC to come till the objective of this thesis. That is tosatisfy the customer by greening the SC and to modify an EMS which includes practisinggreening the supply chain (SC), certain themes should be studied. Firstly, description of someconcepts related to the topic of this research will be forwarded. The definitions of the SC, SCM and how together they integrate in environmental thinking will be clarified in the first hand.This will simplify the comprehensive of greening SC/SCM in an EMS. The green supply chain(GSC) can reduce the environmental pollution and production costs and it can also balance theeconomic process, create competitive advantage in terms of greater customer satisfaction, positive image and reputation. In this research the SC is also to be driven to ISO 14001, the standardization regarding theenvironmental issues and its impact management. It is valuable also to mention and not to forgetthat, as general nowadays, the increase in industry greenhouse emission are considered as aserious matter that may raise the taxes regarding the emission of more carbon dioxide, whichin turn affects the environmental impacts measure. Sweden depends on the natural resourcesand is the leading producer of ores and metals such as zinc, copper andlead. People also depend on the lakes for water so there must be certain means for a continuousimprovement, a decreasing and not an increasing in the environmental impacts which may leadto pollution and contamination. This comes to reality when an environmentally friendly inputsare utilized and transformed into outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of theirlife cycle thus creating a sustainable supply chain, considering the manufacturing process from product design development, material selection, delivery to the end the life cycle managementafter the product’s useful life. Through the review of 33 papers/studies, four of these reviews are explained and will be justified here in this research. It will be shown clearly and actually that the questions of thisresearch will get an answer and the objective will be met. In another words this research focuseson the green SC with respect to product life cycle and the design development which will beshown to be a key to customer’s satisfaction. SC performance measure; i.e. quality, delivery,cost and flexibility play an essential role on that. This will be shown when an EMS is structured keeping the basis of ISO 14001 (can be the latest version: 2015). The methodology followed is the collection of data from the papers and studies, analysis oftheir results, observations of their conclusions and the comparison of the similarity and contrast of their contributions. Extra conclusion to the conclusions of the papers can be added if found. Some recommendation is given for future studies so as a continuous gain obtained while developing the studies.

Sverige har som mål att bli helt fossilfri till år 2045. Energymyndigheten har därför tagit fram ett förslag till Vätgasstrategi för att ställa om vätgasproduktionen till att vara helt fossilfri till 2045. Idag används ca 180 000 ton vätgas, vilket motsvarar ett energiinnehåll på ca 6 TWh. Termo-kemisk omvandling av fossila bränslen står för 67% av Sveriges vätgasproduktion, medan 30% är biprodukter från industriella processer och 3% produceras med elektrolysörer. Att ersätta all fossil vätgas med elektrolysör-baserad vätgas innebär en elförbrukning motsvarande 60-126 TWh/år, vilket är en ökning på 40-80% jämfört med de 159 TWh el producerade i Sverige 2020. Energimyndigheten bedömer att vätgas har en viktig roll i att lyckas göra Sverige fossilfritt, delvis genom att den ska kunna fungera som energibärare eller energilagring för att jämna ut variationer i produktion hos förnybara energikällor. Av den anledningen kommer antagligen behovet av vätgas öka, och därmed även energibehovet för att producera vätgas öka ännu mer än 60-126 TWh/år om den fossila vätgasen ska bli ersatt med endast elektrolysör-baserad vätgas. Med tanke på begränsningar i expansion av förnybar elproduktion, kommer behovet av vätgas antagligen inte kunna täckas av endast elektrolysör-baserad vätgas. Därför bör möjligheterna för att även satsa på bio-vätgas, där vätgas produceras av antingen bakterier eller genom refinery av biobaserade råvaror, undersökas. Detta examensarbete ska undersöka möjligheter för vätgasproduktion i Sverige och jämföra olika produktionteknikers förutsättningar. En hypotes är att en hållbar strategi är att kombinera elektrolysör-baserad vätgas med bio-vätgas för att få en diversifierad produktion. Att ha olika produktionsmetoder som komplementerar varandra ger en mer stabil och säker produktion, eftersom de kommer påverkas olika av förändringar i produktionsförutsättningar i samhället. Detta arbete söker svara på följande frågor: Vilka tekniker finns tillgängliga för industriell/kommersiell produktion, var borde R&D riktas för de tekniker som inte är redo för kommersiell produktion, vilket Carbon Footprint (CF) har de olika teknikerna, en uppskattad produktionskostnad för de olika teknikerna, och vilken tillgänglighet för de olika råvarorna finns i Sverige? / Sweden has a goal to be completely fossil-free by 2045. Accordingly, the government has published a suggested Hydrogen Strategy to have made all hydrogen production in Sweden fossil-free by 2045. The Swedish hydrogen use is 180,000 ton, equaling an energy content of 6 TWh/year. Thermo-chemical conversion of fossil fuels accounts for 67% of Swedens hydrogen production, while 30% is byproducts from industry and 3% is electrolysis production. To replace all fossil hydrogen with electrolysis production, would give an increase of electrical demand with 60-126 TWh/year, or 40-80% increase compared to the 159 TWh electricity produced during 2020 in Sweden. Furtherly, the Ministry of Energy deem hydrogen to be key in the general transformation of Sweden to become fossil-free, with one reason being that hydrogen can be used as energy carrier to even out the variations in electricity production that renewable energy has. The need of hydrogen will therefore most likely increase until 2045, thus the electric energy demand for hydrogen production will increase as well, if it would be replaced solely with production using electrolysis. Given the constraints to the capacity of electricity production from renewable sources alone in Sweden, the electricity demand for hydrogen cannot be met by the electricity production. Thus, the possible role of biohydrogen, where hydrogen is produced using biorefinery or microbial production, should be investigated. This master thesis project will investigate the feasibility of hydrogen production in Sweden and compare different options for hydrogen production. A hypothesis of the project is that the most sustainable strategy for hydrogen production in Sweden will be with a diversified portfolio of production designs. Both biohydrogen and electrolysis hydrogen from renewable energy will complement each other in the future. By doing so, the energy sector will be more sustainable and stable since the techniques do not react alike to change in production conditions. The report aims to answer: What techniques are available for industrial production, where should R&D be directed for techniques not ready for industry, what is the estimated carbon footprint (CF) of the industrially available techniques, what is the estimated production cost for each technique, what availability is there in Sweden for the feedstock needed for each technique?