Introduction: Isolated redo‐mitral valve replacement (iMVR) is underreported and often mixed up with endocarditis in the present literature. The present study compares first with redo iMVR in noninfective mitral disease. Patients and Methods: A total of 3821 mitral valve procedures were analyzed. The study was restricted to isolated and noninfective mitral valve replacements done by sternotomy. Finally, 402 patients are included, consisting of 102 redo‐ and 300 first surgeries. The mean patient's age was 65.9 ± 10.4 years; the mean EuroSCORE II was 3.0 ± 2.2%. Median follow‐up was 221 days, ranging up to 9.9 years with a total of 367 patient‐years. Results: Redo's had higher EuroSCORE II (5.1 ± 2.9% vs. 2.3 ± 1.4%; p < .01), more atrial fibrillation (31.1% vs. 46.1%; p = .01), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7.3% vs. 17.6%; p = .05), coronary artery disease (7.3% vs. 17.6%; p = .03) and more frequently reduced ejection fraction < 30% (3.0% vs. 11.8%; p = .02). Main outcomes showed comparable 30‐days mortality (first: 4.1%, redo: 6.9%; p = .813). Postoperative morbidity of the redo's was associated with increased postoperative bleeding (p < .01) resulting in increased transfusions of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma (each p < .01), more re‐explorations (p < .01) and longer primary intensive care unit stay (p < .01). Postoperative occurrence of stroke, respiratory or renal failure, and myocardial infarction as well as hospital stay differed not significantly. Estimated 5‐years survival was 65.5 ± 12.3% for all patients with no significant differences between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression respiratory failure as relevant for hospital (odds ratio [OR]: 12.3 [1.1–158]; p = .029) and stroke (OR: 4.8 [1.1–12.3]; p = .021) as relevant for long‐term mortality. Conclusion: iMVR for noninfective reasons is infrequent and rare. Compared to primary surgery, redo's suffer mainly from bleeding‐associated morbidity. This does not translate into prolonged hospital stay or inferior immediate or long‐term outcomes. Redo mitral valve replacement can be performed at no significantly increased surgical risk compared with first surgery and the results are particularly not limited by the surgery itself.

Die vorliegende retrospektive Analyse zeigt große Unterschiede zwischen frühem (≤ 36 Monate) und spätem (>36 Monate) Knieendoprothesenversagen. Die Indikation für einen Prothesenwechsel in der Gruppe der Frühversager besteht am häufigsten aufgrund einer Malrotation / Malposition der Prothesenkomponenten. Ein Versagen unabhängig von der Standzeit ist meist auf aseptische Prothesenlockerungen zurückzuführen.  Mehrfach operierte Patienten erzielen ein schlechteres Revisonsergebnis und müssen im Mittel nach 34 Monaten einem erneuten Eingriff unterzogen werden. Dies spiegelt sich in schlechteren Befragungsresultaten dieser Patientengruppe wider. Als signifikant erweisen sich die Unterschiede in der körperlichen Aktivität (p=0,041) und im Gesamtscore des WOMAC (p=0,030). Auch Frauen und Patienten mit einem höheren BMI bewerten ihre Situation schlechter, hier zeigen sich signifikante Unterschiede in der Gelenksteifigkeit. Ein höheres Patientenalter wirkt sich dagegen positiv auf das Resultat nach Revisionsoperation aus. Insgesamt bewerten 78% der Befragten ihren Revisionsentscheid im Nachhinein als positiv.

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), i.e., the self-perceived feeling of worsening cognitive function, may be the first notable syndrome of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. However, not all individuals with SCD progress. Stability of SCD, i.e., repeated reports of SCD, could contribute to identify individuals at risk, as stable SCD may more likely reflect the continuous neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Methods: Cox regression analyses were used to assess the association between stability of SCD and progression to MCI and dementia in data derived from the population-based Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+). Results: Of 453 cognitively unimpaired individuals with a mean age of 80.5 years (SD = 4.2), 139 (30.7 %) reported SCD at baseline. Over the study period (M = 4.8 years, SD = 2.2), 84 (18.5 %) individuals had stable SCD, 195 (43.1 %) unstable SCD and 174 (38.4 %) never reported SCD. Stable SCD was associated with increased risk of progression to MCI and dementia (unadjusted HR = 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.2–2.6; p < .01), whereas unstable SCD yielded a decreased progression risk (unadjusted HR = 0.5, 95 % CI = 0.4–0.7; p < .001) compared to no SCD. When adjusted for baseline cognitive functioning, progression risk in individuals with stable SCD was significantly increased in comparison to individuals with unstable SCD, but not compared to individuals without SCD. Conclusions: Our results, though preliminary, suggest that stable SCD, i.e., repeated reports of SCD, may yield an increased risk of progression to MCI and dementia compared to unstable SCD. Baseline cognitive scores, though within a normal range, seem to be a driver of progression in stable SCD. Future research is warranted to investigate whether stability could hold as a SCD research feature.

Die subendotheliale myointimale Hyperplasie (MIH) stellt eine der Hauptursachen für die Ausbildung von Stenosen und Verschlüssen im Bereich von Anastomosen dar. Besondere Bedeutung hat die MIH in termino-lateralen Anastomosen. An der Entstehung der MIH sind hämodynamische Faktoren entscheidend beteiligt. Ausgehend von der Annahme, daß eine Veränderung der Anastomosenform die Hämodynamik beeinflussen kann, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine neue Anastomosenform, die femorocrurale Patchprothese (FCPP), entwickelt mit dem Ziel einer Optimierung der Strömungsverhältnisse im Anastomosenbereich. In einem hydrodynamischen Kreislaufmodell wurden elastische, transparente Silikonmodelle von termino-lateralen Anastomosen mit einem blutanalogen Newtonschen Fluid (Glycerol-Wasser-Gemisch) unter Simulation der femorocruralen Druckkurve pulsatil bei Variation der Strömungsbedingungen perfundiert. Die konventionellen und klinisch erprobten Anastomosenformen (termino-laterale Anastomose, Composite Bypass, Linton Patch, Miller Collar, Taylor Patch) wurden in vitro mit der FCPP-Anastomose und zwei Modifikation dieser Anastomosenform verglichen. Die Visualisierung des Strömungsfeldes wurde mit drei verschiedenen Methoden erreicht. Bei der farboptischen Methode wurde die Verteilung und Bewegung von Farbteilchen im Anastomosenbereich nach Injektion in das strömende Fluid mittels Video aufgezeichnet. Für die Ultraschalluntersuchung mittels hochauflösender farbcodierter Dopplersonographie (FKDS) wurde das Fluid mit Sephadex-Partikeln dotiert. Sämtliche Ultraschalluntersuchungen wurden ebenfalls mittels Video aufgezeichnet. Die Dopplerspektren korrespondierender Punkte in den Randzonen der Anastomosen wurden off-line der Fast Fourier Analyse (FFT) unterzogen und diese dreidimensional dargestellt. Die semiquantitative Analyse anhand der farboptischen Methode zeigte eine signifikante Verringerung bis Elimination MIH-assoziierter Strömungsphänomene in der FCPP-Anastomose und deren Modifikationen. Die Ausprägung der einzelnen Strömungsphänomene war abhängig von der Reynolds-Zahl und von dem Verhältnis von proximalem und distalem Stromzeitvolumen. Als Vorteil der FCPP erwies sich die Möglichkeit der Anpassung ihrer Form an die entsprechende Flußsituation durch Modifikation der Gabelform mit annähernd laminarer Strömung im gesamten Anastomosenbereich. Die FKDS bestätigte die Ergebnisse der farboptischen Methode. In der Peak-Systole und am Beginn der Diastole waren Rezirkulationszonen und Zonen niedriger Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in der FCPP am geringsten ausgeprägt oder nicht mehr nachweisbar (modifizierte FCPP). Der Vergleich der 3D-Darstellungen der FFT der Dopplerspektren zeigte niedrige Frequenzen und damit Flußgeschwindigkeiten und partiell eine Strömungsumkehr nahezu konstant in allen Anastomosenformen außer der FCPP und deren Modifikationen. In einer prospektiven Studie zum klinischen Einsatz der FCPP Anastomose wurden im Zeitraum von 6 / 1992 bis 7 / 1998 135 PTFE-Prothesenbypass-Rekonstruktionen mit distaler FCPP Anastomose bei 129 Patienten im klinischen Stadium III und IV der paVK analysiert. Die kumulativen primären und sekundären 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, und 5-Jahres-Offenheitsraten nach Kaplan / Meier betrugen jeweils 63,0%, 44,9%, 35,7%, 33,1% und 27,6% bzw. 74,5%, 55,2%, 44,8%, 43,0% und 37,6%. Die kumulativen 1-, 3-, und 5-Jahres-Wahrscheinlichkeiten für den Erhalt der Extremität betrugen jeweils 86,8%, 79,2% und 77,5%. Eine Optimierung des Strömungsverhaltens innerhalb der Anastomosenregion ist in der FCPP derart möglich, daß der Anteil der für die Pathogenese der MIH ursächlichen Strömungsmuster minimiert wird. Diese Anastomose ist klinisch anwendbar und führt bei ausschließlicher Verwendung von ePTFE als Bypassmaterial im femorodistalen Bereich zu akzeptablen Langzeitergebnissen, die denen bei Anwendung von alternativ möglichen Venenpatchplastiken nicht nur vergleichbar, sondern teilweise überlegen sind. / The subendothelial myointimal hyperplasia (MIH) represents one of the main etiological factors in the formation of stenoses and occlusions of vascular anastomoses. MIH plays a role especially in termino-lateral anastomoses. Hemodynamic factors have a decisive impact on the development of MIH. Assuming that changes in the morphology of the anastomoses influence the hemodynamics, a novel anastomosis form, the femorocrural patch prosthesis (FCPP), was developed with the goal of optimizing the blood flow-dynamics within the anastomotic site. In a hydrodynamic circulation model, various elastic, transparent silicon phantoms of termino-lateral anastomoses were perfused with a Newton fluid blood analog (glycerol-water mixture) while simulating the femorocrural pressure curve in a pulsatile manner under variation of the flow conditions. The conventional and clinically tested anastomosis forms (termino-lateral anastomosis, composite bypass, Linton patch, Millar collar, Taylor patch) were compared with the FCPP-anastomosis and two modifications of the FCPP in vitro. The visualization of the flow velocity field was achieved using three different methods. By means of the color-optic method, the distribution and motion of color elements in the anastomotic area were video-recorded following injection in the flowing liquid. For the ultrasound examination with high resolution, color-coded Doppler sonography, the fluid was marked with Sephadex particles. All ultrasound examinations were also recorded on video. The corresponding doppler spektrum points in the marginal zones of the anastomosis were subjected to the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis off-line and then displayed three-dimensionally. The semiquantitative analysis using the color-optic method showed a significant decrease or elimination of MIH-associated current phenomena in the FCPP-anastomosis and its corresponding modifications. The intensity of singular flow phenomena was dependent upon the Reynolds-number and upon the relation of proximal to distal flow volume over time. The possibility to adapt the FCPP to the flow phenomena by modifying the bifurcated form and thereby achieving almost laminar flow in the complete anastomotic area proved to be advantageous. The color-coded Doppler sonography confirmed the results of the color-optic method. During peak systole and at the beginning of the diastole, recirculation zones and zones with low flow velocity were least intense in the FCPP or not detectable at all (in the modified FCPPs). The comparison between the FFT 3D-reconstructions from the Doppler spektrum showed low frequencies and thus flow velocities and a partial flow reversal almost constantly in all anastomosis forms except the FCPP and its modifications. In a prospective study on the clinical application of the FCPP anastomosis during the period of June 1992 to July 1998, 135 ePTFE prosthetic bypass reconstructions with distal FCPP anastomosis were analyzed in 129 patients suffering from peripheral arterial occlusive disease stages III and IV. The cumulative primary and secondary 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year patency rates calculated with the Kaplan / Meier method were 63.0%, 44.9%, 35.7%, 33.1%, and 27.6%, and 75.5%, 55.2%, 44.8%, 43.0% and 37.6%, respectively. The cumulative 1-, 3-, and 5-year probabilities for limb salvage were 86.8%, 79.2% and 77.5%, respectively. As a result of anastomotic engineering, FCPP optimizes the flow properties within the anastomosis region to such an extent that the pathogenetic role of flow disturbances is minimized. This anastomosis is clinically employable when using ePTFE as bypass material in femoro-distal vascular reconstruction and leads to acceptable long-term results that are not only comparable but sometimes superior to the results obtained when using alternative vein cuff techniques.

No description available.

No description available.

Context Globally, forest landscapes are rapidly transforming, with the role of institutions as mediators in their use and management constantly appearing in the literature. However, global comparative reviews to enhance comprehension of how forest management institutions (FMIs) are conceptualized, and the varying determinants of compliance, are lacking. And so too, is there knowledge fragmentation on the methodological approaches which have and should be prioritized in the new research agenda on FMIs. Objectives We review the regional variations in the conceptualization of FMIs, analyze the determinants of compliance with FMIs, and assess the methodological gaps applied in the study of FMIs. Methods A systematic review of 197 empirically conducted studies (491 cases) on FMIs was performed, including a directed content analysis. Results First, FMIs literature is growing; multi-case and multi-country studies characterize Europe/North America, Africa and Latin America, over Asia. Second, the structure-process conceptualization of FMIs predominates in Asia and Africa. Third, global south regions report high cases of compliance with informal FMIs, while non-compliance was registered for Europe/North America in the formal domain. Finally, mixed-methods approaches have been least employed in the studies so far; while the use of only qualitative methods increased over time, the adoption of only quantitative approaches witnessed a decrease. Conclusion Future research should empirically ground informality in the institutional set-up of Australia while also valorizing mixed-methods research globally. Crucially, future research should consider multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to explore the actor and power dimensions of forest management institutions.

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), i.e., the self-perceived feeling of worsening cognitive function, may be the first notable syndrome of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. However, not all individuals with SCD progress. Stability of SCD, i.e., repeated reports of SCD, could contribute to identify individuals at risk, as stable SCD may more likely reflect the continuous neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Methods: Cox regression analyses were used to assess the association between stability of SCD and progression to MCI and dementia in data derived from the population-based Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+). Results: Of 453 cognitively unimpaired individuals with a mean age of 80.5 years (SD = 4.2), 139 (30.7 %) reported SCD at baseline. Over the study period (M = 4.8 years, SD = 2.2), 84 (18.5 %) individuals had stable SCD, 195 (43.1 %) unstable SCD and 174 (38.4 %) never reported SCD. Stable SCD was associated with increased risk of progression to MCI and dementia (unadjusted HR = 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.2–2.6; p < .01), whereas unstable SCD yielded a decreased progression risk (unadjusted HR = 0.5, 95 % CI = 0.4–0.7; p < .001) compared to no SCD. When adjusted for baseline cognitive functioning, progression risk in individuals with stable SCD was significantly increased in comparison to individuals with unstable SCD, but not compared to individuals without SCD. Conclusions: Our results, though preliminary, suggest that stable SCD, i.e., repeated reports of SCD, may yield an increased risk of progression to MCI and dementia compared to unstable SCD. Baseline cognitive scores, though within a normal range, seem to be a driver of progression in stable SCD. Future research is warranted to investigate whether stability could hold as a SCD research feature.

No description available.

Objectives: The management of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) under everyday clinical conditions has been insufficiently studied. We therefore collected comprehensive observational data on patients with MMN who received intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) immunoglobulins (IGs) as maintenance therapy. Methods: This was a prospective, noninterventional study (registry) in neurological centres (hospitals and offices) throughout Germany. Results: As of 1 December 2015, 80 patients with MMN were included (mean age 55.4 ± 9.8 years, 67% males, mean disease duration 10.7 ± 10.2 years). The affected limb regions were predominantly distal muscle groups of the upper extremities. On the inflammatory neuropathy cause and treatment (INCAT) scale, 94% of the patients had some disability in the arms and 61% in the legs. At inclusion, 98.8% received IVIG and 1.3% SCIG. Substantial variation was observed between IVIG treatment intervals (every 0.7 to 17.3 weeks) and dosage (0.2–2.1 g/kg body weight received during a single administration; mean monthly dosage, 0.9 g/kg body weight). However, the mean monthly dosage was steady over time. At 1-year follow up, improvement was seen in muscle strength, INCAT and quality of life (QoL) scores (SF-36 questionnaire). Conclusions: The management of patients with MMN in everyday clinical practice demonstrates a wide range of absolute dosages and treatment intervals of IG, supporting the recommended practice of determining treatment dose on an individual patient basis. The improvements in muscle strength and reduction in disability, accompanied by increased QoL, strengthen the case for use of IG as a maintenance treatment for MMN.