Das nationale Recht wird mehr und mehr durch EG-Recht beeinflussst. In diesem Zusammenhang ergeben sich bei denjenigen EG-Rechtsakten, die anders als EG-Verordnungen nicht unmittelbar in den Mitgliedstaaten gelten, sondern von diesen in nationales Recht umgesetzt werden müssen, vielfältige Probleme. Diese Probleme behandelt der Verfasser aus der Sicht des Anwalts in einer Weise, dass diejenigen, die sich in der Praxis mit derartigen Umsetzungsfragen zu beschäftigen haben, wertvolle Hinweise für eine konkret zu lösende Umsetzungsproblematik erhalten. Ergänzt und damit noch transparenter werden seine Lösungsvorschläge dadurch, dass der Verfasser sie im zweiten Teil der Untersuchung auf die konkrete Fragestellung anwendet, inwieweit es zu einer Umsetzung bzw. ordnungsgemäßen Umsetzung der in den Jahren 1988 bis 2001 erlassenen Fleischhygienegebührenrechtsakte der EG gekommen ist.<br /> Diese Arbeit wurde betreut von Professor Dr. D.C. Umbach an der Universität Potsdam. <br /> <br /> Aus dem Inhalt: Abgrenzung der Umsetzungszuständigkeit zwischen Bund und Ländern. Anforderungen an das Vorliegen eines Umsetzungsaktes sowie an eine ordnungsgemäße Umsetzung. Rechtsfolgen bei Umsetzungsverstößen. Prozessuale Fragen. / National law finds itself more and more influenced by EC law. Within this context those EC legal acts who have no direct legal validity in the member states, unlike EC regulations, and which have to be transposed in national law by them, produce diverse problems. These problems are treated by the author from the point of view of a lawyer in such a way, that those who have to deal with these questions of transposition in their practice, find valuable indications for tangible solutions of transposition problems. The proposed solutions are supplemented and therefore more transparent since the author applies these solutions in the second part of his treatise to a concrete statement of problems, i.e. to what extent the EC legal acts concerning meat inspection fees have been transposed, respectively, transposed in due from in the years 1988 until 2001.<br /> The paper has been tutored by Prof. Dr. D. C. Umbach of the University of Potsdam. <br /> <br /> From the content: Delimitation of the competence of transposition between the federal state and his federal states. Requirements concerning the presence of an act of transposition as well as transposition in due form. Legal consequences of any non-transposition. Procedural questions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaKBS_DISSERT.pdf: 2809247 bytes, checksum: 1069d6e1b2ca10f4084e4b1f2fd44c9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Given the environmental concern over global warming that occurs mainly by emission of CO2 from the combustion of petroleum, coal and natural gas research focused on alternative and clean energy generation has been intensified. Among these, the highlight the solid oxide fuel cell intermediate temperature (IT-SOFC). For application as electrolyte of the devices doped based CeO2 with rare earth ions (TR+ 3) have been quite promising because they have good ionic conductivity and operate at relatively low temperatures (500-800 ? C). In this work, studied the Ce1-xEuxO2-&#948; (x = 0,1, 0,2 and 0,3), solid solutions synthesized by the polymeric precursor method to be used as solid electrolyte. It was also studied the processing steps of these powders (milling, compaction and two step sintering) in order to obtain dense sintered pellets with reduced grain size and homogeneous microstructure. For this, the powders were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution and scanning electrons microscopy, since the sintered samples were characterized by dilatometry, scanning electrons microscopy, density and grain size measurements. By x-ray diffraction, it was verified the formation of the solid solution for all compositions. Crystallites in the nanometric scale were found for both sintering routes but the two step sintering presented significant reduction in the average grain size / Diante da preocupa??o ambiental com o aquecimento global que ocorre principalmente pelas emiss?es de CO2 resultante da queima de combust?veis derivados do petr?leo, carv?o e g?s natural, as pesquisas voltadas para formas alternativas e n?o poluentes de gera??o de energia v?m se intensificando. Entre essas, destacam-se as c?lulas a combust?vel de ?xido s?lido de temperatura intermedi?ria (IT-SOFC). Para aplica??o como eletr?lito deste tipo de dispositivo, as cer?micas ? base de CeO2 dopadas com ?ons de terras raras (TR+3) t?m se mostrado bastante promissoras pelo fato de possu?rem boa condutividade i?nica e operarem em temperaturas relativamente baixas (500-800?C). Neste trabalho, foram estudadas cer?micas de c?ria dopada com eur?pio, sintetizadas pelo m?todo dos precursores polim?ricos para uso como eletr?lito s?lido. Foram estudadas tamb?m as etapas de processamento desses p?s (moagem, compacta??o e sinteriza??o convencional e por duas etapas), visando ? obten??o de produtos sinterizados de elevadas densidades e microestrutura homog?nea e reduzido tamanho de gr?o. Para isto, os p?s foram caracterizados por an?lise termogravim?trica, difra??o de raios X, granulometria, e MEV, j? as amostras sinterizadas foram caracterizadas por dilatometria, MEV, medidas de densidades e medidas de tamanho de gr?o. Os resultados de difra??o de raios X indicaram a forma??o de solu??es s?lidas com estrutura c?bica do tipo fluorita apresentando cristalitos nanom?tricos para todas as composi??es em estudo. Ambas as rotas de sinteriza??o mostraram-se eficientes para a produ??o de cer?micas com densidades adequadas para aplica??o como eletr?litos s?lidos em c?lula a combust?vel, mas a sinteriza??o em duas etapas apresentou significativa redu??o do tamanho m?dio de gr?os

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WilsonJO_TESE.pdf: 5377189 bytes, checksum: 886cb0d3eb97075a3db2f3b7c1a15af0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-21 / Fuel cells are considered one of the most promising ways of converting electrical energy due to its high yield and by using hydrogen (as fuel) which is considered one of the most important source of clean energy for the future. Rare earths doped ceria has been widely investigated as an alternative material for the electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its high ionic conductivity at low operating temperatures compared with the traditional electrolytes based on stabilized zirconia. This work investigates the effect of gallium oxide (Gallia) as a sintering aid in Eu doped ceria ceramic electrolytes since this effect has already been investigated for Gd, Sm and Y doped ceria electrolytes. The desired goal with the use of a sintering aid is to reduce the sintering temperature aiming to produce dense ceramics. In this study we investigated the effects on densification, microstructure and ionic conduction caused by different molar fraction of the dopants europium (10, 15 and 20%) and gallium oxide (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9%) in samples sintered at 1300, 1350 and 1450 0 C. Samaria (10 and 20%) doped ceria samples sintered between 1350 and 1450 ?C were used as reference. Samples were synthesized using the cation complexation method. The ceramics powders were characterized by XRF, XRD and SEM, while the sintered samples were investigated by its relative density, SEM and impedance spectroscopy. It was showed that gallia contents up to 0.6% act as excellent sintering aids in Eu doped ceria. Above this aid content, gallia addition does not promote significant increase in density of the ceramics. In Ga free samples the larger densification were accomplished with Eu 15% molar, effect expressed in the microstructure with higher grain growth although reduced and surrounded by many open pores. Relative densities greater than 95 % were obtained by sintering between 1300 and 1350 ?C against the usual range 1500 - 1600 0 C. Samples containing 10% of Sm and 0.9% of Ga reached 96% of theoretical density by sintering at 1350 0 C for 3h, a gain compared to 97% achieved with 20% of Sm and 1% of Ga co-doped cerias sintered at 1450 0 C for 24 h as described in the literature. It is found that the addition of gallia in the Eu doped ceria has a positive effect on the grain conductivity and a negative one in the grain boundary conductivity resulting in a small decrease in the total conductivity which will not compromise its application as sintering aids in ceria based electrolytes. Typical total conductivity values at 600 and 700 ?C, around 10 and 30 mS.cm -1 respectively were reached in this study. Samples with 15% of Eu and 0.9 % of Ga sintered at 1300 and 1350 ?C showed relative densities greater than 96% and total conductivity (measured at 700 ?C) between 20 and 33 mS.cm -1 . The simultaneous sintering of the electrolyte with the anode is one of the goals of research in materials for SOFCs. The results obtained in this study suggest that dense Eu and Ga co-doped ceria electrolytes with good ionic conductivity can be sintered simultaneously with the anode at temperatures below 1350 ?C, the usual temperature for firing porous anode materials / As c?lulas a combust?vel s?o tidas como uma das mais promissoras formas de convers?o de energia el?trica devido ao seu alto rendimento e por utilizar o hidrog?nio como combust?vel, considerado por muitos a principal fonte limpa de energia para o futuro. C?ria dopada com terras raras tem sido amplamente investiga como material alternativo para eletr?lito de c?lulas a combust?vel de ?xido s?lido (SOFC) devido sua alta condutividade i?nica em baixas temperaturas de opera??o quando comparado com os tradicionais eletr?litos ? base de zirc?nia estabilizada. Neste seguimento de pesquisa, este trabalho investiga o efeito do ?xido de g?lio (G?lia) como aditivo de sinteriza??o em eletr?litos cer?micos a base de c?ria dopada com eur?pio, uma vez que este efeito j? foi investigado por outros em eletr?litos ? base de c?ria dopada com Gd, Sm e Y. A meta almejada com a utiliza??o do aditivo de sinteriza??o ? reduzir a temperatura de sinteriza??o para a produ??o de cer?micas densas. Neste trabalho investigou-se o efeito na densifica??o, na microestrutura e na condu??o i?nica causado por diferentes fra??es molares do dopante eur?pio (10, 15 e 20%) e do aditivo de sinteriza??o ?xido de g?lio (0,3; 0,6 e 0,9%), em amostras sinterizadas a 1300, 1350 e 1450 0 C. A c?ria co-dopada com 10 e 20% de Sm e com os mesmos teores do aditivo de sinteriza??o g?lia, sinterizadas a 1350, 1450 e 1500 0 C, tamb?m foi investigada, por sua vez, como par?metro de refer?ncia experimental, haja visto que, nesta pesquisa, adotou-se s?nteses pelo m?todo de complexa??o de c?tions enquanto que os trabalhos encontrados na literatura utilizaram o m?todo convencional. Os p?s cer?micos sintetizados foram caracterizados por FRX, DRX e MEV e as amostras cer?micas sinterizadas por sua densidade relativa, MEV e espectroscopia de imped?ncia. Verifica-se que a G?lia com teores at? 0,6% atua como um excelente aditivo de sinteriza??o na c?ria dopada com Eu. Acima deste teor e at? 0,9% a adi??o da g?lia n?o promove significativos aumentos na densidade da cer?mica. Nas amostras livres do Ga, as maiores densifica??es foram alcan?adas com 15% de Eu, efeito manifestado na micro-estrutura com os maiores crescimentos de gr?os, embora ainda reduzidos e circundados por muitos poros abertos. Densidades relativas superiores a 95% da densidade te?rica podem ser obtidas com sinteriza??es entre 1300 e 1350 0 C, contra as usuais 1500 a 1600 0 C. Com a c?ria co-dopada com 10% de Sm e 0,9% de Ga alcan?ou-se neste trabalho 96% da densidade te?rica com sinteriza??o a 1350 0 C por 3h, um ganho em rela??o aos 97% alcan?ados com a c?ria co-dopada com 20% de Sm e 1% de Ga sinterizada a 1450 0 C por 24h conforme encontrado na literatura. Verifica-se que a adi??o da G?lia em eletr?litos ? base de c?ria dopada com Eu apresenta efeito positivo na condutividade do gr?o e negativo na do contorno de gr?o resultando em uma pequena redu??o na condutividade total, a qual n?o compromete sua promissora aplica??o como aditivo de sinteriza??o. Valores t?picos da condutividade total a 600 e 700 0 C, em torno de 10 e 30 mS.cm -1 respectivamente, foram alcan?ados neste trabalho. As amostras de eletr?litos ? base de c?ria co-dopada com 15% de Eu e 0,9% de Ga, sinterizados a 1300 e 1350 0 C, alcan?aram densidades relativas superiores a 96% e condutividade a 700 0 C entre 20 e 33 mS.cm -1 . A sinteriza??o simult?nea do eletr?lito com o anodo ? uma das metas da pesquisa em materiais para SOFCs. Os resultados alcan?ados neste trabalho sugerem que eletr?litos densos ? base de c?ria co-dopada com Eu e Ga podem ser sinterizados simultaneamente com o anodo ? temperatura de sinteriza??o entre 1300 e 1350 0 C, a faixa de temperatura usual de sinteriza??o do anodo poroso

This study discuss two phenomenones. The first phenomenon is photosynthesis; this process played a key role in the emergence of life and is necessary to maintain a various life on our Earth. Photosynthesis enables plants to use a bottomless supply of solar energy to produce organic substance and release oxygen. The second phenomenon is critical thinking; the ability to sort and evaluate new information and form "your" own opinion indispensable ability for modern human. In a theoretical part of the study is dealt with term critical thinking, teaching methods of critical thinking and photosynthesis of biological and didactic point of view. In a practical part of the study is dealt with compilation and verification materials for thematic unit of photosynthesis, which would lead to the development of critical thinking of high school pupils (students). Furthermore in the practical part is a questionnaire survey, which is evaluated existing using of methods of critical thinking at biology teachers at high schools and is analyzed their teaching methods to the topic of photosynthesis. In the study is dealt with processing the topic of photosynthesis in selected high school textbooks.

This dissertation thesis consists of three essays on new EU foreign exchange markets (FX), i.e. the Czech koruna, Polish zloty and Hungarian forint. In the first two essays, the impact of foreign macroeconomic news announcements and central banks' monetary policy settings on the value and volatility of examined exchange rates is analyzed. In the third chapter, the conditional comovements and volatility spillovers on new EU FX markets is examined. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the existing empirical literature by providing new evidence of the examined currencies during periods, which have not been examined yet (after the Global financial crisis (GFC), during the EU debt crisis and during currency interventions in the Czech Republic). The first essay (Chapter 2) examines the impact of Eurozone/Germany and US macroeconomic news announcements and monetary policy settings of the ECB and the Fed on the value of new EU member states' currencies. It is a complex analysis of 1-minute intraday dataset performed by event study methodology (ESM). We observe different reactions of exchange rates in pair with the US dollar on the US macroeconomic announcements and Euro-expressed FX rates on Germany macro news during the EU debt crisis and after it. We also provide evidence of leaking news, showing...

Bakgrund: Biståndsorganisationer (NGOs) är verksamma i hela världen och exponeras följaktligen mot valutarisk. Organisationerna hanterar biståndsmedel i så väl vanliga som ovanliga valutor när de på olika sätt finansierar lokala samarbetspartners. Andelen forskning om hur biståndsorganisationer hanterar valutaköp och valutarisk är begränsad och denna studie avser att studera området ytterligare. Syfte: Studien ämnar att utifrån riskhanteringsteori samt best practice analysera problematiken kring exponeringen mot valutarisk för svenska NGOs samt dess biståndsmottagare. Syftet är även att på detta sätt kunna diskutera generella strategier för svenska NGOs valutahandel och valutariskhantering. Genomförande: Den kvalitativa ansatsen utgörs av informationsinhämtning i form av nio intervjuer som utformats efter teori samt tidigare studier. Genom fem intervjuer med svenska NGOs ges en bild av hur organisationernas processer och behov ser ut relaterat till valutariskhantering. Information om hur valutarisk- och valutahantering bedrivs i praktiken samt hur experter inom området ser på NGOs nuvarande hantering baseras på fyra intervjuer med aktörer inom valutarisk- och valutahantering. Studiens empiri från genomförda intervjuer analyseras med stöd i studiens teoretiska referensram samt tidigare studier. Slutsats: Studien visar att problematiken kring valutahandel och valutariskhantering är mer komplex än den verkar vid en första anblick samt att syftet med valutariskhantering skiljer sig mellan vinstdrivande företag och ideella organisationer. Det framgår även att NGOs i nuläget överför merparten av exponeringen mot valutarisk till motpart genom avtal och att NGOs med stor andel bunden finansiering inte har möjlighet att utförligt undersöka eller implementera valutariskhantering. Slutligen har ett antal strategier utvecklats för att mer kostnadseffektivt köpa valuta. / Background: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are active in most parts of the world and are consequently exposed to foreign exchange risk. The organizations manage aid funds in both common and uncommon types of currency when they in different ways finance local cooperation partners. The amount of previous research how aid organizations handle the management of currency trade and foreign exchange risk is limited and this study aims to examine the area further. Aim: The study aims to analyse the complex of problems regarding exposure to foreign exchange risk for both Swedish NGOs and their cooperation partners, to do so on the basis of foreign exchange risk theory and best practice. The aim is in such a way to discuss general strategies for currency trade and foreign exchange risk management for Swedish NGOs. Completion: The qualitative approach consists of nine interviews that have been designed in accordance with theory and previous research. A picture of the organizational processes and needs of Swedish NGOs regarding foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management was given by five interviews with NGOs. Information concerning how foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management is utilized in practice and how experts in the field perceive current management of NGOs was gathered from four interviews with actors within foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management. The empirical data is analysed on the basis of the theoretical framework and previous research. Conclusion: The study shows that the complex of problems regarding foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management are not as straightforward as at first glance. It also indicates that foreign exchange risk management differs between for-profit businesses and non-profit organizations. It appears that NGOs currently transfer all foreign exchange risk exposure to its counterpart through contracts. The investigation and implementation of foreign exchange risk management is not possible for NGOs with a large ratio of restricted funds. Finally a number of strategies have been developed for a more cost-effective currency trade.