Zugl.: Duisburg, Essen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Les marchés financiers sont traditionnellement considérés comme le lieu où se confrontent une demande et une capacité de financement. Le développement des intermédiaires financiers a toutefois contribué à complexifier les transactions et les nœuds de relations sur les places. L’objet de cette thèse est d’examiner le marché des euro-obligations non plus comme le lieu de rencontre d’une offre et d’une demande dans l’exercice d’un jeu concurrentiel, mais comme une organisation dans laquelle des membres adoptent des rationalités et des modes d’action diversifiés et évolutifs. La méthodologie utilisée articule une étude historique événementielle et une analyse des pratiques inscrite dans la longue durée. Les observations tirées de cette double appréhension sont confrontées, dans le cadre d’une démarche abductive, à des cadres conceptuels constitutifs de la théorie des organisations. Cette confrontation s’opère en trois étapes. Tout d’abord, l’évolution et les pratiques sont étudiées pour montrer en quoi le marché euro-obligataire se comporte comme une organisation, et pas seulement comme un lieu de transaction. Ensuite, les formes prises par cette dernière au cours de son histoire sont identifiées. Enfin, le modèle firme semblant le plus approprié pour caractériser la morphologie ultime du marché étudié, la question du mode de coordination mis en œuvre est envisagée. Au final, il est établi que le marché euro-obligataire s’apparente à une bureaucratie professionnelle. De ce fait, les risques dominants sur ce dernier ne sont plus des « risques de marché » à proprement parler. Ils émanent au contraire de problématiques typiquement organisationnelles : la maîtrise du comportement des membres et la gestion du changement.Ces résultats de recherche doivent contribuer à renouveler le regard porté sur des marchés financiers qui, du fait de la dérégulation, tendent à s’aligner sur ce qui faisait jusqu’à aujourd’hui la singularité euro-obligataire. Ces regards sont avant tout ceux des régulateurs, dont la capacité de contrôle sur les intermédiaires financiers demeure désormais limitée. Ils sont aussi ceux des emprunteurs qui, de facto, s’adressent plus à un fournisseur de fonds qu’ils n’en lèvent auprès d’un marché. / Financial markets are traditionally seen as places where demand for financing meets capacity. However, financial intermediaries have contributed to the growing complexity of transactions and to an emerging relational network within markets. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to consider the Eurobond market as an organization in which members adopt rationalities along with diversified and evolving courses of action. We used a methodology based on historical events and on a long-run analysis of practices. Following an abductive approach, observations set out of this double perspective are confronted with conceptual frames based on organizational theories. This confrontation is led within three steps. First of all, the evolution and the practices are studied to show why and how the Eurobond market behaves as an organization and not only as a place devoted to transactions. Then, the organizational shapes that it adopts all along its history are identified. To finish with, as the “firm” seems to be its most recent morphology, it is necessary to examine its main coordination pattern. Actually, the Eurobond market appears to be a professional bureaucracy. As a matter of fact, predominating risks onto this place are not “market risks” any more. They mostly derive from typical organizational stakes: the behavioral control of members and management of changes.These research results should contribute to renew points of view on financial markets, since they tend to line up with what used to make the Eurobond market so unique. They may be a source of interest for the regulators who, from now one, face a limited ability to control financial intermediaries. These conclusions may also help borrowers to understand that, de facto, they presently deal more with a fund supplier than they finance onto a market.

The submitted diploma thesis describes and evaluates selected aspects of adopting the euro in the Czech Republic that membership in the Euro area brings. The analytical part focuses on history which preceded the formation of the euro up to its introduction. Following is a description of the European Central Bank and its activities and organs. This part focuses on the relationship between Czech Republic and the euro which includes the historical events associated with the adoption of the euro in the Czech Republic and especially the National euro changeover plan. The practical part analyses the document entitled Study of the euro introduction impact on the economy of the Czech republic published in 2007, which involves applying the then ideas and opinions of authors to current time, which is greatly influenced by the economic recession, comparing these opinions and thoughts not only with their opponents but especially with the situation in the Slovak Republic, which is already for more than 7 years a member of the Euro area and therefore has a lot of experience with the euro. The second part of the practical part is dedicated to selected aspects of adopting the euro in the Czech Republic which appeared after 2007, after the study was published. The chapter Results and Discussion contains a personal opinion and recommendations of the author. The conclusion is dedicated to a summary of the collected information and the evaluation of these information

Charles University Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Economic Studies MASTER'S THESIS Assessing Economic Linkages between the EU and the Eastern Europe Neighbours Author: Bc. DanielaMoisei Supervisor: Prof. Roman Horváth, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2017/2018 Abstract The proposed study analyses the economic linkages between five Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Romania, Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine) and the euro area, in the period 2006-2017, applying the block-restriction vector autoregression model. It allows evaluating the amplitude and persistence of the domestic vs. euro area shocks on four macroeconomic indicators: real GDP, short-term interest rate, CPI, and FX rate. The main findings emphasize that EU members are more economically synchronized with the euro area, responding to external factors in less than 10 months. Nevertheless, the Central Banks of the East European countries react extensively to the ECB monetary policy shocks, following broadly its short-term interest rate. Eastern Neighbourhood countries and Central EU members demonstrated tight connections with the euro area, in terms of international transmission of price shocks and economic activity synchronization. Thus, Czech Republic and Romania could be relevant models for the Eastern European countries, reaching...

Cette thèse met en avant l’analyse du lien entre le marché de la dette de gouvernement, le risque souverain, la stabilité du système financier et le développement des marchés de la dette locale dans les pays émergents. Afin de remplir l’espace vide dans la littérature académique sur les flux obligataires j’ai construit une nouvelle base des données sur les détentions des obligations souveraines par les investisseurs domestiques et étrangers et, par conséquence, j’ai effectué une analyse empirique des déterminants des flux entrants et sortants par type d’investisseur et pays. Ainsi la thèse projette une image complète de la globalisation des marchés de la dette souveraine. / This PhD dissertation presents the analysis of the link between the government debt market, sovereign risk, financial stability and development of the local currency debt in emerging economies. The reserch contribution to the academic literature lies in the empirical analysis of capital flows in bond markets and, for this purpose, I constructed a novel database covering domestic and foreign holdings of government bonds in developed and emerging economies. As a result, this disertation projects a complete and coherent image of the globalisation of sovereign bond markets.

Legal aspects of the single European currency adoption in the Czech Republic The Czech Republic as a member state of the European Union is obliged to adopt the single European currency as soon as possible. This commitment is connected with plenty of tasks that have to precede the euro adoption. The fulfilment of convergence and legal criteria belongs to main assignments. The purpose of my thesis is to define the main aspects connected with the adaptation process of the Czech legal environment according to demands of the European law that have to precede the euro introduction and prepare a suitable environment for its troublefree functioning. The thesis consists of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the single European currency adoption. First chapter is introductory and outlines the main questionable issues that I deal with in my thesis. Second chapter brings general aspects of the single European currency introduction, especially explains briefly a history of the constitution of the economic and monetary union, further specifies legal and economic conditions necessary for euro adoption. A brief appraisal of the functioning of this unique concept is included at the end of this chapter. Third chapter focuses at the beginning on evaluation of fulfilment of legal and...

Este trabalho tem como objetivos analisar as semelhanças das respostas dos países da Zona do Euro aos choques na política monetária e no câmbio (identificados através de restrições de sinais nas funções impulso-resposta) e investigar a simetria das flutuações na taxa de crescimento do nível de atividade na região através da análise da importância relativa da resposta do crescimento do PIB destes países aos choques comum e específico identificados pelo modelo FAVAR utilizado, que foi estimado através de um método Bayesiano desenvolvido para incorporar prioris de Litterman (1986). A importância do choque comum (relativamente ao específico) nos diversos países, fornece uma medida do grau de integração dos diversos membros da Zona do Euro. O trabalho contribui para a análise do grau de integração dos países da Zona do Euro ao utilizar uma metodologia que permite o uso de um amplo conjunto de variáveis e ao identificar o grau de simetria das flutuações na taxa de crescimento do nível de atividade dos membros da região através da identificação dos choques comuns e específicos. Foram utilizados dados trimestrais de 1999.I a 2013.I para os 17 países da região. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a existência de uma maior integração entre as grandes economias da Zona do Euro ( com exceção da França) e uma integração menor para as menores economias (com exceção da Finlândia). / This dissertation aims at analyzing the similarities of the responses of countries in the Eurozone to shocks in the monetary policy and exchange rate policy (identified through restrictions on the signs in the impulse-response functions) and to investigate the symmetry of fluctuations in the rate of growth of the level of activity in the region by analyzing the relative importance of the response of GDP growth in these countries to common and specific shocks identified by the FAVAR model used in the paper, which was estimated using a Bayesian method developed to incorporate priors of Litterman (1986). The importance of the common shocks (in the particular) in many countries provides a measure of the degree of integration of several members of the Eurozone. The dissertation contributes to the analysis of the degree of integration of the countries of the Eurozone by using a methodology that allows the use of a big set of variables and to identify the degree of symmetry of the fluctuations in the growth rate of the activity level of members region through the identification of common and specific shocks. Using quarterly data from 1999.I to 2013.I for 17 countries in the region, the results show the existence of greater integration among the major economies of the Eurozone (except France) and lesser integration among the small economies (with the exception of Finland).

Diploma thesis, European Monetary Union, its Development and the Future, deals with the reasons, which ultimately led to the foundation of the later European Union and afterwards the European Monetary Union. The journey, which leads up to the present where we are now, lasted for several decades. The experience with the two World Wars on the European territory was the sufficient reason why the European countries embarked on this common journey. In the first part this thesis offers the insight into the past. In short, the most important historical milestones on this road, leading towards the European, respectively the European Monetary Union, are suggested here. The second part of this thesis focuses on current problems of the European Monetary Union. The individual European macroeconomic indicators are compared with the results obtained overseas, particularly in the U.S.A. and Japan. Ultimately, it appears that the EU in comparison especially with the U.S.A. is lagging behind in some indicators. Another part of the thesis is dedicated to the optimum currency area. Is therefore the European Monetary Union the optimum currency area? A few indicators give again the answer to this question. The resulting values of the indicators show that the European Monetary Union is not the optimum currency area today. The reasons can be found particularly in the political than the economic area. Therefore, there is lots of work waiting for the European politicians, officials, but also ordinary citizens, and it will be only up to them, which way the European Union sets out.

Traditionally, some countries have been using the Corporate Income Tax as a way of, starting from relatively high nominal tax rates, encourage certain economic activities through incentives or bonuses that allow considerably reduce actual business taxation. In contrast, other member states have chosen to directly lower the tax rate, regardless of other incentives, thus bringing the nominal taxation to effective.This research aims to analyze the discrepancies in the taxation of corporate income tax between different Eurozone countries for the period 2000-2013, noting the differences between the statutory (STR) and effective tax rates (ETR) of listed companies. In this way, this work locates the idea of the European Commission to adopt a common corporate tax in its current context, determining which countries exercise greater fiscal pressure on the results of their companies. / Tradicionalmente, algunos países han utilizado el impuesto sobre los beneficios empresariales como una vía para, partiendo de unos tipos relativamente elevados, fomentar determinadas actividades mediante incentivos o bonificaciones fiscales que permitirían reducir considerablemente esta carga fiscal empresarial. En cambio, otros Estados han optado por reducir directamente la tasa de impuestos, sin tener en cuenta los incentivos fiscales, acercando la tributación nominal a la efectiva.Esta investigación pretende analizar las divergencias existentes en la tributación por el impuesto sobre sociedades entre los distintos países de la eurozona para el período 2000-2013, observando las diferencias entre los tipos nominales y efectivos de las empresas cotizadas. De esta manera, se sitúa en el contexto actual la idea de la Comisión Europea debe adoptar un impuesto de sociedades común, y determinar qué países ejercen una mayor presión fiscal sobre los resultados de sus empresas. / Tradicionalmente, alguns países com uma elevada taxa nominal utilizam o imposto sobre a renda como uma via para fomentar as atividades econômicas através de incentivos ou bônus que permite reduzir consideravelmente a atual tributação das empresas. Em contrapartida, outros Estados-Membros optaram para diretamente baixar as taxas de impostos, independentemente de outros incentivos, transformando a taxa nominal em efetiva.Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as discrepâncias na tributação empresarial entre os diferentes países da zona do euro no período 2000-2013, observando as diferenças entre a taxa nominal e a taxa de imposto efetiva das empresas listadas. Desta forma, este trabalho projeta a noção de que a Comissão Europeia adopte um regime comum para o imposto sobre o rendimento, determinando quais são os países que exercem uma maior carga tributária sobre os resultados de suas empresas.

The starting point of this study is theories of European integration, which are used to formulate different scenarios about the future of the European Union. This is made in regards to the eurocrisis which has intensified the discussion about how to change the construction of the euro to overcome the economic difficulties that has arisen. In this study, four different scenarios are presented: "An updated Europe", "A new Europe", "The death of the euro" and "Goodbye Greece". The first two scenarios takes its starting point in the neofunctionalist theory of European integration and describes how the EU might increase its level of integration in different ways. We can either see a development where the EU tries to improve the implementation of the rules that are meant to coordinate the member states’ economic policy, or we might encounter a more advanced integration where fiscal policy competences are transferred to the EU-level. The latter scenarios, however, takes another theory in to account, liberal intergovernmentalism, and describes how the eurozone might be fragmented in different ways due to conflicts of interest between lenders and countries that has to receive loan-packages. In the third scenario the euro stands in front of a collapse. This is connected to a situation where Spain, which is one of the largest economies in the EU, is starting to have similar problems as countries like Grecce, Ireland and Portugal. The fourth scenario describes a more ordered progress where Grecce, as part of a joint decision with the other EU-members, decides to abolish the euro as their currency. This is a way for the EU to reduce its economic burden, in the same time as Greece are given an opportunity to use an independent monetary policy to cope with their problematic situation.