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Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Claude A. Keithley / Smart growth has been offered as one potential solution to ease the strain that urban sprawl creates on cities from a social, economical, and environmental perspective. Simply put, smart growth means making smart decisions on the development and redevelopment of our aging cities. During a site visit to the low income housing community of New Columbia. Located in Portland, Oregon, a scorecard was used to analyze the smart growth components of the development. The scorecard had a maximum of 78 points and New Columbia received 73.5 points. Based on the scorecard rating, New Columbia appears as though it is meeting, and often times exceeding, almost all of the smart growth principles. It has successfully provided a mix of uses, a range of housing options (both price and style), enhances community character through design, is compact and transit-oriented, provides open space and supports environmental protection. This report serves as an analysis of New Columbia in Portland, Oregon, to determine if the initial intentions of the smart growth approach are truly being met four years after the completion of the project.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Edgar Chambers IV / Food consumption continues to be an area of focus for nutrition, health, and consumer research. Eating adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables, appropriate levels of dairy products, increasing whole grains, and switching to lean meat and fish all are associated with managing weight and reducing the risk of chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Research has shown that food consumption rates vary across segments of the U.S. population depending on several socio-demographics including race/ethnicity, gender, and age. The purpose of this research was to examine consumption of various foods including fruits and vegetables, dairy products, selected types of grain and starchy vegetable foods, and meat and legume products based on race and ethnicity, age, and gender using 24-hour recall dietary data from survey years 2003-2006 of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and the United States Department of Agriculture. The 2003-2006 NHANES 24-hour dietary recall data, known as What We Eat In America, were used for analysis of food consumption. Two non-consecutive days of 24-hour dietary recall and demographic information were analyzed to assess consumption patterns of participants who: 1) were at least two years of age, 2) had complete and satisfactory dietary recall data, and 3) were members of a selected racial/ethnic group. The sample size was 17, 885 males and females: 4,994 African Americans (non-Hispanic); 7,525 Whites (non- Hispanic); and 5,366 Hispanics (Mexican American and other Hispanics). Individual Foods Files (IFF), containing foods coded for each individual, were accessed via the NHANES website to use for the consumption comparison analysis. There were food files for each of the two recall days of each survey year, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. These findings indicate that there are racial/ethnic, age, and gender differences in the consumption of various foods. Fruits, vegetables, and dairy products were only consumed by 70-80% of the sample populations. Only 18-42% of the respondents reported eating whole grain breads, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, meat and meat product consumption was reported by more than 75% of the sample. African Americans consumed fewer fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products compared to Whites and Hispanics. African Americans had a tendency to consume culturally relevant items such as greens, sweet potatoes, grits, and chicken. Children consumed more French fries, frankfurters, peanut butter, macaroni and cheese, and hamburgers than adults. Consumption rates among males and females depended on race/ethnicity. However, within a racial/ethnic group, gender consumption differences were minimal. This research demonstrates that the types of foods eaten for all groups of food products vary by racial and ethnic population, and age or gender subgroups. African Americans' fruit and vegetable consumption trends are distinct in many cases. This research serves as a current baseline for future research exploring the relationship of dietary intake and race and ethnicity. Given that African Americans have higher incidences of chronic diseases, there is a need to continue to develop culturally sensitive dietary counseling and intervention programs. Furthermore, this study highlights areas of opportunities to expand research involving African Americans from a sensory, business and promotional perspective capitalizing on the diversity of food habits.

Syfte: Att jämföra patientens totala stråldos och undersökningstid från metoderna konventionell röntgen och genomlysning vid undersökningen belastade knän med artrosfrågeställning. Metod: Datainsamlingen utfördes genom att det delades ut dosprotokoll där röntgensjuksköterskorna på röntgenavdelningen fick skriva upp stråldoser och undersökningstid. Datainsamlingen gjordes under en fyraveckorsperiod på ett medelstort sjukhus i Sverige. Datainsamlingen jämfördes genom en hypotesprövning där det utfördes ett Mann-Whitney U-test med en signifikansnivå på fem procent för att se om nollhypotesen (ingen skillnad i stråldos eller tid) höll. Resultat: Studiens nollhypotes för stråldoserna förkastades som hade medelvärdet 444,37 mGycm² (genomlysning) och 212,24 mGycm² (konventionell röntgen). Nollhypotesen för undersökningstiderna förkastades också som hade medelvärdena 5,08 minuter (genomlysning) och 8,48 minuter (konventionell röntgen). Signifikansnivån för båda faktorerna var lägre än 0,001 och därför behölls mothypoteserna att det fanns en skillnad mellan modaliteterna. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visade att konventionell röntgen är den bäst lämpade metoden att använda stråldosmässigt medan genomlysningen är bäst lämpad tidsmässigt. Vilken metod som är lämpligast att använda som standard beror på olika faktorer som stråldos, undersökningstid, bildkvalité och ergonomi. Därför behövs det fler studier för att kunna sammanställa vilken metod som är bäst att använda för alla dessa faktorer. / Purpose:  To compare the patient's total radiation dose and the examination time from the methods conventional radiography and fluoroscopy during the examination congested knees with osteoarthritis issue. Method:  Data was collected by handing a dose protocol in which the radiographers in the radiology department were asked to write down the doses of radiation and the examination time. Data was collected over a period of four weeks in a medium-sized hospital in Sweden. The data collection was compared by one-tail test where a Mann-Whitney U-test was performed with a significant level of five percent to see if the null hypothesis (no difference in the radiation dose or time) was obtained. Results:  The study's null hypothesis regarding radiation doses was rejected due to that an average of 444.37 mGycm² (fluoroscopy) and 212.24 mGycm² (conventional radiography) was obtained. The study’s null hypothesis regarding the examination times had an average of 5.08 minutes (fluoroscopy) and 8.48 minutes (conventional radiography). As significant levels of both factors was less than 0.001 the alternative hypothesis was retained due to a difference between the modalities. Conclusion:  The study results showed that conventional radiography is the most appropriate method to use regarding radiation dose rate while fluoroscopy is best suited in terms of time. Witch method is most appropriate to use as a standard depends on various factors such as radiation dose, examination time, image quality and ergonomics. Therefore further studies is suggested to compile which method is best to use for all these factors.

Bakgrund: Att besöka en röntgenavdelning kan vara något nytt och skrämmande för många barn. Den nya miljön kan orsaka rädsla, oro och ångest hos barn. Därför är det viktigt att röntgensjuksköterskan har kunskap om barnets behov för att upplevelsen på röntgenavdelningen ska vara så bra som möjligt. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva omvårdnadsåtgärder för att minska rädsla, oro och ångest hos barn 0-18 år i samband med röntgenundersökning. Metod: Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie där 13 kvalitativa- och kvantitativa artiklar har sammanställts och analyserats för att besvara syftet. Resultat: Det framkom två huvudkategorier i resultatet: distraktion och samspel mellan personal och barnet. Med hjälpmedel, färgade uniformer, föräldrar, barnanpassade röntgenrum kunde barnets rädsla, oro och ångest minska. Att förbereda barnet med tydlig och anpassad information och kommunikation var viktigt för att barnet skulle känna sig tryggt. Slutsats: Röntgensjuksköterskan kan ta hjälp av olika hjälpmedel och metoder för att minska rädsla, oro och ångest hos barn vid en röntgenundersökning. Det är röntgensjuksköterskans ansvar att skapa ett band med barnet och få barnet att känna sig tryggt. / Background: To visit a radiology department can be new and frightening for many children. The new environment can cause fear, distress and anxiety among children. Therefore it’s important as a radiographer to have knowledge about children’s needs so they can have as good experience as possible at the radiology department. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe nursing care to reduce fear, distress and anxiety in children 0-18 years old undergoing a radiographic examination. Method: This study is a literature review where 13 qualitative- and quantitative articles has been compiled and analysed to answer the purpose. Results: It appeared two categories in the result: distraction and interaction between the staff and the child. With help of distraction, coloured uniforms, parents and child customized radiology room, could children’s fear, distress and anxiety be reduced. To prepare the child with direct and customized information and communication was important to make the child feel safe. Conclusion: The radiographer can use different instruments and methods to reduce fear, distress and anxiety among children undergoing a radiographic examination. It is the radiographer’s responsibility to create interaction with the child and make the child feel safe.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Introduction: Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) examiner training is widely employed to address some of the reliability and validity issues that accompany the use of this assessment tool. An OSCE skills course was developed and implemented at the Stellenbosch Faculty of Health Sciences and the influence thereof on participants (clinicians) was evaluated. Method: Participants attended the OSCE skills course which included theoretical sessions concerning topics such as standard-setting, examiner influence and assessment instruments, as well as two staged OSCEs, one at the beginning and the other at the end of the course. During the latter, each participant examined a student role-player performing a technical skill while being video recorded. Participants‟ behaviour and assessment results from the two OSCEs were evaluated, as well as the feedback from participants regarding the course and group interviews with student role players. Results: There was a significant improvement in inter-rater reliability as well as a slight decrease in inappropriate examiner behaviour, such as teaching and prompting during assessment of students. Furthermore, overall feedback from participants and perceptions of student role-players was positive. Discussion: In this study, examiner conduct and inter-rater reliability was positively influenced by the following interventions: examiner briefing; involvement of examiners in constructing assessment instruments as well as viewing (on DVD) and reflection, by examiners, of their assessment behaviour. Conclusion: This study proposes that the development and implementation of an OSCE skills course is a worthwhile endeavour in improving validity and reliability of the OSCE as an assessment tool.

The InterdIsciplInary and exploratory nature of thIs thesis has made It difficult to write. The thesIs is InterdIscIplinary in the sense that it touches on a number of broad areas of study. The methodology which was adopted, In partIcular the use of content analysis and of certaIn statIstical processes rests on a knowledge of psychology. The category system which is made up of a number of types of hIstory could only be constructed after an extensIve consideration of the nature of history. The discussIon of the case for and agaInst the current syllabus,and the proposal for a new alternative syllabus at '0' and 'A' level (see Chapters 13 and 14), draws mainly on an understanding of the theoretical debates about the teaching of history which have occurred since the Second World War. FInally throughout the thesis references are made to the evidence and Ideas put forward by historians about particular periods of history. The thesis Is also exploratory.· The findings which are reported arise from the use of a category system drawing on the different types of history developed by hIstorians. No other researchuhas attempted to create such a broad category system, to assess Its valIdIty and reliability and then to employ It to code material dealinq with extensive periods of British and European history. At the same time the arguments, whIch are employed to defend and to attack the existinq syllabus (see Chapter 13), and to construct the outlines of a new syllabus (see Chapter 14), had to be created almost ab initio, since the dominance of particular types of history. both at university and school level. has not been debated extensively. either by historians. or by those writers. who discuss the teaching o f h·I story. These two asoects of the thesis have had a number of reoercussions. First of all vast topics have had to be discussed in a cursory fashion. For example all the arguments for the inclusion or exclusion of oartlcular types of history in the category system had to be reviewed in one chapter. a few pages being devoted to each of the types of history. Secondly maior themes and arguments relating to the nature of history. and to history teachinQ. have had to be exemplified with disturbing brevity. Thus the debate over the impact of oarticular types of history on the community(l) had to be illustrated by a small number of examples when the whole thesis could have been devoted to the discussion. Thirdly. and finally. the wide ranging nature of the thesis has made it impossible to conduct the exhaustive study of every aspect of the subject which would have been appropriate had the topic been more narrowly defined. However. despite these disadvantages. it is to be hoped that this interdisciplinary and exploratory study will throw light on a vital area of the history syllabus in schools.

Diagnoses using images made with non-ionizing ultrasound are based on qualitive criteria and are not more accurate than those made with mammography. Information about tissue state is lost in the processing required to produce ultrasound images, and textural information may not be perceptible to a human observer. This study uses statistical pattern recognition to classify ultrasound A-scans, before any processing other than amplification occurs. A U. I. Octoson was used to collect data from normal, benign, and malignant, in vivo breast tissues. Features based on textural or frequency content of received sound were computed from digitized A-scans. Most textural features have been used previously in image processing, while frequency features assumed differences in frequency-dependent attenuation. Data were collected at the University of Arizona from 17 malignant masses, 8 benign masses, and 7 normal tissues. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests were used to find combinations of features which discriminated best between the classes of tissue. Equal a priori probabilities were used in a Bayesian classifier to classify malignant vs. nonmalignant. Specificity of 76% (13 of 17 malignant masses correct) was found with a sensitivity of 80% (12 of 15 masses correct). A linear combination of one frequency feature and three textural features was used. For malignant vs. benign, sensitivity of 88% (15 of 17 masses) and specificity of 75% (6 of 8 masses) were found. Features used were the same as for classification of malignant vs. nonmalignant, except for modification of one textural feature. The inability to visually detect and gather data from some palpable masses means that further study is needed to determine the effectiveness of applying the method to all breast masses. A set of A-scans from Thomas Jefferson Hospital in Philadelphia was gathered using similar procedures, and analysed with the following results: 18 of 21 (86%) malignant masses, and 45 of 66 (68%) nonmalignant masses were classified correctly, using a linear combination of one textural feature and five frequency features. Confidence limits on the results show that the majority of masses can be classified correctly with this procedure, but success rates are not high enough for breast cancer screening.

Each year more than 44,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer and more than 12,000 of these die from the disease. These mortality rates are relatively high compared to the rest of Europe (Berrino et al., 2007; Mayor, 2003), which in part is due to the advanced stage of the disease at first presentation (McCready et al., 2005; Sant et al., 2003). Regular breast self-examination (BSE) can facilitate early detection (Cancer Research UK, 2008), yet it is not widespread. Identifying the motivational and contextual factors is likely to lead to the development of effective interventions as part of being ‘breast-aware’. This is particularly important given that mammography screening may not be effective (Crossing & Mansezewicz, 2003) or recommended for younger women (Cancer Research UK, 2008) and that BSE may be beneficial in offering women the opportunity to create a positive relationship with their body. This study considered the utility of a proposed Extended Health Belief Model (E-HBM) as a framework for understanding women’s knowledge, beliefs and behaviour. It sought to develop a new way to provide guidance and to encourage BSE by investigating the effect of autobiographical accounts of breast-cancer patients and a multimedia BSE support programme comparing video-enhanced or static guided instructions. The study adopted a 2x2 mixed methods design and 60 white British women aged between 19 and 67 participated. Analysis of Covariance revealed an interaction effect of autobiographical accounts and BSE support on BSE frequency and proficiency and regression analyses examined the utility of the E-HBM, with confidence being the main predictor. Moreover, thematic analysis elicited five themes; Previous Experience, BSE Irregularity, Perceived Susceptibility, Coping Style and The Usability of the 5 Step Model of BSE. The study concludes that the 5-step technique encourages BSE through creating a more pleasant experience, as women form an improved relationship with their breasts. Both the video-enhanced and static BSE supports are effective in terms of encouraging BSE and the effect of autobiographical accounts appears to be dependent on the type support. The practical implications and direction for future BSE interventions are discussed.

Healthcare education is continually evolving to reflect therapeutic advances in patient management. Society demands assurances regarding the ongoing competence of HCPs including pharmacists. The use of OSCEs to evaluate competence of medical staff as well as nurses is well documented in the literature however evidence of its use with undergraduate pharmacy students is still sparse.