Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre o exame anatomopatológico transoperatório de congelação (TO) e o diagnóstico histológico no exame anatomopatológico convencional (AP-conv) nas massas anexiais, divididas em grupos conforme seu tamanho e suas características morfológicas na ultrassonografia da pelve, para especificar fatores ultrassonográficos preditores de erro no TO. Os diagnósticos do TO nos grupos foram comparados com os AP-conv de tumores benignos, borderline e malignos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com avaliação retrospectiva em 302 pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de massas anexiais, submetidas a procedimento cirúrgico no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Estas foram divididas em oito grupos, conforme as características morfológicas ultrassonográficas e o tamanho tumoral. Grupo 1: tumores uniloculares ≤ 10 cm; grupo 2: tumores líquidos septados ≤ 10 cm; grupo 3: tumores heterogêneos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 4: tumores sólidos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 5: uniloculares > 10 cm; grupo 6: líquidos septados > 10 cm; grupo 7: heterogêneos > 10 cm; e grupo 8: sólidos > 10 cm. O resultado diagnóstico do TO foi então comparado com o diagnóstico histológico final no AP-conv. Resultados: A concordância diagnóstica variou entre os grupos. Nos 33 casos do grupo 1, houve 100% de concordância (Kappa 1) entre o TO e o AP-conv. No grupo 2, com 32 casos, também houve 100% de concordância, assim como nos seis casos do grupo 8 (Kappa 1). No grupo 3, com 90 casos, a concordância diagnóstica também foi ótima (Kappa 0,898), com dois casos discordantes (2,22%): um diagnóstico benigno no TO que se confirmou borderline no AP-conv e outro benigno no TO que se confirmou maligno no AP-conv. O grupo 4, com 24 casos, apresentou uma discordância (4,17%) de benigna no TO e maligna no AP-conv (Kappa 0,869). No grupo 5, houve concordância em 93% dos 15 casos, com uma discordância (6,67%) no diagnóstico: benigno no TO e maligno no AP-conv; não foi possível calcular o Kappa neste grupo. Dos 39 casos do grupo 6, 89,74% tiveram o diagnóstico concordante, com duas discordâncias (5,13%): benignos no TO foram borderline no AP-conv; uma discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi benigno no AP-conv; e outra discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi maligno no AP-conv (Kappa 0,591). O grupo 7, com 63 pacientes, teve concordância em 55 casos (87,30%), com oito casos discordantes (12,70%): dos seis benignos (9,52%) no TO, três foram borderline (4,76%) e três malignos (4,76%) no AP-conv; dos dois borderline (3,18%) no TO, um foi benigno (1,59%) e um maligno (1,59%) no AP-conv (Kappa 0,776). Conclusão: O TO tem uma concordância com o AP-conv que varia de ótima em tumores císticos a moderada em tumores multiloculados com mais de 10 cm. Nosso estudo apresenta limitações por ser um estudo retrospectivo, além de não haver sido o mesmo patologista quem avaliou todas as peças. Mas a estratificação das massas anexiais em grupos, de acordo com seu tamanho e características morfológicas na ultrassonografia, é um bom método para avaliação pré-operatória de massa anexiais, sabendo-se que, nas lesões císticas septadas ou com componentes sólidos maiores que 10 cm, a concordância do TO com o AP-conv é moderada. Portanto, devemos estar cientes que, em tumores maiores de 10 cm com componente sólido, o erro diagnóstico do TO aumenta. Assim, nesses casos, o patologista e o cirurgião deverão estar atentos para um correto diagnóstico e um planejamento adequado do tratamento, evitando, com isso, o subtratamento ou o sobretratamento da paciente. / Objective: To assess agreement between intraoperative frozen section (IFS) and final histopathology (HPE) for anatomic pathology examination of adnexal masses stratified according to size and morphological characteristics on pelvic ultrasonography and define sonographic predictors of diagnostic error of IFS. IFS classification of masses as benign, borderline, or malignant was compared to final diagnoses after HPE. Methods: Cross-sectional study with retrospective assessment of 302 patients with a sonographic diagnosis of adnexal masses that underwent surgical treatment at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients were divided into eight groups according to mass size and sonographic morphology as follows: Group 1, unilocular tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 2, septated cystic tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 3, heterogeneous tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 4, solid tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 5, unilocular tumors >10 cm in size; Group 6, septated cystic tumors >10 cm in size; Group 7, heterogeneous tumors >10 cm in size; and Group 8, solid tumors >10 cm in size. The diagnostic findings of IFS were then compared with the final histopathologic diagnosis. Results: Diagnostic agreement varied among groups. In Groups 1 (33 cases), 2 (32 cases), and 8 (6 cases), there was 100% agreement between IFS and HPE (Kappa = 1.0). In Group 3 (90 cases), agreement was excellent (Kappa = 0.898), with only two divergences (2.22%): one mass classified as benign on IFS that was borderline on HPE and another initially classified as benign that later proved malignant on HPE. In Group 4 (24 cases), Kappa was 0.869, with one divergence (4.17%), again a mass classified as benign on IFS which proved malignant on HPE. In Group 5, there was agreement in 93% of 15 cases, with one divergence (6.67%) in diagnosis: benign on IFS and malignant on HPE. Kappa could not be calculated for this group. Of the 39 cases in Group 6, there was agreement in 89.74%, with two masses classified as benign on IFS later deemed malignant on HPE (5.13%); one borderline on IFS diagnosed as benign on HPE (2.57%); and one borderline on IFS and diagnosed as malignant on HPE (2.57%) (Kappa = 0.591). In Group 7 (63 patients), there was agreement in 55 cases (87.30%), with eight divergences (12.70%): of six masses deemed benign on IFS (9.52%), three (4.76%) were diagnosed as borderline and three (4.76%) as malignant on HPE; of two masses deemed borderline on IFS (3.18%), one was later deemed benign (1.59%) and one diagnosed as malignant (1.59%) on HPE (Kappa = 0.776). Conclusion: Agreement between IFS and HPE ranged from excellent (for cystic masses) to moderate (for multilocular tumors larger than 10 cm). Limitations of this study include its retrospective design and the fact that not all surgical specimens were examined by the same pathologist. Nevertheless, stratification of adnexal masses by sonographic morphology and size is a good method for preoperative assessment, with the knowledge that agreement between IFS and HPE is only moderate for septated cystic or heterogeneous lesions larger than 10 cm. Therefore, clinicians should bear in mind that the diagnostic error of IFS is higher for adnexal masses >10 cm in size with a solid component. In these cases, particular care is required from both the pathologist and surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment planning, thus avoiding undertreatment or overtreatment.

Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre o exame anatomopatológico transoperatório de congelação (TO) e o diagnóstico histológico no exame anatomopatológico convencional (AP-conv) nas massas anexiais, divididas em grupos conforme seu tamanho e suas características morfológicas na ultrassonografia da pelve, para especificar fatores ultrassonográficos preditores de erro no TO. Os diagnósticos do TO nos grupos foram comparados com os AP-conv de tumores benignos, borderline e malignos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com avaliação retrospectiva em 302 pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de massas anexiais, submetidas a procedimento cirúrgico no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Estas foram divididas em oito grupos, conforme as características morfológicas ultrassonográficas e o tamanho tumoral. Grupo 1: tumores uniloculares ≤ 10 cm; grupo 2: tumores líquidos septados ≤ 10 cm; grupo 3: tumores heterogêneos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 4: tumores sólidos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 5: uniloculares > 10 cm; grupo 6: líquidos septados > 10 cm; grupo 7: heterogêneos > 10 cm; e grupo 8: sólidos > 10 cm. O resultado diagnóstico do TO foi então comparado com o diagnóstico histológico final no AP-conv. Resultados: A concordância diagnóstica variou entre os grupos. Nos 33 casos do grupo 1, houve 100% de concordância (Kappa 1) entre o TO e o AP-conv. No grupo 2, com 32 casos, também houve 100% de concordância, assim como nos seis casos do grupo 8 (Kappa 1). No grupo 3, com 90 casos, a concordância diagnóstica também foi ótima (Kappa 0,898), com dois casos discordantes (2,22%): um diagnóstico benigno no TO que se confirmou borderline no AP-conv e outro benigno no TO que se confirmou maligno no AP-conv. O grupo 4, com 24 casos, apresentou uma discordância (4,17%) de benigna no TO e maligna no AP-conv (Kappa 0,869). No grupo 5, houve concordância em 93% dos 15 casos, com uma discordância (6,67%) no diagnóstico: benigno no TO e maligno no AP-conv; não foi possível calcular o Kappa neste grupo. Dos 39 casos do grupo 6, 89,74% tiveram o diagnóstico concordante, com duas discordâncias (5,13%): benignos no TO foram borderline no AP-conv; uma discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi benigno no AP-conv; e outra discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi maligno no AP-conv (Kappa 0,591). O grupo 7, com 63 pacientes, teve concordância em 55 casos (87,30%), com oito casos discordantes (12,70%): dos seis benignos (9,52%) no TO, três foram borderline (4,76%) e três malignos (4,76%) no AP-conv; dos dois borderline (3,18%) no TO, um foi benigno (1,59%) e um maligno (1,59%) no AP-conv (Kappa 0,776). Conclusão: O TO tem uma concordância com o AP-conv que varia de ótima em tumores císticos a moderada em tumores multiloculados com mais de 10 cm. Nosso estudo apresenta limitações por ser um estudo retrospectivo, além de não haver sido o mesmo patologista quem avaliou todas as peças. Mas a estratificação das massas anexiais em grupos, de acordo com seu tamanho e características morfológicas na ultrassonografia, é um bom método para avaliação pré-operatória de massa anexiais, sabendo-se que, nas lesões císticas septadas ou com componentes sólidos maiores que 10 cm, a concordância do TO com o AP-conv é moderada. Portanto, devemos estar cientes que, em tumores maiores de 10 cm com componente sólido, o erro diagnóstico do TO aumenta. Assim, nesses casos, o patologista e o cirurgião deverão estar atentos para um correto diagnóstico e um planejamento adequado do tratamento, evitando, com isso, o subtratamento ou o sobretratamento da paciente. / Objective: To assess agreement between intraoperative frozen section (IFS) and final histopathology (HPE) for anatomic pathology examination of adnexal masses stratified according to size and morphological characteristics on pelvic ultrasonography and define sonographic predictors of diagnostic error of IFS. IFS classification of masses as benign, borderline, or malignant was compared to final diagnoses after HPE. Methods: Cross-sectional study with retrospective assessment of 302 patients with a sonographic diagnosis of adnexal masses that underwent surgical treatment at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients were divided into eight groups according to mass size and sonographic morphology as follows: Group 1, unilocular tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 2, septated cystic tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 3, heterogeneous tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 4, solid tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 5, unilocular tumors >10 cm in size; Group 6, septated cystic tumors >10 cm in size; Group 7, heterogeneous tumors >10 cm in size; and Group 8, solid tumors >10 cm in size. The diagnostic findings of IFS were then compared with the final histopathologic diagnosis. Results: Diagnostic agreement varied among groups. In Groups 1 (33 cases), 2 (32 cases), and 8 (6 cases), there was 100% agreement between IFS and HPE (Kappa = 1.0). In Group 3 (90 cases), agreement was excellent (Kappa = 0.898), with only two divergences (2.22%): one mass classified as benign on IFS that was borderline on HPE and another initially classified as benign that later proved malignant on HPE. In Group 4 (24 cases), Kappa was 0.869, with one divergence (4.17%), again a mass classified as benign on IFS which proved malignant on HPE. In Group 5, there was agreement in 93% of 15 cases, with one divergence (6.67%) in diagnosis: benign on IFS and malignant on HPE. Kappa could not be calculated for this group. Of the 39 cases in Group 6, there was agreement in 89.74%, with two masses classified as benign on IFS later deemed malignant on HPE (5.13%); one borderline on IFS diagnosed as benign on HPE (2.57%); and one borderline on IFS and diagnosed as malignant on HPE (2.57%) (Kappa = 0.591). In Group 7 (63 patients), there was agreement in 55 cases (87.30%), with eight divergences (12.70%): of six masses deemed benign on IFS (9.52%), three (4.76%) were diagnosed as borderline and three (4.76%) as malignant on HPE; of two masses deemed borderline on IFS (3.18%), one was later deemed benign (1.59%) and one diagnosed as malignant (1.59%) on HPE (Kappa = 0.776). Conclusion: Agreement between IFS and HPE ranged from excellent (for cystic masses) to moderate (for multilocular tumors larger than 10 cm). Limitations of this study include its retrospective design and the fact that not all surgical specimens were examined by the same pathologist. Nevertheless, stratification of adnexal masses by sonographic morphology and size is a good method for preoperative assessment, with the knowledge that agreement between IFS and HPE is only moderate for septated cystic or heterogeneous lesions larger than 10 cm. Therefore, clinicians should bear in mind that the diagnostic error of IFS is higher for adnexal masses >10 cm in size with a solid component. In these cases, particular care is required from both the pathologist and surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment planning, thus avoiding undertreatment or overtreatment.

Titel: Den lagstadgade hållbarhetsrapporten: Granskningsprocessen och dess krav ur ett revisionsperspektivBakgrund & Problem: Med införandet av krav på hållbarhetsrapportering enligt ÅRL ämnade regeringen att göra företagens hållbarhetsinformation mer öppen och jämförbar. Lagen i sig kan uppfattas som allmängiltig och lämnar tolkningen till användarna vilket gör att granskningskraven på den lagstadgade hållbarhetsrapporten kan uppfattas som lågt ställda.Syfte: Syftet med arbetet är att skapa förståelse för den lagstadgade hållbarhetsrapporten och dess granskningsprocess ur ett revisionsperspektiv.Teoretiskt ramverk: Teorikapitlet innehåller en genomgång av vårt teoretiska ramverk. Här presenteras den lagstadgade hållbarhetsrapporten och standards. Teorier kring revisionens funktion, granskningsprocessen, standardisering och institutionella teorin tas även upp.Metod: I denna uppsats används en kvalitativ metod. Datainsamlingen utgörs av information hämtad från fyra stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer och utgör empirin i uppsatsen. Empirin analyseras tematiskt där den även ställs mot det teoretiska ramverket.Empiri: I uppsatsens empirikapitel presenteras resultatet från intervjuerna som genomfördes, alltså våra respondenters svar, tankar och åsikter. Resultatet visar att respondenterna till stor del har liknande åsikter gällande den lagstadgade hållbarhetsrapporten, men att det även uppkommer vissa meningsskiljaktigheter.Slutsats: I uppsatsen framgår det att det inte sker en granskning av den lagstadgade hållbarhetsrapporten utan en kontroll vilket gör att revisionen fyller en förbättrande funktion, men inte en försäkrande funktion. Arbetets resultat visar att jämförbarheten inte har ökat till följd av lagkravet. För att det ska ske krävs det att tydligare riktlinjer etableras vilket även gör att de låga granskningskraven som gäller idag är på en bra nivå, även om den nuvarande granskningen kan uppfattas som otillräcklig. / Title: The statutory sustainability report: The examination process and its requirements from an auditing perspective.Background & Problem: With the implementation of demands on sustainability reporting, according to Swedish law, the government intended to make the companies’ sustainability information more open and comparable. The law itself can be perceived as generic, and it leaves the interpretation to the users, which means that the examination requirements of the statutory sustainability report can be perceived as low.Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to establish an understanding for the statutory sustainability report and the examination process from an auditing perspective.Theoretical framework: The theory chapter, contains a review of our theoretical framework. The statutory sustainability report and standards are presented. Theories about the function of auditing, the examination process, standardization and institutional theory are also described.Methodology: This essay uses a qualitative method. The data collection consists of information gathered from four semi-structured interviews and constitute the empirical evidence in this essay. The empirical evidence is thematically analyzed and is evaluated against the theoretical framework.Empirical foundation: In the empirical chapter of this essay, the result from our interviews is presented, thus the respondents answers, thoughts and opinions. The result of the essay shows that the respondents for the most part have similar opinions, about the statutory sustainability report, but there are some differences.Conclusion: The essay shows there is no examination of the statutory sustainability report, but rather a control, this means that it has more of an improvement function and not an assurance function. That the comparability has had an increase, because of the legal requirements, can’t be shown in this essay. If that is going to happen, clearer guidelines need to be implemented, this also makes the examination requirements to be on a good level, even if the requirements could be perceived as insufficient.

Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre o exame anatomopatológico transoperatório de congelação (TO) e o diagnóstico histológico no exame anatomopatológico convencional (AP-conv) nas massas anexiais, divididas em grupos conforme seu tamanho e suas características morfológicas na ultrassonografia da pelve, para especificar fatores ultrassonográficos preditores de erro no TO. Os diagnósticos do TO nos grupos foram comparados com os AP-conv de tumores benignos, borderline e malignos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com avaliação retrospectiva em 302 pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de massas anexiais, submetidas a procedimento cirúrgico no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Estas foram divididas em oito grupos, conforme as características morfológicas ultrassonográficas e o tamanho tumoral. Grupo 1: tumores uniloculares ≤ 10 cm; grupo 2: tumores líquidos septados ≤ 10 cm; grupo 3: tumores heterogêneos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 4: tumores sólidos ≤ 10 cm; grupo 5: uniloculares > 10 cm; grupo 6: líquidos septados > 10 cm; grupo 7: heterogêneos > 10 cm; e grupo 8: sólidos > 10 cm. O resultado diagnóstico do TO foi então comparado com o diagnóstico histológico final no AP-conv. Resultados: A concordância diagnóstica variou entre os grupos. Nos 33 casos do grupo 1, houve 100% de concordância (Kappa 1) entre o TO e o AP-conv. No grupo 2, com 32 casos, também houve 100% de concordância, assim como nos seis casos do grupo 8 (Kappa 1). No grupo 3, com 90 casos, a concordância diagnóstica também foi ótima (Kappa 0,898), com dois casos discordantes (2,22%): um diagnóstico benigno no TO que se confirmou borderline no AP-conv e outro benigno no TO que se confirmou maligno no AP-conv. O grupo 4, com 24 casos, apresentou uma discordância (4,17%) de benigna no TO e maligna no AP-conv (Kappa 0,869). No grupo 5, houve concordância em 93% dos 15 casos, com uma discordância (6,67%) no diagnóstico: benigno no TO e maligno no AP-conv; não foi possível calcular o Kappa neste grupo. Dos 39 casos do grupo 6, 89,74% tiveram o diagnóstico concordante, com duas discordâncias (5,13%): benignos no TO foram borderline no AP-conv; uma discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi benigno no AP-conv; e outra discordância (2,57%): borderline no TO foi maligno no AP-conv (Kappa 0,591). O grupo 7, com 63 pacientes, teve concordância em 55 casos (87,30%), com oito casos discordantes (12,70%): dos seis benignos (9,52%) no TO, três foram borderline (4,76%) e três malignos (4,76%) no AP-conv; dos dois borderline (3,18%) no TO, um foi benigno (1,59%) e um maligno (1,59%) no AP-conv (Kappa 0,776). Conclusão: O TO tem uma concordância com o AP-conv que varia de ótima em tumores císticos a moderada em tumores multiloculados com mais de 10 cm. Nosso estudo apresenta limitações por ser um estudo retrospectivo, além de não haver sido o mesmo patologista quem avaliou todas as peças. Mas a estratificação das massas anexiais em grupos, de acordo com seu tamanho e características morfológicas na ultrassonografia, é um bom método para avaliação pré-operatória de massa anexiais, sabendo-se que, nas lesões císticas septadas ou com componentes sólidos maiores que 10 cm, a concordância do TO com o AP-conv é moderada. Portanto, devemos estar cientes que, em tumores maiores de 10 cm com componente sólido, o erro diagnóstico do TO aumenta. Assim, nesses casos, o patologista e o cirurgião deverão estar atentos para um correto diagnóstico e um planejamento adequado do tratamento, evitando, com isso, o subtratamento ou o sobretratamento da paciente. / Objective: To assess agreement between intraoperative frozen section (IFS) and final histopathology (HPE) for anatomic pathology examination of adnexal masses stratified according to size and morphological characteristics on pelvic ultrasonography and define sonographic predictors of diagnostic error of IFS. IFS classification of masses as benign, borderline, or malignant was compared to final diagnoses after HPE. Methods: Cross-sectional study with retrospective assessment of 302 patients with a sonographic diagnosis of adnexal masses that underwent surgical treatment at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients were divided into eight groups according to mass size and sonographic morphology as follows: Group 1, unilocular tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 2, septated cystic tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 3, heterogeneous tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 4, solid tumors ≤10 cm in size; Group 5, unilocular tumors >10 cm in size; Group 6, septated cystic tumors >10 cm in size; Group 7, heterogeneous tumors >10 cm in size; and Group 8, solid tumors >10 cm in size. The diagnostic findings of IFS were then compared with the final histopathologic diagnosis. Results: Diagnostic agreement varied among groups. In Groups 1 (33 cases), 2 (32 cases), and 8 (6 cases), there was 100% agreement between IFS and HPE (Kappa = 1.0). In Group 3 (90 cases), agreement was excellent (Kappa = 0.898), with only two divergences (2.22%): one mass classified as benign on IFS that was borderline on HPE and another initially classified as benign that later proved malignant on HPE. In Group 4 (24 cases), Kappa was 0.869, with one divergence (4.17%), again a mass classified as benign on IFS which proved malignant on HPE. In Group 5, there was agreement in 93% of 15 cases, with one divergence (6.67%) in diagnosis: benign on IFS and malignant on HPE. Kappa could not be calculated for this group. Of the 39 cases in Group 6, there was agreement in 89.74%, with two masses classified as benign on IFS later deemed malignant on HPE (5.13%); one borderline on IFS diagnosed as benign on HPE (2.57%); and one borderline on IFS and diagnosed as malignant on HPE (2.57%) (Kappa = 0.591). In Group 7 (63 patients), there was agreement in 55 cases (87.30%), with eight divergences (12.70%): of six masses deemed benign on IFS (9.52%), three (4.76%) were diagnosed as borderline and three (4.76%) as malignant on HPE; of two masses deemed borderline on IFS (3.18%), one was later deemed benign (1.59%) and one diagnosed as malignant (1.59%) on HPE (Kappa = 0.776). Conclusion: Agreement between IFS and HPE ranged from excellent (for cystic masses) to moderate (for multilocular tumors larger than 10 cm). Limitations of this study include its retrospective design and the fact that not all surgical specimens were examined by the same pathologist. Nevertheless, stratification of adnexal masses by sonographic morphology and size is a good method for preoperative assessment, with the knowledge that agreement between IFS and HPE is only moderate for septated cystic or heterogeneous lesions larger than 10 cm. Therefore, clinicians should bear in mind that the diagnostic error of IFS is higher for adnexal masses >10 cm in size with a solid component. In these cases, particular care is required from both the pathologist and surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment planning, thus avoiding undertreatment or overtreatment.

Purpose: To determine the differences between PT program NPTE 3-year ultimate pass rates (3YUPR) based on program length and faculty scholarship. To explore relationships between 3YUPR and quality faculty behaviors. Subjects: A total of 112 CAPTE accredited PT educational programs in the United States and Puerto Rico during 2013. Method: A quantitative design method was used to retrospectively test differences between program and faculty traits and student NPTE 3YUPR using data from the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE), PT Annual Accreditation Reports (AAR) and Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT) score reports. A self-generated faculty survey was used to prospectively obtain faculty behavior data in programs with high versus low NPTE outcomes. Results: The final survey had an acceptable Cronbach alpha score of 0.701. All survey items yielded a high percentage of correct classification above 75%. Eighteen faculty behaviors were consistent with high rated NPTE PT programs (p-values between >0.001 to 0.034 α level 0.05). Use of Independent t-tests found a significant difference between means of scholarly activity performed by faculty at high (22.54 ± 11.63) and low (14.77 ±8.47) ranked schools, t (70) = 2.99. p = 0.004. No statistically significant difference was found between PT program lengths in higher ranked programs (121.52 ± 12.16) compared to low ranked programs (123.96 ±18.80), t (37) = - 0.595. p = 0.555. Conclusions: This study found the sum of scholarly activity performed by faculty differs between high and low 3YUPR. No differences found in total program lengths when assessing by program 3YUPR. A survey tool was created that tested faculty behaviors consistent with programs that score high on the NPTE. Recommendations: Testing should be performed on a greater number of constructs representing faculty behaviors of quality programs for survey development. Correlations should be performed with faculty data from the same year and NPTE first time pass rates for an assessment of predictive relationships. Also, a repeated longitudinal design study is recommended for PT educational programs with high versus low NPTE scores using the self-generated survey to see how faculty behaviors impact student first time pass rates.

台灣金融檢查原由財政部金融局、中央銀行金融業務檢查處及中央存款保險公司以分工方式辦理，後為求檢查標準一致，於2004年7月移撥各金檢單位人力，成立行政院金融監督管理委員會檢查局，統籌辦理金融檢查相關事宜，台灣金融檢查邁入一元化時代。檢查局成立迄今已近七年，現行金融檢查一元化制度是否有調整或檢討之處？本文研究目的將針對台灣現行金融檢查一元化制度之運作情形予以分析，探討以下問題。一、對金融檢查「一元化」情形之探討；二、一元化對金融檢查任務影響之探討；三、一元化對檢查後導正措施影響之探討；四、一元化金融檢查對金融機構成本負擔之探討，並進一步訪談金融機構主管及資深金融檢查人員，提供具體建議供台灣日後檢討金融檢查一元化制度之參考。 / The on-site examinations of financial institutions in Taiwan were carried out by three different agencies - the Ministry of Finance (Bureau of Monetary Affairs), the Central Bank (Department of Financial Inspection), and the Central Deposit Insurance Corporation. For consistent standards of financial examinations, the Financial Supervisory Commission Financial Examination Bureau (FEB) was then set up on July 1, 2004, with examiners came from these three agencies. The FEB is responsible for examining financial institutions and examination connected therewith. The financial examination system in Taiwan is then in unified era. The FEB was set up almost seven years till now. Would there be any adjustment needed for the financial examination system, or should the financial examination system need to be reexamined? The purpose of this study is to analyze the operating conditions of current unified financial examination system in Taiwan and to investigate the following issues: 1. Investigating the situation of “unification” in financial examination system. 2. Investigating the influence of the executing results of financial examination in the implementation of unified financial examination system. 3. Investigating the influence of the correcting mechanisms post financial examinations in the implementation of unified financial examination system. 4. Investigating the influence of the burden costs of financial institutions in the implementation of unified financial examination system. Further more, interviewing some officers of financial institutions and senior financial examiners to provide some amendable suggestions as references when reexamine the unified financial examination system in Taiwan.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Sputum is a non-invasive, economic investigation whereby bronchogenic carcinoma can be identified. Manual cytological screening is labour intensive, time-consuming and requires a continuous high level of alertness. Automation has recently been successfully introduced in gynaecological cytology. Since sputum samples are similar to cervical smears, the question arises as to whether they are also suitable for automated screening. Objective: This study presented with various objectives: 1) To test automated sputum screening using the BD FocalPoint™ Slide Profiler (FP) and compare with manual sputum screening. 2) To determine the sensitivity and specificity of sputum in identification of bronchogenic carcinoma. 3) To ascertain if any clinical, radiological or bronchoscopy findings would be predictors for bronchogenic carcinoma. 4) To determine the significance of adequacy. Method: Sputum samples were collected prospectively from patients attending the Division of Pulmonology at Tygerberg hospital for a transbronchial fine needle aspiration biopsy (TBNA) or a transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy (TTNA) for the period from 2010 to 2012. A pre-bronchoscopy sputum was collected and submitted for processing. Stained slides were put through the FP for automated screening. After slides were qualified, sputum slides were put back in the routine screening pool. Correlation was done using the TBNA/TTNA result as the standard to evaluate the sputum results. Results: 108 sputum samples were included in this study. Of the 84.3% malignant (n=91) and 15.7% benign (n=17) cases confirmed with a diagnostic procedure, sputum cytology had a sensitivity of 38.5% (35/91 malignant cases), and a specificity of 100% (17/17 benign cases). Automated screening had a better sensitivity of 94.3% (33/35 positive sputum cases), while manual screening showed a sensitivity of 74.3% (26/35 positive sputum cases) when compared to the final sputum result. Individual parameters with a significant association with positive sputum included the presence of an endobronchial tumour, partial airway obstruction / stenosis, round mass, spiculated mass (negative association), loss of weight (negative association) and squamous cell carcinoma as the histological subtype. Adequacy was not as significant as hypothesised since 85.3% of true positive sputum, but also 65.5% of false negative sputum, had large numbers of alveolar macrophages present. Conclusion: Sputum cytology remains an important part of the screening programme for bronchogenic carcinoma in the public health sector of South Africa. Results confirm that sputum cytology is very specific, and automated screening improves sensitivity. Automated screening proved to be more time efficient, resulting in 83.1% reduction (p<0.0001) in the screening time spent per case by a cytotechnologist. Results confirm that the quantity of alveolar macrophages is not directly proprtional to pathology representation. Positive sputum results did however improve with sputum adequacy, but had no significant association. Recommendations from this study include adopting automated sputum screening. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die verkryging van ‘n sputummonster is ‘n nie-indringende, ekonomiese ondersoek waardeur bronguskarsinoom identifiseer kan word. Nie-geoutomatiseerde sitologiese ondersoek is arbeidsintensief, tydrowend en vereis ‘n deurlopende hoë vlak van konsentrasie en fokus. Outomatisering is onlangs suksesvol geïmplementeer in ginekologiese sitologie-ondersoeke. Aangesien sputummonsters soortgelyk aan servikale monsters is, het die vraag ontstaan of sputummonsters ook geskik sou wees vir geoutomatiseerde sifting. Doelwit: Hierdie studie het verskeie doelwitte gehad: 1) Om geoutomatiseerde sifting van sputummonsters te toets deur gebruik te maak van BD Focal Point ™ Slide Profiler (FP), en te vergelyk met nie-geoutomatiseerde sputum sifting. 2) Om die sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit van sputum in die identifikasie van bronguskarsinoom te bepaal. 3) Om vas te stel of enige kliniese, radiologiese of brongoskopiese bevindings bronguskarsinoom sou kon voorspel. 4) Om die belang van ‘n verteenwoordigende monster te bepaal. Metode: ‘n Prospektiewe studie van die pasiënte wat die Divisie van Pulmonologie by Tygerberg Hospitaal vir transbrongiale nodale aspirasie (TBNA) of ‘n transtorakale aspirasie (TTNA) vanaf Julie 2010 tot Mei 2012 bygewoon het, is gedoen. ‘n Prebrongoskopiese sputum is geneem en gestuur vir prosessering. Die gekleurde skuifies is deur die FP gestuur vir geoutomatiseerde ondersoek. Indien die sputumskuifies gekwalifiseer het vir geoutomatiseerde sifting, is hulle in die groep vir ondersoek ingesluit. ‘n Korrelasiestudie, om die sputumresultate te evalueer, is uitgevoer deur die TBNA/TTNA bevindings as standaard te gebruik. Resultate: Vir hierdie studie is 108 sputummonsters ingesluit. Vanuit die 84.3% maligne (n=91) en 15.7% benigne (n=17) gevalle, bevestig deur ‘n diagnostiese prosedure, het sputumsitologie ‘n sensitiwiteit van 38.5% (35/91 maligne gevalle) en ‘n spesifisiteit van 100.0% (17/17 benigne gevalle), getoon. Geoutomatiseerde sifting het ‘n beter sensitiwiteit met 94.3% (33/35 maligne gevalle), terwyl nie-geoutomatiseerde (ondersoek) ‘n sensitiwiteit van 74.3% (26/35 maligne gevalle) wanneer met die finale resultaat vergelyk, gevind. Individuele parameters met ‘n betekenisvolle assosiasie het die teenwoordigheid van ‘n endobrongiale tumor, gedeeltelike lugwegobstruksie / stenose, ronde massa, ‘n spekuleerde massa (negatiewe assosiasie), gewigsverlies (negatiewe assosiasie) en plaveiselkarsinoom as die histologiese subtipe, ingesluit. Geskiktheid van die monster was nie so betekenisvol as wat in die hipotese gestel is nie: aangesien 85.3% van ware positief gediagnoseerde sputummonsters, maar ook 65.5% van die vals negatiewe sputummonsters, groot hoeveelhede alveolêre makrofae ingesluit het. Gevolgtrekking: Sputumsitologie bly steeds ‘n belangrike deel van die siftingsprogram vir bronguskarsinoom in die openbare gesondheidssektor in Suid-Afrika. Resultate van hierdie studie bevestig dat sputumsitologie baie spesifiek is en dat geoutomatiseerde sifting die sensitiwiteit verbeter. Ge-outomatiseerde sifting het bewys dat dit meer tydsbesparend is, met ‘n 83.1% vermindering (p<0.0001) in die siftingstyd wat deur een sitotegnoloog per geval bestee word. Resultate het bevestig dat die hoeveelheid alveolêre makrofae nie direk proporsioneel verwant is tot die patologie nie. Hoe meer verteenwoordigend die sputummonster was, hoe groter was die kanse om ‘n akkurate positiewe diagnose te maak. Die assosiasie van die geskiktheid van die sputummonster en die positiewe resultate het egter nie ‘n statisties betekenisvolle resultaat getoon nie. Aanbevelings vir hierdie studie sluit in die aanwending van geoutomatiseerde sputumondersoeke.

The thesis focuses mostly on discovering unrevealed causes of pathologic phenotype symptoms of patients with whom no pathologic changes in genetic material were detected by common cytogenetic methods. All samples were examined by a chip method array-CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) which detects aberrant spots without any knowledge of where they are located in the genome. In some cases the method was used to verify or specify the finding that was diagnosed during previous genetic testing. The patients were examined by this method in an accredited genetics laboratory GENvia, s.r.o. in 2013 and partly also in 2014. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on the role of the common cytogenetic method and its diagnostic use. I also describe the basic principle of the array-CGH method and its use in prenatal and postnatal diagnostics. The practical part of the thesis describes results of all examined patients. But mostly it focuses on pediatric patients where the diagnosis correlates with their clinical symptoms. All the results were verified by another method used for the particular diagnosis. Some results were verified by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) method, other ways of the results verification are described as well. In total 8 pathologic findings were discovered in patients up to 12...

This thesis is occupied with the issues of development of the fine motor skills and graphomotorics of an individual suffering from the central mobility disorder. The main aim of the thesis is to discover and describe what development possibilities of these abilities and skills are. The theoretical part deals with basic terms related to diagnosis of Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and its rehabilitation options. There are also described the fine motor skills, graphomotorics, grasping process, classification of grasps and their development. There is a separate chapter that is engaged only with development of the fine motor skills and graphomotorics. The thesis also contains evaluation surveys that are applied in practice and that are important for comparison before and after a therapeutic intervention. The practical part is based on qualitative oriented methodology and it operates with data gained from five case studies. Based on comparison of values gained from the entry and control examinations, particular data have been elaborated. It was discovered from the performed research that it had come up to improvement of the fine motor skills as well as graphomotorics by use of various therapeutic methods. Each method had been chosen in accordance with the client's current condition and their individual...

by Lam Man-ho, Leung Yee-mei, Annie. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-70). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Objective of Study --- p.2 / Scope --- p.3 / Limitations --- p.3 / Chapter II. --- THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL AUDITING --- p.5 / "Nature, Roles and Value" --- p.5 / Historical Development --- p.7 / Audit Committee --- p.8 / Evolution of Audit Approaches --- p.10 / Implications of Behavioural Issues --- p.12 / Chapter III. --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.13 / The Need for Behaviouralism in Internal Auditing --- p.13 / Job Satisfaction --- p.14 / Stress --- p.15 / Sources of Stress --- p.15 / Organizational Factors --- p.16 / Organizational Status --- p.16 / Relations with Audit Committee --- p.17 / Career Prospect --- p.17 / Departmental Support --- p.17 / Task and Role Factors --- p.18 / Audit Scope --- p.19 / Internal Auditor Role --- p.21 / Interpersonal Factors --- p.22 / Internal Auditor-Auditee Relations --- p.23 / Working Relationship with External Auditors --- p.27 / Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS --- p.29 / Methodology --- p.29 / Structure of Questionnaire --- p.29 / Organizational Factors on Job Satisfaction --- p.30 / Organizational Status --- p.30 / Audit Committee --- p.34 / Career Prospect --- p.37 / Departmental Support --- p.37 / Task and Role Factors on Job Satisfaction --- p.39 / Audit Scope --- p.39 / Internal Auditor Roles --- p.42 / Interpersonal Factors on Job Satisfaction --- p.43 / Internal Auditor-auditee Relations --- p.46 / Relations with External Auditors --- p.49 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.51 / Summary and Conclusions --- p.52 / Organizational Factors --- p.52 / Task and Role Factors --- p.53 / Interpersonal Factors --- p.53 / Recommendations --- p.54 / APPENDICES / Chapter I. --- The Structure of Hong Kong Banking Industry --- p.60 / Chapter II. --- Survey Questionnaire Sample --- p.63 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.68