Este trabalho discute o patenteamento farmacêutico no Brasil por meio de análises dos exames de patentes propriamente ditos, com a entrada em vigor da atual lei da propriedade industrial (Lei 9.279/1996). Para a compreensão de como funciona o exame de patentes, parte-se da apresentação de conceitos basilares da propriedade industrial. É dado destaque à importância das patentes como fonte de informação tecnológica (pesquisa bibliográfica em bancos de patentes e para a recuperação das informações contidas nestes documentos). Neste ponto, apresenta-se um estudo sobre as patentes relacionadas ao efavirenz, por tratar-se de um caso excepcional na discussão sobre propriedade industrial e saúde pública; já que ele foi o primeiro medicamento licenciado compulsoriamente pelo Governo brasileiro (dentro da política de controle da epidemia da Aids). Em seguida, o problema da associação entre os direitos de propriedade industrial e o acesso a medicamentos é abordado em dois capítulos relevantes: i) as questões sobre a atenteabilidade de polimorfos de fármacos; e ii) os procedimentos técnicos adotados no exame de patentes farmacêuticas no âmbito da Coordenação de Propriedade Intelectual da ANVISA (COOPI-ANVISA) e do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI). De fato, o primeiro tratado internacional relativo à propriedade industrial, a Convenção da União de Paris (CUP, de 1883), já propugnava o princípio da independência das patentes, ou seja, que cada país tem liberdade para decidir sobre a patenteabilidade ou não dos diferentes produtos e processos de invenção. Mais tarde, o Acordo TRIPS (de 1995) não vedará aos países a adoção de escopos de proteção distintos, visando o equilíbrio entre os interesses públicos e privados em diferentes domínios tecnológicos, nos diferentes países. Finalmente, a Declaração de Doha, de 2001, prevê dispositivos flexibilizadores de modo a favorecer precisamente políticas de saúde e acesso a medicamentos pela utilização de salvaguardas dos direitos de propriedade intelectual no exame de pedidos de patentes. Conclui-se, neste trabalho, que aspectos técnicos e jurídicos inerentes ao patenteamento aliados à capacidade política de decisão em favor da implementação de flexibilidades no exame de pedidos patentes de fármacos e medicamentos podem ser mais ou menos favoráveis à saúde pública. / This work discusses the pharmaceutical patenting in Brazil through analysis of patent examination itself, since the inception of the current Industrial Property Law (Law 9.279/1996). In order to understanding how patent examination works, it stars from the presentation of basic concepts of industrial property. It is given highlights to the importance of patents as a technological information source (bibliographic research in patent database and to recover information contained in those documents). At this point, it is presented a study on Efavirenzrelated patents, since it is an exceptional case in the discussion on industrial property and public health; once it was the first drug compulsorily licensed by Brazilian Government (within the control policy of AIDS epidemy). Next, the issue of association between industrial property rights and the access to medicaments is approached in two relevant chapters: i) issues on the patenteability of pharmaceutical polymorphs; and ii)technical procedures adopted in the examination of pharmaceutical patents under ANVISA Coordenation of Industrial Property (COOPI-ANVISA) and Industrial Property National Institute (INPI). In fact, the first intenational treaty related to industrial property the Convention of Union of Paris (CUP, of 1883), already defended the principle of independence of patentes, i.e., each country has the liberty to decide on the patenteability or not of the different invention products and processes. Then, the TRIPS Accordance (1995) does not preclude the contries the adoption of different scopes of protection, in order to achieve a balance between public and private interests in different technological fields. Finally, the Doha Declaration (2001), provides softners devices in order to precisely promote health policies and access to medicaments to the utilization of safeguards of intelectual property rights in examination of patent applications. It is concluded, in this work, that technical and legal aspects related to patenting, combined with the ability of political decision in favor of the implementation of flexibilities in the examination of medicine and drugs patent applications may be more or less favorable or detrimental to public health.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-01-04T19:50:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thaís Bandeira Riesco - 2016.pdf: 4442276 bytes, checksum: fac73acc016bbd502cb80be355adc09d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T10:04:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thaís Bandeira Riesco - 2016.pdf: 4442276 bytes, checksum: fac73acc016bbd502cb80be355adc09d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-05T10:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thaís Bandeira Riesco - 2016.pdf: 4442276 bytes, checksum: fac73acc016bbd502cb80be355adc09d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is the etiological agent of a parasitic parasitic disease of universal distribution, with infected individuals in all countries. The main forms of contagion are through the ingestion of different parasite evolutionary forms present in raw meats or undercooked, unfiltered water, unpasteurized milk, contaminated soil handling and contact with infected cats. Clinical disease is less frequent and the most severe forms can be found when congenital transmission occurs and in immunocompromised patients. When the fetus touches this infectious agent and survive, it can present several problems such as: restriction in the intrauterine growth, premature birth, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, brain calcifications, pneumonitis, hepatosplenomegaly, skin rash, intellectual disability, among others. The consequences to the fetus are higher in the first trimester of pregnancy and the transmissibility in the third trimester is the highest. The degree of commitment of the newborn will depend on the gestational period in the moment of the first transmission of the illness and the pregnant woman. Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate perceptible alterations in the neuropsychomotor examination and in anthropometric measures of newborns (RNs) of chronically infected mothers by Toxoplasma gondii. Methods: The study was performed in a population of 79 children of puerperal mothers, 41 of them were children of mother with infection of toxoplasmosis and 38 were children of not infected mother by the protozoan. It was made out a sociodemographic interview with these mothers through a questionnaire and an examination of primitive reflexes in their respective children. The study was conducted in one maternity of standard for risk pregnancy, in the city of Goiânia, Goiás, in the period from June 2015 to June 2016. The analysis were performed with the aid of the statistical package SPSS®, version 23. The serologic testing for confirmation of toxoplasmosis infection and absence of anti-T gondii in the mothers serum was made by Immunoassay of Microparticles by Chemiluminescense (CMIA). Results: Neuropsychomotor examination the absence of reflection escape the suffocation was found in two children of chronically infected mothers. In the comparison of the thoracic perimeter and the cephalic perimeter 31/79 children were classified as inadequate and two children of mothers chronically infected were too small for their gestational age. Conclusion: In relation to the neuropsychomotor examination and anthropometric measurements, in the group of newborn of puerperal mothers chronically infected by Toxoplasma gondii could not detect any perceptible alterations when in comparison to the control group of susceptible mothers. / Introdução: Toxoplasma gondii é o agente etiológico de uma parasitose de distribuição universal, com indivíduos infectados em todos os países. As principais formas de contágio são através da ingestão de diferentes formas evolutivas do parasito presentes em carnes cruas ou mal cozidas, água não filtrada, leite não pasteurizado, manipulação de terra contaminada e convívio com gatos infectados. A doença clínica é pouco freqüente e as formas mais graves podem ser encontradas quando ocorre a transmissão congênita e em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Quando o feto entra em contato com esse agente infeccioso e sobrevive pode apresentar inúmeros problemas como: restrição de crescimento intrauterino, nascimento prematuro, microcefalia, hidrocefalia, calcificações cerebrais, pneumonite, hepatoesplenomegalia, erupção cutânea, retardo mental, entre outros. As conseqüências para o feto são mais graves no primeiro trimestre de gestação, e a transmissibilidade no terceiro trimestre é mais elevada. O grau de comprometimento do recémnascido irá depender da fase em que a gestação se encontrava no momento do primeiro contágio da gestante com o parasito. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar alterações perceptíveis no exame neuropsicomotor e nas medidas antropométricas de recém-nascidos (RNs) de mães cronicamente infectadas pelo Toxoplasma gondii. Métodos: A população do estudo foi composta por 79 filhos de puérperas, os quais 41 eram filhos de mães com toxoplasmose crônica e 38 filhos de mães não infectadas pelo protozoário. Foi realizada uma entrevista sociodemográfica com essas mães através de um questionário e um exame de reflexos primitivos em seus respectivos filhos. O estudo foi realizado em uma maternidade de referência para gestações de risco, na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás, no período de junho de 2015 a junho de 2016. As análises foram realizadas com o auxílio do pacote estatístico SPSS ®, versão 23. O teste sorológico para confirmação da toxoplasmose infecção e ausência de anticorpos anti-T gondii no soro das mães foi feito por Imunoensaio de Micropartículas por Quimioluminescência (CMIA). Resultados: No exame neuropsicomotor a ausência do reflexo de fuga ao sufocamento foi encontrada em duas crianças filhas de mães cronicamente infectadas. Na comparação entre perímetro torácico e perímetro cefálico 31/79 crianças foram classificadas como inadequadas e duas crianças de mães cronicamente infectadas estavam pequenas para a idade gestacional. Conclusão: Em relação ao exame neuropsicomotor e as medidas antropométricas no grupo de recém-nascidos filhos de puérperas cronicamente infectadas pelo Toxoplasma gondii não foi possível detectar alterações perceptíveis quando em comparação ao grupo controle de mães suscetíveis.

This thesis examines the perceptions and experiences of pre-registration nursing students with dyslexia in one university in relation to one specific assessment: the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In September 2013, all United Kingdom pre-registration nursing training moved to degree level university programmes. Universities must also ensure that all nursing students meet the fitness to practise criteria laid down by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2015). Current national higher education policy aims to widen participation; this includes those with disabilities. Statistics show that 10% of students attending university in England have a declared disability, the main one being dyslexia. The study university has its own widening participation policy, with 19% of its children’s nursing students currently registered as having dyslexia. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) states that all pre-registration nursing programmes should contain a variety of assessment strategies, to ensure students meet the academic and clinical standards required by the professional nursing and midwifery register. One of the final assessments at the study university, as with many other medical and nursing degrees, is the Objective Structured Clinical Examination, a method of assessment that requires students to perform clinical assessments and answer questions within standardised conditions, within a set time limit. This study aims to explore the ways in which nursing students with dyslexia perceive and experience the OSCE as an assessment method, and to draw conclusions on ways to develop it further. Using a two-phase mixed methods approach, a purposive sample of 24 nursing students in year 3 of their course, was approached to participate in an online questionnaire, with 12 responding. Six students participated further in object elicitation interviews, which were analysed using a ‘Framework’ method. The findings highlight the unique OSCE journeys of study participants, the impact of dyslexia on the individual and the OSCE assessment process. The thesis offers discussion and recommendations around the OSCE as an ‘inclusive’ teaching and assessment method, considering how the design of curricula and assessments assists in recognising students’ individualism and in reducing potential issues. It is the first study to consider the OSCE with regard to such students and offers an opening for future studies focussing on learning difficulties and OSCE assessments within nursing.

This paper aims to examine which form of examination that influence the students stress-level the most and if there’s a significant difference between genders. In relation to recent studies, hypotheses were formed that the oral exam should have the highest scores of stress, that students with better score on coping should have lower stress and that girls would score higher than boys. The study was conducted through a self-created survey that measured the students stress-levels in three different forms of examination, oral exam, written home-assignment and written classroom exams. The study was made at a school in southern Sweden with 95 respondents. The results showed that the oral examination caused highest scores in stress and that girls had significantly higher scores than boys. This study can be an enlightenment and guidance for teachers in their planning for examinations to ease the students raising stress-levels. / Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilken typ av examination som framkallar mest stress hos gymnasieelever samt om det finns någon signifikant skillnad mellan könen. I relation till tidigare studier formades hypoteser att muntlig examination genererade högst poäng på stress, att elever med högre poäng på stresshantering har lägre nivåer av stress, samt att tjejer påvisar högre stressvärden än killar. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av ett egenskapat enkätformulär som mätte elevernas stressnivåer i tre olika examinationsformer, muntlig examination, skriftlig hemuppgift samt salsprov. Studien genomfördes på en skola i södra Sverige och antalet respondenter var 95. Resultatet visade att muntlig examination genererade högst poäng av stress samt att tjejer hade markant högre resultat än killar. Studien ämnar till att ge lärare en insyn i elevernas situation och upplevelse av olika examinationer så att de har möjlighet att anpassa sin undervisning efter det.

Denna litteraturstudie beskriver begreppet muntlig bedömningspraktik och förklarar de möjliga positiva och negativa konsekvenser som kan uppstå vid genomförande av en muntlig bedömningspraktik i matematikklassrummet. Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att ge en inblick i hur lärare kan utöka sin bedömningsarsenal för att öka kvaliteten på bedömningen. Litteraturstudien analyserar både de möjligheter och utmaningar som kan uppstå vid implementeringen. Möjligheterna som presenteras är bedömningsformens positiva inverkan på elevers resultat, förenkling av summativ  bedömning, effekter av ökad lärarnärvaro och förmåga att ge bra formativ bedömning. Detta vägs mot utmaningar  som handlar om utmaningar för elever, rättssäkerhet och resursåtgång. Detta vägs även mot de specifika muntliga bedömningsaktiviteter som kan användas.

Over the past decade, relationship education has grown as a means of enhancing couple relations. This study examines the experiences of 2,828 ethnically diverse and low-income adults who participated in the Smart Steps for Stepfamilies: Embrace the Journey program, a 12-hour stepfamily education program. Self-report measures of relationship quality, couple commitment, and relationship instability were gathered prior to and immediately after the Smart Steps intervention as well as six weeks, six months, and one year post-program. Results suggest that stepfamily participants experienced increases in relationship quality; however, these increases reduced to near pre-program levels one year after the programs completion. Results further showed no changes in couple commitment or relationship instability measures nor among differing participant groups including Latinos, European Americans, low-income, moderate- income, married, unmarried, those in a first marriage, second remarriage, and higher order remarriage. Finally a cost-analysis of the program was conducted. Application of these findings and policy implications are discussed.

Nursing programs have embraced distance learning in their curricula, but discussion is ongoing about course assignments and grading criteria to increase examination scores in nursing distance learning courses. Because course examinations are a predictor of success on the postgraduate licensing examination (NCLEX-RN), the purpose of this study was to determine whether differences existed in student examination scores between nursing distance learning courses with and without points aligned to assignments. The theoretical framework was Knowles's theory of andragogy, which highlights adults' motivation and self-direction to succeed. The quantitative causal comparative study included a convenience sample of 164 students to compare archival data of 4 examination scores between 2 nursing distance-learning courses. Data analysis included an independent-groups one-tailed t test. No significant differences were found between the 2 courses, suggesting that students do not achieve higher examination scores with course points aligned with course assignments. Nursing administrators and faculty in nursing programs with a distance learning component will benefit from the findings of this study. Findings may be used to draft, revise, and implement assignment criteria and point alignment for nursing distance learning courses. Social change will occur when nursing distance learning faculty use problem-solving and critical thinking assignments, including case studies, discussion boards, group assignments, concept mapping and NCLEX-RN style testing in each nursing distance learning course. Because point alignment to course assignments do not significantly improve examination scores, implementation of problem-solving and critical thinking assignments is necessary to promote student learning and examination success.

Controversy continues over the use of polygraph testing to deter and detect potential leakers as critics argue that the technique is based on faulty assumptions. The purpose of this descriptive and exploratory research study was to determine whether there was a perceived deterrence effect related to the use of polygraphs between a group of participants who were subjected to a polygraph examination within the past year compared to those who have not experienced a polygraph examination within the same time period. Paternoster and Simpson's, as well as Vance and Siponen's, rational choice models and Bandura's social learning theory served as the theoretical foundation for this study. Specifically, this study assessed groups' perceptions about adhering to security regulations if a polygraph is required, changes in their behavior and attitude, and beliefs about polygraph deterrent effect. Data were obtained through a 15-minute researcher- created survey with a cluster sample of 326 participants. Data were analyzed with a t test to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. A factor analysis was also conducted. Results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference (p < .001) between the groups, suggesting that participants perceive a deterrent effect associated with the use of polygraphs as well as a change of behavior and attitude if a polygraph can be randomly administered at work. The implications for positive social change stemming from this study include recommendations to the nation's national security agencies to continue enforcing the polygraph examinations required of certain security personnel and exploring the possibility of expanding the use of such strategies in order to fortify the national intelligence infrastructure.

Rigorous statistical examination of the population dynamics of a number of long-lived perennial plant species permitted an interpretation of changes in those populations and the establishment of potentially important causal agents. Survival and recruitment of six species from the mulga-zone rangelands of Western Australia varied across three climatically different periods following the removal of domestic livestock. Two species' populations (Eragrostis xerophila and Maireana glomerifolia) had their rates of increase reduced by kangaroo and euro grazing. Both survival and recruitment of Eragrostis xerophila were reduced by this grazing while Maireana glomerifolia suffered reduced recruitment during all periods. These negative effects were most pronounced during the post-drought period of more "normal" rainfall. Three other species populations responded positively to grazing. Recruitment and survival of Eremophila spectabilis, were affected by grazing, particularly on a poor condition site, while differences in recruitment were more important for Eremophila leucophylla. Frankenia pauciflora had increased recruitment and survival during the postdrought period. The sixth species (Ptilotus obovatus) suffered increased mortality and reduced recruitment during the post-drought period. Relative rates of change in management related groups of 18 species, including the six examined in more detail, were presented as a viable addition to the analysis of trend in rangeland vegetation. Grazing by kangaroos significantly reduced the rate of recovery of destocked rangeland pastures. Site and seasonal factors affected all species populations examined. Site induced differences affected survival of all six species examined, highlighting the difficulty of replicating large scale experiments in rangeland vegetation. Different seasonal sequences (very wet, very dry, and more "normal") produced different species population responses. Populations of most species increased during the very wet, and more "normal", post-drought period, but declined, or remained static, during the drought. Potentially competitive relationships were examined at one site where the complexity of juvenile plant survival responses to seasonal conditions, treatment and to neighbor-free-space suggest potential competition, but more importantly reflect a need for more detailed study. A re-examination of Danthonia caespitosa population data collected by O.B. Williams in rangeland areas of New South Wales indicates the importance of grazing by merino sheep, seasonal conditions, and the cohort within which a plant is recruited. The extreme variability of the data highlights the need for experimental designs that take account of the frequency and importance of causal agent impact, and are related to the dynamism of the population.

Leadership—it is a difficult phenomenon to precisely define, and perhaps even more importantly, it is difficult to identify the effects thereof. In business, it is believed that leadership is important, that it really matters. There have been countless books written on the subject. There have been numerous researchers who have tried to debunk all the myths and rumors, using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research strategies. Over time, leadership theories have changed. Theories that include trait- centered leadership, situational leadership, servant leadership, democratic leadership, Laissez-faire leadership, Theory X, Theory Y, and others have been well documented and researched. Transactional leadership and transformational leadership theories are fairly new concepts on the leadership landscape. Both have provided revolutionary ideas into the way leadership is viewed today. Industrial distribution is an integral component to the manufacturing industry. For many companies, in many different market segments, industrial distributors provide a channel to the market for their products. Therefore, the health and success of industrial distribution companies are critical for the overall strength of the U.S. economy. There has been little research conducted on the effect of leadership at industrial distributors, specifically at the branch level. So, does leadership really matter? This research attempts to quantitatively examine the benefits, or effects of, transformational and transactional leadership style on the success of industrial distributors, at the branch level. Using the Multilevel Leadership Questionnarie (MLQ), leadership data were gathered from both leaders and followers at the branch level of industrial distributors engaged in the sale of construction-related goods and services. Moderated multiple regression techniques were used to analyze the data collected on independent variables (transformational and transactional leadership), moderating variables (age, duration, education, and experience), and the dependent variables (sales and margin). The results of the analysis indicate that transformational leadership style has a statistically significant, positive relationship to year-over-year sales and margin.