South Africa has one of the highest prevalence of HIV infections in the world. Sexual transmission is the primary mode of transmission across the country’s population. Misinformation about AIDS, negative attitudes to HIV testing and AIDS’ stigmatizing beliefs represent potential barriers to seeking HIV testing. Youth between 15-24 years have the greatest risk of HIV infection but only 37% of students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) had undertaken HIV counselling and testing (HCT) according to the HEAIDS (2008) report. Prevention of HIV and behaviour change includes knowledge about, and adequacy of, HIV counselling and testing (HCT) resources on campuses. The aim of this study was to investigate students’ perceptions about HCT at UKZN and make recommendations regarding improvements. An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study of UKZN undergraduate students on the five campuses was conducted. Participants completed anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Of 965 surveyed students, 663 (71%) had tested for HIV among whom 545 (58%) were females and 501(52%) were 20-25 years. Fear of positive results, perceived low risk of acquiring the infection and having confidence in his/her partner influenced student HIV testing behaviour (p<0.001). A significant difference was also found in positive attitudes towards HCT on campus between people who had tested (median score 20) and people who had not tested (median score 18) (p < 0.05). Since one third of students at UKZN had not tested for HIV, HCT at UKZN needs to be advertised more effectively so as to increase HIV testing by students on campuses. / Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Intensive care units in South Africa have been faced with various challenges which in turn affect the working condition of critical care nurses, thus leading to poor productivity. Nurses in the work environment blame this poor work quality of nursing to the way critical care nurses are trained and assessed in nursing schools. There is general concern that graduate nursing students lack the knowledge and skills necessary to equip them to work in intensive units. Objectives: To measure the perceptions of critical care nursing students as well qualified critical care nurses on the use of OSCE as a valid and reliable tool to assess clinical competence in critical care nursing students. Methods: A quantitative approach and descriptive survey was administered to critical care nursing students and qualified critical care nurses who had participated in OSCE examination. The intensive care departments of two provincial (states) hospitals and (provincial) nursing college that trained critical care nurses were used. Results: The findings revealed that OSCE was still overwhelmingly accepted as a relevant tool for assessing clinical competencies in Critical Care courses by both students and staff. It was also clear that the students did not believe that all the competencies required in the ICU environment can be assessed using the OSCE method. Discussion: Critical care nursing educators are facing a challenge to develop more comprehensive method for assessing clinical skills in critical care students nurses since OSCE x examination cannot assess all the skills that are necessary in intensive care environment. In order for effective learning to take place during assessment, it is extremely important for nurse educators to give formative feedback in OSCE. / M.N. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2012.

Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 522-572). / Electronic reproduction. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xvi, 572 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (MMed (Pathology. Forensic Medicine))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background - The workload of the forensic pathologist and Forensic Pathology Services staff is increased by the referral of potentially unnecessary natural cases to the Forensic Pathology Services. The primary aims of the medico-legal autopsy are limited to establishing a cause of death in presumed unnatural cases, and to exclude criminality or negligence. Objective – To determine the final outcomes of forensic post-mortem examinations in “sudden and unexpected” adult deaths over a 5 year period. Methods - An observational, retrospective, descriptive study was conducted. ”Sudden and unexpected” adult deaths referred to Tygerberg Forensic Pathology Services between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2005 were reviewed. Data was collected from the autopsy reports, contemporaneous notes and hospital records. Findings – A total of 816 adult cases of sudden and unexpected death were referred to Tygerberg Forensic Pathology Services over the 5 year period studied. Complete autopsies had been performed in 74% (601/816) of cases. The presumed manner of death was natural in 79 % of cases, and an increase in the number of natural cases autopsied per year was noted over the 5-year study period. Diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems were responsible for the majority of natural deaths. Infectious diseases were responsible for most deaths in the youngest age group studied (18-29 years). Acute alcohol poisoning was responsible for the deaths of 35 (6%) cases, with an average blood alcohol concentration of 0.38g/100mL in these cases. Eight deaths were drug-/substance related. Waiting times for blood alcohol and toxicology results increased over the 5-year study period. No cause of death was found in 10.6% of cases. Conclusions -The questionnaire and interviewing structure could possibly be improved in order to obtain better pre-autopsy information and to reduce the number of “unnecessary” medicolegal autopsies, thereby reducing the burden of cost on the Forensic Pathology Services. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond – Die werkslading van die forensiese patoloog en ander personeel van die Forensiese Patologie Dienste word vermeerder deur die verwysing van moontlik onnodige natuurlike gevalle na die Forensiese Patologie Dienste. Die primêre doelwitte van die medies-geregtelike nadoodse ondersoek is beperk tot die bepaling van ‘n oorsaak van dood in vermoedelik onnatuurlike gevalle, en om nalatigheid of kriminele aksies uit te skakel. Doelwit – Om die finale uitkomste van medies-geregtelike nadoodse ondersoeke in “skielike en onverwagte” volwasse sterftes oor ‘n 5-jaar tydperk te bepaal. Metodes – ‘n Observasionele, retrospektiewe, beskrywende studie is uitgevoer. “Skielike en onverwagte” volwasse sterftes wat verwys is na Tygerberg Forensiese Patologie Dienste vanaf 1 Januarie 2001 tot 31 Desember 2005 is hersien. Inligting is versamel vanaf die nadoodse ondersoekverslae, kontemporêre notas en hospitaalnotas. Bevindinge – Agthonderd en sestien volwasse gevalle van skielike en onverwagte sterftes is oor die 5-jaar periode verwys na Tygerberg Forensiese Patologie Dienste. Volledige lykskouings is uitgevoer in 74% (601/816) van die gevalle. Die vermoedelike wyse van die sterfte was natuurlik in 79.04% en ‘n toename in die aantal natuurlike gevalle wat lykskouings ondergaan het, is waargeneem oor die 5-jaar studie tydperk. Siektes van die kardiovaskulêre, respiratoriese en sentrale senuweestelsel was verantwoordelik vir die meerderheid natuurlike sterftes. Infektiewe toestande was verantwoordelik vir die meeste sterftes in die jongste ouderdomsgroep (18-29 jaar) wat bestudeer is. Akute alkoholvergiftiging was verantwoordelik vir die sterftes van 35 (6%) gevalle, met ‘n gemiddelde bloed-alkohol-konsentrasie van 0.38g/100mL in hierdie gevalle. Agt sterftes was dwelm-/middelverwant. Die wagtyd vir bloed-alkohol en toksikologie resultate het vermeerder oof die 5-jaar studie tydperk. Die oorsaak van dood was nie gevind in 10.6% van gevalle. Afleidings – Die vraelys en onderhoud-struktuur kan moontlik verbeter word om sodoende beter inligting te verkry voor die uitvoering van ‘n lykskouing, en om die aantal “onnodige” medies-geregtelike nadoodse ondersoeke te verminder, en sodoende die kostedruk te verminder op die Forensiese Patologie Dienste.

Orientador: Regina Moura / Resumo: A Síndrome de Cockett (SC) se deve a uma compressão extrínseca da veia ilíaca comum esquerda (VICE) pela artéria ilíaca comum direita (AICD). Em consequência há o desenvolvimento de lesões intraluminais. Este cruzamento entre a artéria e a veia é considerada uma condição anatômica usual, porém em cerca de 29% da população ela pode torna-se sintomática. Os sintomas causados pela SC são: edema, dor, claudicação venosa, hiperemia, varizes e úlceras, podendo evoluir também com complicações como trombose venosa, embolia pulmonar, e mais raramente com Flegmasia Cerúlea Dolens. Até hoje não existe consenso sobre a melhor forma de tratar pacientes com SC na presença ou ausência de trombose da VICE, dividindo as opiniões se deve ser feito o tratamento clínico e/ou endovascular. Preferencialmente alguns autores optam pelas técnicas endovasculares em todos os casos e sugerem que a mesma seja realizada, na tentativa de melhorar a fluxo venoso evitando as complicações tardias. Á curto prazo, os resultados do tratamento endovascular com stents, tem mostrado excelente perviedade, embora estejam alguns deles associados ao uso de antiagregantes, anticoagulantes e ao tratamento clinico convencional com a meia elástica. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve a finalidade de comparar os resultados de perviedade e a taxa de complicações ocorridas em pacientes portadores da SC, tratados com angioplastia e stent, na presença e ausência de trombose da VICE, utilizando a Revisão Sistemática e Meta-análise ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Online examinations are an integral component of many online learning environments and a high-stake process for students, teachers and educational institutions. They are the target of many security threats, including intrusion by hackers and collusion. Collu-sion happens when a student invites a third party to impersonate him/her in an online test, or to abet with the exam questions. This research proposed a profile-based chal-lenge question approach to create and consolidate a student's profile during the learning process, to be used for authentication in the examination process. The pro-posed method was investigated in six research studies using a usability test method and a risk-based security assessment method, in order to investigate usability attributes and security threats. The findings of the studies revealed that text-based questions are prone to usability issues such as ambiguity, syntactic variation, and spelling mistakes. The results of a usability analysis suggested that image-based questions are more usable than text-based questions (p < 0.01). The findings identified that dynamic profile questions are more efficient and effective than text-based and image-based questions (p < 0.01). Since text-based questions are associated with an individual's personal information, they are prone to being shared with impersonators. An increase in the numbers of chal-lenge questions being shared showed a significant linear trend (p < 0.01) and increased the success of an impersonation attack. An increase in the database size decreased the success of an impersonation attack with a significant linear trend (p < 0.01). The security analysis of dynamic profile questions revealed that an impersonation attack was not successful when a student shared credentials using email asynchronously. However, a similar attack was successful when a student and impersonator shared information in real time using mobile phones. The response time in this attack was significantly different when a genuine student responded to his challenge questions (p < 0.01). The security analysis revealed that the use of dynamic profile questions in a proctored exam can influence impersonation and abetting. This view was supported by online programme tutors in a focus group study.

Submitted by Thiago Maços de Oliveira Miranda (thiago.macos@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T16:12:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado - Ações Afirmativas - Thiago Miranda Versão final.pdf: 1871630 bytes, checksum: 3d03929b7eda257aeb19a2e0e64c5eac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-01-27T18:49:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado - Ações Afirmativas - Thiago Miranda Versão final.pdf: 1871630 bytes, checksum: 3d03929b7eda257aeb19a2e0e64c5eac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-02-01T12:33:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado - Ações Afirmativas - Thiago Miranda Versão final.pdf: 1871630 bytes, checksum: 3d03929b7eda257aeb19a2e0e64c5eac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-01T12:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado - Ações Afirmativas - Thiago Miranda Versão final.pdf: 1871630 bytes, checksum: 3d03929b7eda257aeb19a2e0e64c5eac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / Brazil, likewise other countries, has been adopting affirmative actions policies to compensate social groups that are marginalized mainly due to a historical discrimination; the goal is to allow them to exert fundamental rights. Since the last decade, the main part of the approved measures had its focus in education, specially concerning the access to high quality public universities. The quota system for the civil service examinations, although already legalized in many cities, only recently gained space in the social discussion and the governmental agenda, after its implementation by the states and the approval of the Statute of Racial Equality, which stands for the application of affirmative actions policies that allows the black people participation in equality of conditions in the economical, social, political and cultural life of the country. Data from the Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management indicate that, although black and brown people represent half of Brazil´s population, they occupy less than 30% of the civil posts at the Executive. In the highest paid careers, the black people presence is even more reduced. Due to this unequal scenario, in July 9th, 2014, the Federal Law nº 12.990 was approved, establishing racial quotas for black people in 20% of the civil posts in federal public administration. The goal of this work is to evaluate the consequences of the quota system approved by this law, which uses only racial basis criteria. This research intends to verify if this legal mechanism is able to decrease the social exclusion in the access to the civil federal work posts and also to contribute for the debate concerning the affirmative actions policies. / O Brasil, a exemplo de outros países, passou a adotar políticas de ação afirmativa com a finalidade de compensar grupos sociais que se encontram em posição desfavorável, usualmente em razão de um passado de discriminação, proporcionando-lhes a fruição de direitos fundamentais. Desde a última década, a maior parte das medidas aprovadas tinha como foco a educação, em especial o acesso às universidades públicas de alta qualidade. Já a reserva de vagas em concursos públicos, embora já vigorasse em diversos municípios, só começou a ganhar espaço no debate social e na agenda governamental recentemente, a partir de sua implementação por parte de estados e da aprovação do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, que prevê a aplicação de políticas de ação afirmativa como maneira a permitir a participação da população negra em condição de igualdade na vida econômica, social, política e cultural do País. Dados do Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão indicam que, apesar de representarem a metade da população brasileira, negros e pardos ocupam menos de 30% dos cargos do Poder Executivo. Nas carreiras mais bem remuneradas, como as de nível superior, a presença dos negros é ainda mais reduzida. Em resposta a esse cenário de desigualdades, foi sancionada Lei nº 12.990, de 9 de junho de 2014, que reserva aos negros 20% das vagas oferecidas nos concursos públicos no âmbito da administração pública federal. O objetivo deste projeto é avaliar os desdobramentos do sistema de cotas implementado pela referida lei, que utiliza exclusivamente critério de natureza racial. Tenciona-se verificar se tal mecanismo é capaz de tornar menos excludente o acesso ao serviço público federal, de forma a contribuir para o debate a respeito das ações afirmativas.

Background Cervical cancer is one of the common cancers worldwide. Despite the available screening services, the uptake of cancer of the cervix is very low. The incidence and mortality in western countries has reduced greatly due to the introduction of cervical cancer screening programmes. However, this is not the same in Africa where cervical cancer is more prevalent in lower resource countries to lack of access to effective screening and services that enhances early detection and treatment. Purpose/Aim of the study The purpose of this research is to determine knowledge of cervical cancer and the level of awareness of screening regimes/routines among HIV positive women in Swaziland. The study was conducted at one hospital specifically at the HIV Care Unit and Public Health Unit between January and June 2015. Methods The questionnaire was administered to collect data and consisted both open and close-ended questions. The questionnaire comprises of three sections: Section A: Socio-demographic data and Section B: Awareness on Cervical Cancer. Section C: Awareness/knowledge on cervical cancer screening. The sample consisted of 123 HIV positive who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) or ART naive. The mean age for the respondents was 35 years. Results From this study, N=28 (23%) out of 123 (77%) reported to have received annual Pap smear for cervical cancer screening. A low proportion of the respondents (45%) had knowledge on cervical cancer screening. In addition, 63% of those who got information about cervical cancer screening through the radio perceived themselves to be at risk of getting cervical cancer. Only 4% heard about cervical cancer at the ART clinic, despite having been followed up for their care at the HIV clinic. Those who screened for cervical cancer were younger in age 25-34 years (80%). This study also revealed that education increased the changes of a woman to be screened for cervical cancer. If a woman had a university or high school education, she perceived herself to be at risk of getting cervical cancer. Conclusion Knowledge is power, cervical cancer campaigns should be conducted at national level in order to promote prevention through screening. Cervical cancer screening should be fully integrated into HIV services / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

The focus of this study was on the problem of unwarranted demand for radiological imaging by patients in rural KZN of South Africa. Literature in the context of this topic is scarce. Consequently the aim of this study was to describe sociodemographic factors that might influence patients demand for x-ray examinations. A quantitative in the form of a cross sectional survey was done. A convenient sample of 110 patients was surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Results of the study indicate that age, and educational level might influence patients’ demand for x-ray examinations. The study also revealed that very few respondents 10.9% (n=12) had knowledge about x-rays. The study further revealed that there might be other factors such as patients’ perceived benefits of x-rays, beliefs, lack of public health awareness as well as lack of effective communication between patients and health care providers. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Submitted by LENIZE DA SILVA RODRIGUES (nize_silva@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-27T19:16:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO DE MESTRADO PESQUISA CLINICA - LENIZE DA SILVA RODRIGUES.pdf: 2672614 bytes, checksum: 59d7f6f68213dfaccdca11f5c0b0f7bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T14:36:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ls_me_bot.pdf: 2672614 bytes, checksum: 59d7f6f68213dfaccdca11f5c0b0f7bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T14:36:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ls_me_bot.pdf: 2672614 bytes, checksum: 59d7f6f68213dfaccdca11f5c0b0f7bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 / A Síndrome de Cockett (SC) se deve a uma compressão extrínseca da veia ilíaca comum esquerda (VICE) pela artéria ilíaca comum direita (AICD). Em consequência há o desenvolvimento de lesões intraluminais. Este cruzamento entre a artéria e a veia é considerada uma condição anatômica usual, porém em cerca de 29% da população ela pode torna-se sintomática. Os sintomas causados pela SC são: edema, dor, claudicação venosa, hiperemia, varizes e úlceras, podendo evoluir também com complicações como trombose venosa, embolia pulmonar, e mais raramente com Flegmasia Cerúlea Dolens. Até hoje não existe consenso sobre a melhor forma de tratar pacientes com SC na presença ou ausência de trombose da VICE, dividindo as opiniões se deve ser feito o tratamento clínico e/ou endovascular. Preferencialmente alguns autores optam pelas técnicas endovasculares em todos os casos e sugerem que a mesma seja realizada, na tentativa de melhorar a fluxo venoso evitando as complicações tardias. Á curto prazo, os resultados do tratamento endovascular com stents, tem mostrado excelente perviedade, embora estejam alguns deles associados ao uso de antiagregantes, anticoagulantes e ao tratamento clinico convencional com a meia elástica. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve a finalidade de comparar os resultados de perviedade e a taxa de complicações ocorridas em pacientes portadores da SC, tratados com angioplastia e stent, na presença e ausência de trombose da VICE, utilizando a Revisão Sistemática e Meta-análise de estudos observacionais. Método: Foram utilizadas as recomendações do manual Cochrane Handbook for Intervention Reviews produzido pela Cochrane que orienta a produção de revisões sistemáticas utilizando como referência para a escolha do método. A produção desta dissertação e manuscrito foi baseada no MOOSE statement para garantir que todas as etapas do estudo sejam reportadas claramente. As bases de dados utilizadas foram: Medline, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, Scielo, Pubmed e, Web of Science. A data da última busca foi 06 de abril de 2017. Esta pesquisa incluiu estudo de 2 grupos principais, tratados com angioplastia e stent: no G1: foram incluídos pacientes com a SC ausência trombose VICE e no G2 foram incluídos pacientes com SC presença de trombose da VICE. Resultados: De 250 artigos foram selecionados 3 estudos comparativos observacionais, sendo o número total de pacientes avaliados igual a 243. Nestes trabalhos selecionados foram associados ao tratamento endovascular o uso de antiagregantes plaquetários, anticoagulantes durante o período 3 a 12 meses e o uso da meia elástica. A patência primária, respectivamente, no G1 e G2 foi de e 93,4% e 89,2% (OR 0.55, 95% IC [0.15, 2.06], P= 0.37; I2=29%, P=0.24). E a patência secundária, respectivamente, de G1 e G2 foi de 93.5% e 82.06% (OR 0.50, 95% IC [0.05, 4.72], P= 0.54; I2=69%, P=0.04). Embora não estatisticamente significante, observa-se uma tendência em ocorrer maior patência nos pacientes do G1. Em relação ás complicações no total, houve tendência maior no G2 em relação ao G1. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos neste estudo de revisão sistemática, mostraram que o tratamento endovascular é eficaz em ambos os grupos à curto prazo e longo prazo, mas, sugere que no grupo 1 a perviedade é discretamente melhor que no grupo 2, com menores complicações. / The Cockett Syndrome (CS) is due to an extrinsic compression of the common left iliac vein (CLIV) by the common right iliac artery (CRIA). Consequently, there is a development of intraluminal lesions. This crossing between the artery and the vein is considered a usual anatomic condition; however, in about 29% of the population it may become symptomatic. The symptoms caused by the CS are: edema, pain, venous claudication, hyperemia, varicose veins e ulcers, being possible also to evolve with complications such as venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli and more rarely with Flegmasia Cerúlea Dolens. Until today there´s no consensus about the best way to treat patients with CS in either the presence or the absence of CLIV thrombosis, it has been dividing opinions whether the clinical or the endovascular treatment should be done. Preferably, some authors choose the endovascular techniques in all cases and suggest that it be performed, in the attempt of improving the venous flow thus avoiding later complications. In short term the results of the endovascular treatment with stents, have shown excellent patency, although some of them are associated to the use of antiplatelet, anticoagulants and to the conventional clinical treatment with compression stocking. Objective: the present study had as goal to compare the results of the patency and the complication rate occurred in patients bearing the CS, treated with angioplasty and stent, in the presence and absence of the CLIV thrombosis, using the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in the observational studies. Method: It has been used the recommendations of the manual Cochrane Handbook for Intervention Reviews which orients the production of systematic reviews using as reference for the choice of the method. The production if this dissertation and manuscript has been based on the MOOSE statement to assure that all phases of the study be reported with clarity. The data bases used were: Medline, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, Scielo, Pubmed and, Web of Science. The date of the last search was April 6th 2017. This research includes the study of two main groups, both treated with angioplasty and stent: in the G1: it has been included patients with CS without CLIV thrombosis and in the G2: it has been included patients showing CS without CLIV thrombosis. Results: From 250 articles, it has been selected three comparative observational studies, being the total number of analyzed patients equal to 243. In these selected works it has been associated the use of antiplatelet, anticoagulants during the period from 3 to 12 months and the use of the compression stocking. The primary patency, respectively, in G1 and G2 has been of 93.4% and 89.2% (OR 0.55 (95% IC [0.15, 2.06], P= 0.374; I2=29%, P=0.24). And the secondary patency, respectively, in G1 and G2 has been of 93.5% and 82.06% (OR 0.50, 95% IC [0.05, 4.72], P= 0.54; I2=69%, P=0.04). Even though statistically not relevant in both patencies, it can be observed a tendency in the occurrence of a greater patency in patients from G1. In relation to the complications in the total, there has been difference being greater G2 in relation to the G1. Conclusion: The results obtained in the study of systematic review, have shown that the endovascular treatment is effective in short and long terms, but it suggests that in group 1 the patency is discreetly greater than in group 2, with less complications.