<p>This paper aims to examine how the beginning of newly examined teacher’s professional life might look like and also highlight the obstacles that might occur during the induction, the time during which the student becomes the teacher. The paper also discusses what support that is available for newly examined teachers in schools concerning the possibility to have a mentor and a period of introduction.</p><p>A qualitative method was used for this study and interviews were made with new teachers who shared their experiences from the beginning of their careers. The results from the interviews were also discussed from the points of view of the study’s theories concerning different leadership styles.</p><p>Two handbooks for new teachers, aiming to support them in their new professional role were compared. Based on the leadership styles that this paper brings up, the two books were discussed whether or not their advice is beneficial to new teachers.</p><p>New teachers experience various problems during their induction. Great responsibility combined with many tasks, loneliness as a class teacher and conflict management are a few of the areas that the new teachers find difficult. As a new teacher you have the right to have a mentor during the first year of teaching and the teacher unions are working for an establishment of a year of introduction where you will be gradually introduced to the profession. The people in the study had all had a mentor but neither got a period of introduction but they were left with full responsibility from the start. The advice given by the handbooks give new teachers guidance, but should be considered as an inspiration and not definitive solutions since every situation is unique.</p>

This paper aims to examine how the beginning of newly examined teacher’s professional life might look like and also highlight the obstacles that might occur during the induction, the time during which the student becomes the teacher. The paper also discusses what support that is available for newly examined teachers in schools concerning the possibility to have a mentor and a period of introduction. A qualitative method was used for this study and interviews were made with new teachers who shared their experiences from the beginning of their careers. The results from the interviews were also discussed from the points of view of the study’s theories concerning different leadership styles. Two handbooks for new teachers, aiming to support them in their new professional role were compared. Based on the leadership styles that this paper brings up, the two books were discussed whether or not their advice is beneficial to new teachers. New teachers experience various problems during their induction. Great responsibility combined with many tasks, loneliness as a class teacher and conflict management are a few of the areas that the new teachers find difficult. As a new teacher you have the right to have a mentor during the first year of teaching and the teacher unions are working for an establishment of a year of introduction where you will be gradually introduced to the profession. The people in the study had all had a mentor but neither got a period of introduction but they were left with full responsibility from the start. The advice given by the handbooks give new teachers guidance, but should be considered as an inspiration and not definitive solutions since every situation is unique.

Šiame tyriamajame darbe suprojektuotas rekomendacinis elektroninės platformos modelis, kuris buvo dalinai realizuotas. Aprašyti svarbiausios tradicinės elektroninės parduotuvuės elementai. Išanalizuotos konkrečių elektroninių parduotuvių vartotojo sąsaja. Išskirti teigiami ir neigiami vartotojo sąsajos aspektai. Išanalizuotos atviro kodo (GPL (angl. General Public License – bendroji vieša licencija) elektroninės parduotuves. Išanalizuoti elektroninės parduotuvės veiklos sąveikos modeliai. Sukurtas el. Parduotuvės reikalavimų modelį, kuris apima geriausias nagrinėtų el. parduotuvių išskirtas sąvybes. / In this project e-eommerce elatform reference model was designed and partly implemented. Described the main elements of the traditional electronic shops. Were analyzed the user interface of the electronic stores. Distinguished positive and negative aspects of the user interface. Were analyzed the open-source e-shops. Analyzed business interaction models of electronic stores. Created e. Shop requirements model, which includes the best examined properties of e-stores.

This study was inspired by the ever growing need for significance expressed both by my life coaching and pastoral therapy clients as well as the need for existential meaning reported both in the lay press and academic literature. This study reflected on a life that matters with a group of co-researchers in a participatory action research context. The study has been positioned within pastoral theology and invited the theological discourse into a reflection of existential meaning. Adopting a critical relational constructionist epistemology, the research was positioned within a postmodern paradigm. The implications for meaning and research were explored and described. My fellow researchers were invited to reflect on what constitutes a meaningful life or “a life that matters” to them personally. These stories of meaning were explored and situated within personal meaning histories. Meaning discourses introduced to the discussion of “a life that matters” were deconstructed, their effects externalised and embedded in life long meaning stories. In the process outsider witnesses were introduced to these stories, enriching these as we did. Together the research community made up of me and my fellow researchers, reflected on the meaning discourses introduced to the conversation on a life that matters in this way. These discourses included spirituality, purpose, and being meaningful in somebody else’s life. Only then did the group decide that perhaps these discourses were complemented by identity discourses. When we reflected upon the value of the research process as meaning enhancing action in their lives, my co-researchers suggested that it was the reflection process which added most value to their own experiences of meaningfulness. Throughout the research process, the voices of literature were invited into the conversation, exploring their perspectives on existential meaning. These voices acted as outsider witnesses, authenticating the stories of meaningfulness which were introduced by my fellow researchers. This study may serve to revive the conversation both in the practical theology discourse and the pastoral theology discourse. It positions existential meaning within an uncertainty discourse and suggests that reflexive co-construction in the manner suggested previously, can contribute to the meaning enhancing multilogue. Meaning making is introduced in a non-totalitarian way, strongly suggesting that an experience of meaningful living is possible even in postmodern times often described as confusing and potentially relativistically or nihilistically meaningless. This study creates space for spirituality in the existential meaning conversation; perhaps even strongly proclaiming that it should be part of any conversation on meaningfulness. Meaningfulness has been introduced as a local experience devoid of the power discourses of meta narratives and do-it-yourself recipes. Local process rather than universal content was positioned as meaning enhancing in the study, thus opening space for local life knowledges and negating the need to conform to meta-narratives of meaningfulness which may in effect be alienating and disempowering in that they relegate the life knowledges of objectified people into anecdotal and fictional. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Intensivvård innebär att förebygga och behandla hotande eller manifest svikt i ett eller flera organsystem hos svårt sjuka patienter. När den nyutexaminerade intensivvårdssjuksköterskan påbörjar sitt arbete på en intensivvårdsavdelning inleds en övergångsperiod. Denna kan pågå upp till två år och är en kritisk period där den nyanställda sjuksköterskan kan känna sig stressad och överväldigad. Mentorskap är en form av handledning där mentorn bland annat agerar som guide och förebild och tillhandahåller kunskap och råd inför den nya rollen. För drygt två år sedan påbörjades ett mentorprogram på en intensivvårdsavdelning i en storstadsregion i Sverige. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka nyutexaminerade intensivvårdssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att ha deltagit i ett mentorprogram. Metod: Fokusgruppintervjuer genomfördes och intervjumaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat presenteras under fyra kategorier. Mentorprogrammet – dess syfte och struktur belyser generella aspekter om programmet. Övergången – från student till en ny roll som intensivvårdssjuksköterska presenterar resultat angående den första tiden i den utökade yrkesrollen. Mentorskapet – adeptens och mentorns relation belyser olika aspekter av relationen och Mentorsamtalet – att prata av sig beskriver adeptens och mentorns samtal. Slutsats: Mentorprogrammet behövs och fyller en viktig funktion men behöver struktureras och individualiseras. Det är betydelsefullt hur adepter och mentorer matchas och det faktum att de även är kollegor bör beaktas om problem dem emellan uppkommer. Klinisk betydelse: För att underlätta övergången för nyutexaminerade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor kan mentorprogram införas och vissa aspekter bör beaktas innan uppstarten men även efter dess införande. / Background: Intensive care means treat and prevent threatening or manifest failure in one or several organ systems in very sick patients. The transition period, about two years, is critical for the newly hired intensive care nurse that often experience stress and a feeling of being overwhelmed. Mentorship is a sort of guidance where the mentor guide and act as a role-model as well as provide knowledge and advice. About two years ago a mentoring program started in an intensive care unit in a large city area in Sweden. Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine newly graduated intensive care nurses´ experiences after participation in a mentoring program. Method: Focus group interviews were completed and the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The result from the study is presented in four categories. The Mentoring program – aim and structure present general aspects of the program. The transition – from student to a new role as an intensive care nurse present results concerning the first period in the new profession. The Mentorship – the mentee and mentor relationship highlights different aspects of the relationship and The Mentorship Dialogue – to unburden describes the dialogue. Conclusion: The mentoring program is needed and performs an important function but should be structured and individualized. The matching between mentees and mentors are important and the fact that they are colleagues should be borne in mind if problems occur. Clinical matter: A mentoring program can ease the transition but certain circumstances should be taken into consideration.

Thesis analyzes development of agriculture between the years 1945-2013 in the concrete area which used to be covered by Chotěboř State Farm. For the whole time period, thesis analyzes general evolution of agriculture in Czechoslovakia (Czechia) as well. Main part of this paper is devoted to quantitative and qualitative analyses of agriculture in designated area. Analysis captures development of the land, maintenance by Chotěboř State farm, changes of its organization structure, solutions of investments problems in this land, trends of evolution and actual situation of management of State Farm in time period between the years 1960-1989. All of these are analyses in context of Czechoslovakian (Czechian) State Farms. One of the main outputs is scheme of evolution, showing similarities of processes and occurrences between those two measures levels as well as dependency of those processes with the past political decisions. Time period after 1989 has been selected to several stages in context of local and state processes and trends. In those stages in the model region thesis examines restructuring and transformation of ownerships, their problems, manipulations with agricultural land, ownership and rental of this land, economical indicators and problems in agriculture after year 1990. Another output of this paper...

Today Swedish society is surrounded by the English language, more so the importance to know how to read English is therefore essential. Students in consequence need the support from teachers to find suitable strategies to master their reading.This degree project’s aim is to find out if teachers use different methods to teach reading, and if so, why. This paper will present the reader with the theories and literature on the definition of reading strategies. Initially, various researchers will be present the two most commonly used strategies, the cognitive and the metacognitive. Although different researcher claim different This study is based on interviews with two teachers in elementary school, grade 4-6. The results and conclusion of this study is that the combination of different methods and the teachers’ adaption to each class and individual is what provides the students with the confidence to learn. Not only does this make it easier for the students to reach the requirements set for them, but this also gives them a willingness to learn. Furthermore, the study provides information on if the teachers working experience does have an impact on the methods they using when teaching L2 learners reading strategies.

<p>Proučavane su koroziona postojanost i tendencija lepljenja različitih<br />materijala u kontaktu sa tečnom Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu legurom. Ispitivanjem su<br />obuhvaćeni čelik za rad na toplo, plazma nitrirani čelik i dupleks<br />slojevi sa CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN i CrAlN prevlakama, različitog nivoa<br />površinske hrapavosti. Za ispitivanja pomenutih fenomena<br />primenjena je metoda izvlačenja, koja je unapređena kako bi se povećale<br />njena tačnost i verodostojnost simulacije procesa livenja. Korozioni<br />efekti su pojačani tako što su uzorci osim kratkog kontakta sa odlivkom<br />zadržavani i u dužim periodima u kontaktu sa tečnom legurom (5 i 20<br />min). Uprkos opštim stavovima, za ispitivane materijale je<br />ustanovljeno da su sile izvlačenja uzoraka iz Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu odlivaka<br />nezavisne od njihovog hemijskog sastava. Uticaj hrapavosti je izražen<br />kod uzoraka sa prevlakama kod kojih pri smanjenju hrapavosti dolazi do<br />povećanja sile izvlačenja. Sve ispitane prevlake su sklone mehaničkom<br />lepljenju Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu legure za svoje površine, ali sa aspekta korozije u<br />tečnom metalu značajno prevazilaze performanse čelika i plazma<br />nitriranog sloja. Duži kontakt livene legure sa površinama prevlaka<br />uzrokovao je niže vrednosti sila izvlačenja, što je posledica<br />oksidacije površina prevlaka. Ustanovljeno je da su ispitivane<br />prevlake inertne ka tečnoj leguri aluminijuma. Međutim, dolazi do<br />oksidacije i korozije materijala podloge kroz greške rasta koje su<br />prisutne u prevlakama. Stečena znanja o identifikovanim<br />mehanizmima habanja i propadanja zaštitnih slojeva prevlaka<br />poslužiće daljem razvoju dupleks slojeva namenjenih za zaštitu alata<br />za livenje pod pritiskom.</p> / <p>Corrosion resistance and soldering tendency of different materials in molten<br />Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu alloy were studied. Hot-working tool steel, plasma nitrided steel and<br />duplex layers with CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN and CrAlN top coatings, which were<br />produced to various degree of surface roughness, were covered by the study.<br />An ejection test was employed for investigation of the concerned phenomena.<br />The ejection test was improved in order to increase its accuracy and the<br />reliability of process simulation. Samples were examined in both short and<br />extended periods of contact (5 and 20 min) with liquid casting. Casting<br />solidification was extended in order to intensify the corrosion effects. Contrary<br />to common findings, it was found that the ejection force of the investigated<br />materials does not depend on their chemical composition. For the coated<br />samples, a pronounced dependence of the ejection force on the surface<br />roughness was found. The ejection force increases with decrease in surface<br />roughness. All investigated coatings are prone to mechanical soldering by Al&ndash;<br />Si&ndash;Cu alloy. Still, their corrosion resistance substantially exceeds the corrosion<br />resistance of steel and plasma nitrided layer. Longer exposure of coated<br />samples to cast alloy induced lower ejection forces, which is a consequence<br />of coatings oxidation. It was found that the investigated coatings are inert to<br />liquid aluminium. However, the underlying material undergoes oxidation and<br />corrosion through coating growth defects. The findings concerning the wear<br />mechanisms of protective layers support further development of duplex layers<br />intended for die casting tools protection.</p>

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage. / The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights.