Vi har under 2023 sett flertalet av våra kollegor kämpa med utmattningsproblem. Vid ett av Skaraborgs regementes utbildningskompanier har en tredjedel av officerarna uppvisat stressymptom. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att förstå vad som orsakar långvarig stress hos officerare vid Skaraborgs regemente. Då vi försökt förstå individers upplevelser har vi valt en hermeneutisk positionering och en induktiv, kvalitativ ansats. Vi har samtalat med sju officerare som har eller har haft utmattningsproblem. Samtalen har sedan analyserats genom Informed grounded theory. Vi har även samtalat med några befattningshavare för att få en karta över utmattningsproblem inom Försvarsmakten. Dessa samtal har genomgått en enklare innehållsanalys. Den bild som efter detta växt fram bygger på fem teman som till del går i varandra och ger ett sjätte tema som är stressens konsekvens. Förutsättningar är de förutsättningar officeren har med sig och får av arbetsgivaren att göra sitt jobb och möjligheter att återhämta. Krav som visar hur kraven från arbete, privatliv och inte minst de krav individen skapar själv påverkar. Ambition som handlar om officerens egna krav och förväntningar på sig själv. Kunskap om problemet innefattar officerens kunskap om långvarig stress, utmattningsproblem och hur återhämtning fungerar. Struktur som belyser hur god struktur fördröjer problem och är nödvändigt för att komma tillbaka efter utmattningsproblem. Dessa ledde till Konsekvenser som innefattar de symptom och reaktioner som skapat det lidande våra respondenter öppet beskriver. Konsekvenserna är det som är själva anledningen till vårt syfte. Vi har i vårt arbete kommit fram till följande slutsatser: •Utmattningsproblem hos officeren skapas i spänningen mellan bristande förutsättningar och för hög egen ambition. •Avsaknad av stöd när officeren får bristande förutsättningar och har hög ambition accelererar utmattningsprocessen. •En otillräcklig struktur i arbete och privatliv ökar effekten av komplexitet och hög belastning, minskar känslan av kompetens och påskyndar på så vis utmattningsprocessen. •Hela livet, både arbetslivet och privatlivet samverkar till att fylla bägaren. •Bristande kunskap om utmattningsproblem och återhämtning eller att inte ta ansvar för återhämtning ger mindre motståndskraft och allvarligare konsekvenser. •Det saknas en karta över utmattningsproblem i Försvarsmakten. / During 2023 we have seen several of our colleagues struggle with exhaustion problems. At one of the training companies at the Skaraborg regiment of the Swedish army one third off the Officers and Noncommissioned officers (NCOs) exhibit clear symptoms of stress. The purpose of this thesis is to understand what causes cumulative stress in officers and NCOs at the Skaraborg regiment. We have tried to understand the experience of individuals. Therefore, we have chosen a hermeneutic paradigm and an inductive qualitative approach. We have elected to converse with seven officers and NCOs who have or have had exhaustion problems. The conversations have been analyzed through Informed grounded theory. The emerging picture rests on five themes who partially intersect and consequently produce a sixth. Conditions are the conditions the individual bring with them and the conditions they get from the employer to do their job and recover. Demands which demonstrates how the demands from work, their personal life and not least the demands the individual creates for themselves. Ambition which describes the demands and expectations the individual imposes on themselves. Knowledge of the problem contains the individual’s knowledge of cumulative stress, problems of exhaustion and how recovery works. Structure which illuminates how a good structure in work and personal life delay stress related problems. How structure is necessary to recover after exhaustion problems. These themes all lead to Consequences which comprises of those symptoms and reactions to stress which creates the suffering our respondents have so openly described. The consequences which are the reason of our purpose. We have reached the following conclusions: •Exhaustion problems in officers and NCOs are created in the tension between deficient conditions and individual ambition. •The lack of support when individuals have deficient conditions, and a high ambition accelerates the exhaustion process. •A deficient structure in work life and personal life increases the effect of complexity and high task load. It reduces the feeling of accomplishment and so doing hastens the exhaustion process. •Life as a whole, both work life and personal life conspire to create exhaustion problems. •Lack of knowledge of exhaustion problems and recovery or not applying existing knowledge reduces resistance and aggravates consequences. •There is no map of exhaustion problems in the Swedish armed forces.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Om en människa länge utsätts för långvarig stress utan tid för återhämtning kan utmattningssyndrom utvecklas. Diagnosen utmattningssyndrom är en relativt ny diagnos i Sverige, diagnosen accepterades formellt år 2005. Syfte: Med denna litteraturstudie avses att belysa utmattningssyndrom från patientens perspektiv. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes och sökningar med noga utvalda sökord utfördes i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed, och PsycInfo. Sökningarna i denna litteraturstudie resulterade i att tio resultatartiklar inkluderades, genom innehållsanalys strukturerades och analyserades resultatartiklarna. Resultat: Resultaten presenteras under fem teman: Att släppa taget, insikt balans och självbild, upplevelser av varningssignaler och symtom, stöd och support samt tillfrisknande. Resultatet av litteraturstudien lyfter fram vikten av patienters upplevelse att komma till insikt om orsaken till varför de drabbats av utmattningssyndrom, inte förrän då kunde patienterna påbörja sin resa mot tillfrisknande. Tydligt var även att patienterna genom att arbeta med sitt beteendemönster fick sin självkänsla och självrespekt tillbaka. Genom att lära sig strategier för att hantera stress lärde sig patienterna att känna igen kroppens signaler. Vidare forskning om patienters upplevelser är av vikt då effekter av rehabiliteringsmetoder för utmattningssyndrom är bristfällig. / Abstract If you are exposed during a certain period of time to prolonged stress without time to recover, you may develop exhaustion disorder. The diagnosis of exhaustion disorder is a relatively new diagnosis in Sweden; the diagnosis was formally accepted in year 2005. Aim: This study referred to lighten exhaustion disorder from the patient's perspective. Method:  A literature review was performed; the search was made by using selected keywords and were conducted in the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycInfo. The searches in this study included ten articles. Through content analysis the articles was structured and analysed. Results: Results are presented under five topics: Letting go, insight balance and self-image, perceptions of the warning signs and symptoms, assistance and support and recovery. The results of the literature study highlights the importance of patients' experience to come to the knowledge of the reason why they suffered exhaustion disorder, not until then could they begin their journey towards recovery. Evidence shows that patients working with their behavior patterns had their self-esteem and self-respect back. By learning strategies to manage stress patients learned to recognize the body's signals. Further research of patients’ experiences is important when the effects of rehabilitation methods for exhaustion disorders is deficient.

Extensive research on burnout in different occupational fields has taken place internationally. However, no studies on waitrons in South Africa have been performed, while this is an occupational group seemingly facing high emotional strain in interaction with customers. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between burnout, coping, engagement and health in the hospitality industry. In doing so the researchers would be able to advise the industry on how they could help in preventing burnout among waitrons as well as enhancing their work engagement. A random sample using a survey design was used. The sample consisted of 150 waitrons in restaurants and coffee shops in Potchefstroom, Northwest Province. The Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Cybernetic Coping Scale and the General Health Questionnaire were administered. The reliability of the measuring instruments was assessed with the use of Cronbach alpha coefficients. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between burnout, coping, engagement and general health. Findings indicate that in terms of burnout, the health of waitrons is predicted by their perceptions of accomplishment, having an avoidant coping strategy or favouring symptom reduction as coping strategy. Also, the interaction of their emotional exhaustion with the coping strategy of symptom reduction, as well as their feelings of accomplishment in interaction with having an accommodative coping strategy, predicted health. Findings indicate that in terms of engagement, experiencing high levels of energy in their work, being dedicated to their work, and not having an avoidant coping strategy or avoiding addressing the symptoms of stress was related to waitrons' health. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Abstract Background. The pre-exhaustion (PE) method is a way to target a stronger muscle in a multi-joint exercise by isolating the stronger muscle immediately before the multi-joint exercise. It has been shown that this principle give greater magnitude of muscular activation in the synergistic secondary mover. There is also some indications that the PE method gives a greater neuromuscular activation of the primary mover when PE the synergist. If there are any differences between men and women in muscle activity has never been investigated before. Men have a greater absolute strength than women, especially in their upper body. There are still conflicting results if they also have greater relative strength. Aim. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if there were any neuromuscular differences between men and women when PE triceps brachii before bench press and if there was any differences in relative strength during 10RM bench press. Methods. 15 men and 15 women was randomly signed up in two different protocols. Protocol 1 started with bench press at 10 repetition maximum (10RM) and after five minutes of recovery, they performed the pre-exhaustion exercise (triceps extensions to failure) immediately before a second round of bench press with the same load on the barbell. Protocol 2 started with triceps extensions to failure immediately before bench press at their 10RM. They also had five minutes of recovery before they performed 10 repetitions of bench press. The magnitude of muscular activation were collected with surface electromyography and then processed through average root mean square (RMS). The values were normalized to muscular voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and expressed as percent of MVIC. The muscles that was analysed was triceps brachii (TB), pectoralis major (PM) and deltoideus anterior (DA). Results. The results showed that women had a statistically significantly higher muscular activity in all three muscles; PM (p=0.001) TB (p=0.023) and DA (p=0.047) after pre-exhaustion of TB before bench press compared to only bench press. Men showed only a statistical significant higher activation in PM (p=0.003) and a trend of higher activation in DA (p=0.061). There was a statistically significant difference in muscle activity between women and men in TB (p=0.015) but not in DA (p=0.902) and PM (p=0.436). There was no statistically significant difference between relative strength (volume load/fat free mass) (p=0.775) nor number of repetitions in bench press after PE of TB (p=0.713) between the sexes. Conclusion. The main findings in this study is that it was a statistically significant difference in neuromuscular activity in TB between men and women when PE was applied to TB before the bench press compared to bench press only, but no difference in relative strength.

The aim of this instrumental study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (EES) in a sample of 233 private university students of psychology with ages between of 16 and 44 years old (M = 20.9). The factor analysis reveals that the EES presents a one-dimensional structure (a factor that explains 43.361% of the total variance) and there was a significant and positive correlation between anxiety and depression and a significant and negative correlation with Academic Self-Efficacy. Furthermore, regarding reliability, the ordinal alpha is adequate (.853). To conclude, the EAPESA has suitable psychometric properties to continue validation studies, which reaffirms its use as an instrument to evaluate emotional exhaustion. / El objetivo del estudio instrumental fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Cansancio Emocional (ECE) en una muestra de 233 estudiantes de Psicología de una universidad privada con edades comprendidas entre 16 y 44 años (M=20.9). El análisis factorial realizado revela que la ECE presenta una estructura unidimensional (factor que explica 43.361% de la varianza) y se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa con Ansiedad y Depresión, y correlación negativa y significativa con Autoeficacia Académica. Por otro lado, con relación a la confiabilidad, el coeficiente alfa ordinal es adecuado (.853). Se concluye que la ECE cuenta con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para seguir con estudios de validación, apoyando así su uso como instrumento de evaluación del cansancio emocional.

Sammanfattning: Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor kan konfronteras med traumatiska händelser i sitt dagliga arbete. Dessa händelser kan leda till en fara för sjuksköterskors hälsa i form av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD), sekundär traumatisk stress (STS) eller utbrändhet. Hanteringsstrategier är individuella och har en stor betydelse för sjuksköterskors återhämtning. Syfte: Hur påverkas sjuksköterskor av traumatiska händelser och hur hanterar de uppkomna känslor. Metod: En kvalitativ innehållsanalys valdes som metod där 14 bloggar analyserades. Sökningen genomfördes osystematiskt via sökmotorn Google. Analysen resulterade i två kategorier och sju underkategorier. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor kände en fysisk och emotionell utmattning på grund av de traumatiska upplevelserna. Personligheten förändrades. Att stänga av sina känslor eller att frigöra sig från dem var möjliga hanteringsstrategier. En positiv inställning till livet samt acceptans av egna känslor, sammanhållning i team och erfarenhet har bidragit positivt i hanteringsprocessen. Slutsats: Genom att sjuksköterskor upplever traumatiska händelser i sitt arbete är risken för ohälsa stor. Utbrändhet och PTSD kan utvecklas hos sjuksköterskor och påverkar vårdandet negativt. Klinisk betydelse: Studiens resultat kan användas av verksamhetschefer och sjuksköterskor för att öka kunskapen i området. Programansvariga på högskolor kan inkludera studien i utbildningsinnehållet för att även förbereda studenter inför sin kommande praktik. / Summary: Background: Nurses can be confronted with traumatic events in their daily work. These events can lead to danger to nurses' health in the forms of posttraumatic stress syndrom, secondary traumatic stress or burnout. Management strategies are individual and have a significant importance to nurses’ recovery. Purpose: How traumatic incidents affect nurses and how they cope with arising feelings. Method: A qualitative content analysis was chosen as a method where 14 blogs were analyzed. The search was carried out unsystematically through the Google search engine. The analysis resulted in two main categories and seven subcategories. Result: The nurses felt a physical and emotional exhaustion because of their traumatic experiences. The personality changed. Turning off their emotions or to free themselves from them were possible management strategies. A positive attitude to life and acceptance of their own feelings and cohesion in the team has contributed positively in the management process. Conclusion: Traumatic events process a major risk to nurses’ health. They may develop burnout or PTSD that may affect caring negatively. Clinical significance: The research results can be used by business managers and nurses to increase knowledge to the area. Editors in charge in colleges can include this study for educational purposes in order to prepare students for future practice.

During the course of infection with chronic pathogens such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, virus-specific CD8^+ T cells differentiate into heterogeneous dysfunctional subpopulations. Advances in multi-parameter flow cytometry have allowed these subpopulations to be further classified into classes of exhausted T cells, primarily by their expression of multiple inhibitory receptors. However, the exact phenotype of CD8^+ T cells during exhaustion is an area of great interest as many inhibitory receptors are also expressed on functional CD8^+ T cells. Discovering novel and specific markers of T cell exhaustion is fundamental in developing strategies to restore CD8^+ T cell function in chronic viral infections. Recently, genome wide expression profiles have identified broad molecular phenotypes in exhausted T cells that could not have been discovered by flow cytometry alone. I show how similar genomic approaches identify and further characterise the ectonucleotidase CD39 as a novel marker of CD8^+ T cell exhaustion in chronic viral infection. I show that CD39 is highly expressed in HCV and HIV-specific CD8^+ T cells and that CD39^+ CD8^+ T cells are enriched with gene signatures of exhaustion. CD39 is highly co-expressed with multiple inhibitory receptors including PD-1, enzymatically active on CD8^+ T cells in HCV infection and positively correlated with viral load in both HCV and HIV. I also demonstrate the discovery of a novel CD39^High population of cells in the mouse model of chronic Lymphocytic Choriomenigitis Virus (LCMV) infection, which express the highest degrees of PD-1, LAG3 and 2B4 in the CD39^+ fraction. Thus, CD39 is a novel and specific marker of severe CD8^+ T cell exhaustion in human and animal models of chronic viral infection.

The thesis focuses on the concept of parallel imports in the Czech law in light of the judicature of the European Court of Justice. In the first part of the thesis, after a brief introduction to the Czech trademark law, the thesis seeks to define the individual competencies of trademark owners and their restrictions, with an emphasis on the concept of exhaustion of the rights towards the trademark. The second part of the thesis focuses exclusively on the concept of parallel imports within the European Union and the European Economic Area and their impact on the internal market. The issue of exhaustion of the ownerʼs rights towards the trademark, being closely related to parallel imports and without which parallel imports as such could not exist, represent a key part of the European Court of Justiceʼs rulings. The analysis of the rulings conducted in the thesis demonstrates that the possibilities of trademark owners to inhibit parallel imports are significantly limited and that the European Court of Justice tends to assign greater importance to protecting the internal market than to protecting the subjective rights of the trademark owners.

ABSTRAC The theme of this dissertation work is teachers' burnout syndrome. The theoretical part contains information from scientific literature concerning terms: burning out, exhaustion and stress, and shows their causes and symptoms. Teacher's personality is described from points of view of typology, professional demands, burnout syndrome and it is also explained how to prevent this syndrome. The empirical part of the work is represented by the research on various types of Prague schools. The standardized questionnaire Burnout Measure adopted from authors Ayal Pines and Elliot Aronson is used on that matter.

Parallel imports and trademark law in the Czech Republic This thesis goal is to provide a basic introduction to Czech trademark law and to analyse parallel imports. I wanted to emphasize the "exhaustion of rights "principle in the context of the law of the European Union also in the context of law in the Czech Republic. It covers some of the most intriguing aspects of parallel imports for example "placed on the market", "consent of a trade mark owner", "repackaging and other changed of the parallel imported goods "by examining the most important Court of Justice of the European Union (before European Court of Justice) decisions that have set a solid legal environment and use them to explain how parallel imports have evolved. The thesis focuses on Czech and European trademark law and parallel imports in the law of the Czech Republic, as a member state of European Union. At the first part of thesis I explain what is trademark law, it's sense and intent in general. I also examine the fundamental sources of Czech national trademark law, trademark law of the European Union and international law. Which is followed by description what a "trademark" is and which trademarks are protected in Czech Republic, their functions and "trademark owners" as a basics terminology of trademark law in Czech Republic. Next part...