Museums play a vital role in society as institutions that bear the cultural and historical heritage of the public. In the last decade, visitors' digital habits have steadily been increasing as well as the digital technologies available for museums to use in their exhibitions. Some museums have the desire to accommodate the changes in the visitors' behaviours and embrace new technologies, but they often do not know how to do this sustainably. Previous research indicates that there is a need for guidelines and standards in building digital strategies for museums, this research investigates this issue within Swedish art museums. The purpose of this study is to give a background on digital technology strategies employed by art museums in Sweden. Exploring how the relationship between current strategies and previous research on visitor experience, could benefit the management of art museums and their visitors. A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was carried out with seven art museums across Sweden about their use of digital technologies and their strategies. The data was then thematically analysed, resulting in five common themes: (1) Prolonged digital development, (2) Digital technology should be purposefully and logically used, (3) Adapting to digital habits as an institution for public access, (4) Museums have limited knowledge of the potential benefits of digital technologies and (5) Museums are trying to meet the visitors' needs and expectations. The research findings show that museums are struggling with the adoption of digital technologies, despite wanting to meet the expectations of visitors, having budget issues, lack of in-house expertise and having difficulties with the complexity of technology. The  data also suggests that Swedish museums need guidance for developing their digital strategies, though the extent of that differs from museum to museum. Museums need to be informed of the possibilities of digital technologies in enhancing visitor experience. Moreover, how digital technology can be used in their specific organisation. Further research can build upon the findings of this study to create guidelines for museums and explore how the research questions can be applied to other countries.

Studien fokuserar på hur typografi påverkar den övergripande användarupplevelsen på webben, samt hur kunskapen kan användas för att utforma vägledande rekommendationer som kan användas som stöd vid design av användarupplevelse genom typografi på webben. Studien är avgränsad till att fokusera på typografi som område med fokus på faktorerna läsbarhet, estetik, layout och struktur samt användarens känslomässiga respons. Studien bidrar till att belysa vikten av att göra medvetna typografiska val vid utformning och utveckling av webbplatser samt till att skapa förståelse kring vad som särskiljer typografi på webben från typografi på papper och hur detta bör påverka designen för att säkra en god användarupplevelse. Detta har undersökts genom en litteraturstudie samt kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med universitetsstudenter i Skellefteå i Sverige, samt Medellín i Colombia.  Resultatet av studien visar att människor tar del av typografi på olika sätt beroende på om texten finns på en skärm eller på ett papper, att användare tenderar att snabbare lämna webbplatsen om typografin påverkar användarupplevelsen negativt samt att design av typografi kan väcka olika känslor och associationer hos användaren.  Slutsatsen är att generella och mer övergripande råd och riktlinjer för interaktionsdesign och gränssnittsdesign är användbara vid utformning av typografi på webben, men de kan behöva kompletteras med särskilda rekommendationer för att tydliggöra vilka typografiska val som bör göras på webben och hur i syfte att säkerställa en bra användarupplevelse.  Genom studien ges förslag på vägledande rekommendationer. Dessa bör dock valideras och vidareutvecklas ytterligare. Studien bidrar emellertid till en grund att bygga vidare på genom fortsatt forskning om typografi och hur typografiska val påverkar användaren. / The study focuses on how typography affects the overall User Experience on the web, and how the knowledge can be used to design guiding recommendations that can be used to support the design of User Experience through typography on the web. The study is limited to focusing on typography as an area with a focus on the factor’s readability, aesthetics, layout and structure as well as the user's emotional response. The study helps to highlight the importance of making conscious typographic choices when designing and developing websites and to create an understanding of what distinguishes typography on the web from typography on paper and how this should affect the design to ensure a good User Experience. This has been investigated through a literature review and qualitative semi-structured interviews with university students in Skellefteå in Sweden, and Medellín in Colombia.  The results of the study show that people take part in typography in different ways depending on whether the text is on a screen or on a piece of paper, that users tend to leave the website faster if the typography negatively affects the User Experience and that design of typography can evoke different feelings and associations in the user. The conclusion is that more general advice and guidelines for interaction design and interface design are useful when designing typography on the web, but they may need to be supplemented with specific recommendations to clarify which typographic choices should be made on the web and how to ensure a good User Experience. The study proposes indicative recommendations. However, these should be validated and further developed. However, the study contributes to a foundation to build on through continued research on typography and how typographic choices affect the user.

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Advertisement is funding a lot of the digital landscape we interact with on a day-to-day basis. As our digital landscape evolve and the field of Cross Reality is maturing, it is of value to examine its compatibility with this mean of monetization. With the perspective of three major stakeholders in mind (advertisers, developers and end-users) this study examines the impact of two different sets of advertisements, one set from a variety of brands and one set from a single brand, in a Virtual Reality experience. A user study is conducted with data being collected through a questionnairesupported interview as well as the advertisement software within the virtual experience. The results show very little impact on the user experience in general, however the data suggests a significant advantage for a variety of advertisement in terms of subconsciously reaching the user. / Reklam finanansierar stora delar av det digitala landskap vi interagerar med dagligen. Allt eftersom tekniken utvecklas och området Cross Reality mognar, är det av värde att undersöka dess kompabilitet med denna typ av finansiering. Ur perspektivet av tre huvudintressenter (annonsörer, utvecklare och slutanvändare), undersöker denna studie inverkan från två olika uppsättningar av reklam. Den ena uppsättningen består av reklam från en variation av varumärken och den andra uppsättningen består av reklam från ett enskilt varumärke. En användarstudie genomförs med data som insamlas via en enkät-stöttad intervju samt genom mjukvaran som levererar reklamen inom den virtuella upplevelsen. Resultaten visar väldigt liten inverkan på den generella användarupplevelsen, dock antyder datan att det finns en signifikant fördel för en variation av reklam när det gäller aspekten att undermedvetet nå användarna.

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease. About 10 % of the world's population is estimated to suffer from diabetes mellitus type 1, which is estimated at around 8.75 million people. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a self-care disease that requires the person to take a great deal of self-care responsibility every day. The nurse needs to understand how patients experience living with diabetes mellitus type 1 to provide good, adequate care and training in self-care management. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe adult’s experiences of living with diabetes mellitus type 1. Method: A literature study based on a qualitative method where eleven articles were analyzed with Friberg's five-step model. Results: In the results there was different aspects that was brought to attention, both positive and negative that influence the life of someone living with diabetes mellitus type 1. The analyze resulted in three main themes; “The surroundings influence on DMT1”, “Anxiety for the future”, “An ocean of challenges” and six sub-themes. Conclusion: There is multiple factors that affect adult’s lives when living with DMT1. To be able to offer people with diabetes mellitus type 1 good care, it is necessary for the nurse to work with person-centered care, develop their knowledge and listen to each person's unique story. / Syftet med studien var att belysa vuxna personers upplevelser av att leva med diabetes mellitus typ 1. Studiens resultat kom fram till att det finns en påverkan från omgivningen, en oro för framtiden och flera utmaningar med att leva diabetes mellitus typ 1 (DMT1). Stöd kunde erhållas från olika grupper; familj och vänner, nätbaserade stödgrupper och sjukvården. Det stöd som erbjöds av omgivningen upplevdes oftast som positiv, dock fanns upplevelser av att stödet brast och att personer med DMT1 inte blev lyssnade på. Det var inte bara stöd som kunde upplevas negativt. Personer med DMT1 upplevde en kamp för att leva ett normalt liv. De ville inte identifiera sig som sin sjukdom, de ville vara en person med en sjukdom. Sjukdomen var en del av livet som krävde en egenvårdshantering för att förebygga komplikationer. Personer med DMT1 upplevde en stark oro i samband med rädslan för komplikationer. Rädslan kunde även användas som en motivation till god hantering av DMT1. Hanteringen DMT1 var en balansgång mellan livet och sjukdomen. Jobb kunde bli påverkat av sjukdomen där en anställning inte var helt självklar. Det uppkom känslor av skuld och skam kring egenvårdshanteringen öppet i samhället. Därav valde personer med DMT1 att göra egenvård privat för att inte möta samhällets uppfattningar och normer om sjukdomen. Det var aldrig någon paus i sjukdomshanteringen. Livsstilen med egenvårdhantering och planeringsförmågan sågs också som en positiv aspekt hos personer med DMT1. DMT1 har både en positivt och negativ inverkan på livet. Det är en daglig kamp med en begränsad vardag. Det är därför en stor påverkan på livet hos personer med DMT1 vilket resulterar till att det är viktigt som sjuksköterska att lyssna in personernas upplevelser för att kunna erbjuda bästa möjliga omvårdnad. Studien är litteraturbaserad med kvalitativ metod. Resultatet är grundat på en analys av sammanlagt elva kvalitativa artiklar. Artiklarna är analyserade enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. Ur analysen kunde tre huvudteman och sex underteman urskiljas.

With the emergence of the internet as a new business channel and its impact on the overall role of today¿s customers, existing models for the measurement of perceived quality, satisfaction and loyalty are worth revisiting. This is specifically important in light of the prominent progress of some of the new business concepts, particularly customer experience management, and the rising emphasis on customers¿ hedonic and emotional needs. This study attempts to bridge the gap in existing literature by examining the online customer experience in its entirety, attending within the study to both the utilitarian and hedonic needs of online customers and giving special attention to emerging aspects in the online environment, such as customer engagement in self-driven experiences. Therefore, the study includes a comprehensive review of a large body of knowledge, both in consumer behaviour and marketing literature as well as quality management literature, in addition to a scrutiny of 50 studies for different evaluation models in the online environment. This is in order to identify a list of attributes and factors that impact customer evaluations of online experiences. Upon the synthesis of the list of attributes and factors that impact customer evaluations of online experiences, an online blog was created as an environment for asynchronous focus groups. The online blog was beneficial in creating a deeper understanding of what online customers want and what impacts their experiences. Following, an online questionnaire was administered in two stages, once for measure purification purposes which received 90 pilot responses and once for mass data collection purposes which received 366 responses. As a result of this study, an integrated model for the measurement of online customer experience that emphasises the significance of the emotional component was proposed. The model consists of three components, each serve a specific measurement purpose. The XQual construct which consists of 7 attributes and 30 factors, is a performance measure of the experience in relation to specific aspects that address customers¿ utilitarian and hedonic needs. The satisfaction continuum consists of four factors and is an output measure for each experience or transaction with the online firm. The loyalty continuum consists of four factors and is an outcome measure that indicates customers¿ attitudinal commitment towards the online firm.

Bakgrund: Det finns ungefär 200 cancersjukdomar och år 2021 insjuknade 68 810 personer i en cancersjukdom i Sverige. Stigande ålder, ärftlighet och genetiska förändringar ökar risken för att drabbas av en cancersjukdom och hos personer under 80 år är cancer den främsta dödsorsaken. Valet av behandling avgörs utifrån cancerformen och tumörens lokalisering. Det finns generellt två former av behandlingsalternativ, kurativ och palliativ behandling, vilka behandlar botbara och obotliga cancersjukdomar. Palliativ vård syftar till att främja patientens välbefinnande, livskvalitet och värdighet som vid livets slut kan innebära sociala och existentiella utmaningar. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att leva med en obotlig cancersjukdom. Metod: Detta är en beskrivande litteraturstudie bestående av elva kvalitativa artiklar. Huvudresultat: Patienters erfarenheter av att leva med en obotlig cancersjukdom presenteras utifrån tre huvudteman med tillhörande subteman; När livet förändras: fysisk och psykisk påverkan och att leva ett normalt liv; Att leva med en obotlig cancersjukdom: acceptans och kontroll och vårdens betydelse; Att stå inför döden: existentiella tankar. Slutsats: Patienterna drabbades av fysisk och psykisk påverkan vilket påverkade deras hälsa och möjligheten till att leva ett normalt liv. Acceptans gav en känsla av kontroll över sjukdomen och information samt att vara symtomfri främjade acceptans. Att leva ett normalt liv var även en strategi för att acceptera döden. Personcentrerad vård var av betydelse och bristande information och kontinuitet upplevdes inom vården. / Background: There are approximately 200 cancer diseases, and in the year of 2021 68 810 people were diagnosed with cancer in Sweden. Increasing age, heredity and genetic changes raises the risk of developing a cancer disease and it’s the most common cause of death in people under 80 years of age. The choice of treatment is determined by the type of cancer and the tumor´s localization. There are generally two types of treatments, curative and palliative which refers to curable and incurable cancer. Palliative care is aimed to promote the patients well-being, quality of life and dignity which at the end of life may involve social and existential challenges. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe the patients experiences of living with incurable cancer. Method: This is a descriptive literature study with the result from eleven scientific articles.  Main Result: The patients experiences of living with incurable cancer are presented according to three main themes with related sub-themes; When life changes: physical and mental impact and living a normal life; Living with incurable cancer: acceptance and control and the importance of care; To face death: existential thoughts. Conclusion: The patients were affected by physical and mental symtoms, which affected their health and the possibility of living a normal life. Acceptance provided a sense of control of the disease and information as well as being free of symtoms, encouraged acceptance. To live a normal life was also a strategy for accepting death. Person centered care was important, and insufficient information and continuity was experienced within the care.

Bakgrund: Protesen har existerat sedan forntida egypten. Att leva med en protes kan ha både negativ och positiv påverkan hos protesbäraren. Omställningen bidrar till en ny livsstil där varje individ kan påverkas i olika utsträckning både psykiskt och fysiskt. Sjuksköterskan behöver ha kunskap om protesbärarens upplevelser för att kunna hjälpa protesbäraren att anpassa sig till livet med en protes. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa upplevelser av att leva med en protes för nedre extremitet. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie bestående av tio resultatartiklar som söktes fram i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO samt Sage Journals. Artiklarna analyserades med hjälp av en guide för kvalitativ forskning gjord av Popenoe et al. (2021). Resultat: Det framkom fem kategorier och dessa var: rörlighet, komfort och funktion, samhällets inverkan, utbildning, jobb och ekonomi och socialt stöd. Alla kategorier belyste hur det kan vara att leva med en protes för nedre extremitet. Konklusion: Protesen kan medföra en känsla av självständighet samtidigt som den kan upplevas som en begränsning med smärtor och problem med passform. Stöd från anhöriga och vårdpersonal var viktigt för återhämtningen. Att vårdpersonal gav god och tillräcklig information var också väsentligt. Ytterligare forskning behövs om protesbärares upplevelser av att leva med en protes för nedre extremitet där sjuksköterskor får den kunskap som krävs för att ge en god omvårdnad. / Background: The prosthesis has existed since ancient Egypt. Living with a prosthesis can have both negative and positive effects on the prosthesis user. The transition contributes to a new lifestyle where each individual can be affected to different extents both psychologically and physically. The nurse needs to have knowledge about the experiences of a prosthesis user in order to be able to help the prosthesis user adapt to life with a prosthesis. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate experiences of living with a lower extremity prosthesis. Method: The general literature review study included ten result articles that were searched in the databases CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO and Sage Journals. The articles were analyzed using a guide for qualitative research made by Popenoe et al. (2021). Results: Five categories emerged and these were: mobility, comfort and function, impact from the society, education, jobs and finances and social support. All categories highlighted what it can be like to live with a prosthesis for the lower limb. Conclusion: The prosthesis can bring a sense of independence as well as a limitation that includes pain and problems with the fitting of the prosthesis. Support from relatives and healthcare professionals was important for the recovery. It was also essential that healthcare staff provided good and sufficient information to the patient. Further research is needed on prosthesis users’ experiences of living with a lower extremity prosthesis where nurses gain the knowledge required to provide good nursing care.

Human cultures have used classic psychedelics for healing purposes for millennia, emphasizing their subjective effects. In the 21st century, research has been revived to investigate the therapeutic effects of these substances. These substances show promising results in the treatment of various mental-related disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and others, necessitating ethical considerations and guidelines for researchers, psychotherapists, and policymakers. The subjective effects of the psychedelic experience that these substances evoke, such as the feeling of oneness and interconnectedness, infallibility, the sense of reduced one's self-importance, the encounter with the "ultimate" reality or with God, radically distinguish them from typical psychiatric medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In their essay "Ethics and Ego Dissolution: the Case of Psilocybin", William R. Smith and Dominic Sisti argue that the special properties of psychedelics entail certain novel risks that warrant "enhanced" informed consent that is "one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications". They emphasize the unique effects of these substances, including 1) the potential for significant personality changes, 2) the short duration of treatment, and 3) the potential for profound and transformative experiences. They highlight the importance of explicitly addressing these potential changes as part of the informed consent process to ensure patient understanding, autonomy, and well-being. This current paper substantially complements Smith and Sisti's work by discussing in more detail the differences between psychedelics and typical psychiatric medications with respect to informed consent. I first support their arguments and then further argue that there are three other critical reasons why psychedelics should not be treated like other psychiatric medications that should be considered when discussing the enhancement of informed consent and disclosure. 1) potential changes in ethical values, 2) set and setting, and 3) suggestibility. To clarify my argument, I propose a distinction between changes in worldview and ethical values induced by the psychedelic experience and emphasize their differential impact on individuals undergoing psychedelic therapy. I introduce the term "ethical limbo", characterized as a state of uncertainty or ambiguity regarding the ethical implications or consequences of a particular action, decision, or situation due to conflicting ethical values, to highlight a potential risk of the psychedelic experience that should be considered in informed consent. Finally, I address potential objections to my arguments before concluding the paper and addressing some limitations of the research.

BACKGROUND: Faculty members in higher education participate in a diversity of scholarly activities. Feedback performance and data on these academic contributions must be tracked for multiple formative and summative purposes including faculty development, promotions, and annual reporting requirements. However, this data are frequently not captured, primarily because most teaching institutions have not implemented a system to effectively collect and report this data. PURPOSE: This thesis designed prototypes for an online performance analytics dashboard for Health Sciences faculty members, including researchers, teachers, administrators, leaders, and clinical educators. This project incorporated UCD (user-centered design) to focus on the end-users and seek to understand their needs and wants. METHOD: McMaster University was used as a case study for this Design-Based Research study. Dashboard preferences were gathered from literature reviews, stakeholder interviews, document analysis, focus groups and interviews. These findings informed the build of a dashboard prototype. Multiple iterations of end-user evaluation and prototype revisions were conducted to refine the design. A constructivist grounded theory approach was utilized to analyze qualitative data from focus group and interviews to generate theory. RESULTS: 25 key resources from the literature review were listed in an annotated bibliography. 10 stakeholders were interviewed. Several McMaster policies and forms were reviewed. 18 faculty members reviewed the dashboard and provided feedback. Qualitative data from focus groups and interviews revealed 4 main themes pertaining to dashboard needs. CONCLUSION: By designing prototypes, this study revealed several requirements and considerations for the construction of a faculty performance dashboard. The dashboard must be customizable, dynamic, organized by user groups, and include specific requirements for the relevant faculty roles. The quality, governance and weighting of data in the dashboard must be considered. Notably, the implementation of this solution would enhance faculty learning and assessment, data reporting and faculty development in the Health Sciences. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)