À travers cette recherche, nous avons étudié la violation des droits des travailleurs migrants haïtiens en République dominicaine à la lumière du principe de l’effectivité du droit international. L’étude analyse en profondeur deux aspects de cette violation : la question d’expulsion collective et la violation du droit à la nationalité. En réaction à celle-ci, nous analysons le problème de l’exécution des décisions de justice de la Cour régionale condamnant l’État dominicain. En premier lieu, l’histoire relate que dès l’époque coloniale, des différends survirent entre les deux puissances colonisatrices de l’île - la France (à l’ouest/Haïti) et l’Espagne (à l’est/la République dominicaine) - en vue du partage de cet espace géographique. Ces différends sont transmis comme héritage aux deux États (Haïti et la République dominicaine) issus de la colonisation. Avec le développement de la migration haïtienne sur le territoire voisin, les différends persistent en raison des traitements infligés aux travailleurs migrants haïtiens. Ils sont considérés comme étant des invités indésirables au point d’être qualifiés de problème. Dans l’espace public dominicain, il a été institué l’expression «el problema haitiano». Si Trujillo a tenté de résoudre ledit problème via le génocide, à partir des années 1990, les autorités préfèrent procéder par des vagues de déportations massives réalisées de façon sommaire contrairement au droit international. Par exemple, les garanties judiciaires ne sont pas respectées. En vue de mieux faciliter la déportation, l’État dominicain met en œuvre tout un processus de déchéance de nationalité. Ainsi, au cours des années 2000, les fonctionnaires de l’administration publique dominicaine refusaient d’enregistrer les enfants qui, selon la constitution, ont droit à la nationalité dominicaine. D’autre part, ils ont saisi les documents d’identité des individus qui font partie de cette catégorie de personnes. En réaction à ces exactions, la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme a condamné à deux reprises l’État dominicain. Par contre, dans les faits, ces décisions peinent à être exécutées. Dans l’arrêt rendu dans le cadre de l’affaire des enfants Yean et Boscico, les mesures les plus significatives ne sont pas exécutées. Dans l’affaire des personnes dominicaines et haïtiennes expulsées, en guise d’exécution, la réaction de l’État constitue, de préférence, des résistances nationales à l’exécution de ladite décision. Tant sur le plan politique que sur les plans judiciaire et administratif, le comportement de l’État va dans le sens contraire à l’exécution de la décision de la Cour de San José. Dans les faits, les règles de droit garantissant les droits en question restent lettres mortes vis-à-vis de l’État dominicain. Voilà ce qui permet de confirmer l’hypothèse principale de la recherche selon laquelle la violation du droit à la nationalité des personnes d’ascendance haïtienne en République dominicaine s’explique en raison de l’ineffectivité des règles de droit codifiées par le droit international public. Afin que les personnes d’ascendance haïtienne puissent jouir de leurs droits, nous faisons, entre autres, des recommandations à l’État dominicain, à la République d’Haïti et à la communauté internationale. / This research focuses on the problem of the violation of the rights of Haitian migrant workers in the Dominican Republic. We highlight two key points. The first one is the mass deportation; the second one refers to the violation of the right of nationality. In reaction to this one, we analyze the problem of execution of the decisions of the international jurisdictions precisely, the Court of San José that condemned the Dominican Republic. First, the history shows that since the colonial time, there were disputes between the two-colonizing superpower of the island - France (west, Haiti) and Spain (east, Dominican Republic) - about their part of the territory. Those misunderstandings are transmitted as a heritage to the two countries that share the geographic territory of the island at the end of the colonization. With the development of the Haitian migration on the territory of the Dominican Republic, the dispute increased between the two countries because of the treatment that Haitian cane cutters received. They considered them as unwanted guest and as a problem. So, in the Dominican society, people use the expression « el problema haitianno ». Via his genocide, Trujillo tried to solve that problem, but nowadays, since the beginning of the 1990s, the authorities preferred to organize the mass deportation of Haitian workers and their descents. It is a violation not only of the principles of public international law, but also of human rights. For example, the Dominican Republic violates the juridical guarantees codified by the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights. In order to facilitate the mass deportation, the State creates a process of denationalization. Therefore, during the 2000s, the officials of the Dominican public administration refused to deliver a birth certificate to children who have this right according to the constitution. On the other hand, the official use to seize and/or destroy documents of identity of this category of people. In reaction, the Inter-American Court of Human Right condemned twice the Dominican Republic because of those violations. But the state refuses to execute those decisions. In the case of the girls Yean and Boscico, the key points of the decision are not executed. In the case of the Dominican and Haitian expelled, the State reacted against the decision and refuse to execute it. Here are, among others, the arguments that confirm the principal hypothesis of the research that assimilates the violation of the right of nationality of Haitian migrants’ workers' descents in the Dominican Republic to the effectiveness of the rule of law of international public law. In order to repair the damages caused to the Haitian cane cutters and their descents, we make recommendations first, to Dominican State; secondly, to Haitian State and lastly to the members of the international society.

This dissertation focuses on the expulsion of learners from secondary schools in the Western Cape. Learners with behavioural and emotional problems are disruptive in class. They antagonise teachers and challenge the code of conduct of the school. Expelling learners has far reaching consequences for education and society. Although official expulsions have remained constant the number of "unofficial expulsions" appear to be increasing. Expulsion rates vary amongst schools, but those situated in middle-class areas request more expulsions than those situated in lower socio-economic areas. Substance abuse is by far the most dominant reason for expulsion followed by physical confrontation, verbal confrontation, theft, sexual assault and other behavioural problems. Whilst certain factors such as the socio-economic background, intake, catchment area and ethos of the school does influence expulsions, factors within the school i.e. the attitude of the principal towards certain policies and practices may unintentionally contribute to its increase. Finally, the dissertation provides guidelines and recommendations towards minimising expulsions. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

This dissertation focuses on the expulsion of learners from secondary schools in the Western Cape. Learners with behavioural and emotional problems are disruptive in class. They antagonise teachers and challenge the code of conduct of the school. Expelling learners has far reaching consequences for education and society. Although official expulsions have remained constant the number of "unofficial expulsions" appear to be increasing. Expulsion rates vary amongst schools, but those situated in middle-class areas request more expulsions than those situated in lower socio-economic areas. Substance abuse is by far the most dominant reason for expulsion followed by physical confrontation, verbal confrontation, theft, sexual assault and other behavioural problems. Whilst certain factors such as the socio-economic background, intake, catchment area and ethos of the school does influence expulsions, factors within the school i.e. the attitude of the principal towards certain policies and practices may unintentionally contribute to its increase. Finally, the dissertation provides guidelines and recommendations towards minimising expulsions. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

This thesis is looking into the history of the village Řehlovice in the Northbohemian region in years 1880 - 1970. This village was located till the end of the Second World War deep in the mostly by Germans inhabited territory named Sudetenland. The thesis wants in the time span study the changes of the local social conditions and the constitution of the inhabitants and other interesting themes whose are related to the situation before and after the Second World War which was a big turning point. In this time span changes the peaceful coexistence of two nations under the influence of the Nazi-ideology. This is the culmination point of the thesis, because it gains information from in German written and from in Czech written and till today unpublished eleven local chronics. It shows data and stories from small locality which could help to map unresearched places of history. The result of the thesis is a close look on these data and their evaluation. Parts of the thesis are illustrative graphs and illustrations taken from unpublished sources. They were given from the Czechs that staid but also from the deported Germans. Years after 1948 are briefly adapted for the comparison. Information about local education, parish and the gathering of deported Germans are situated in separated chapters.

Dans un contexte de contrôle accru de l’immigration irrégulière et de la gestion serrée des frontières, de quelle manière, selon quelles modalités, par quelles directives et selon quelles applications, l’enfermement des étrangers en instance d’éloignement du territoire français, participe-t-il à la préparation de cette expulsion ?Cette thèse s’intéresse à la gestion de l’enfermement des étrangers dans un centre de rétention administrative (CRA), selon deux aspects centraux, la surveillance et le soin, et elle se focalise, à travers des pratiques de police et de santé, sur le rôle de cet enfermement dans la mise en œuvre de l’expulsion. Elle s’inscrit dans les travaux d’anthropologie de l’Etat et de la police et dans ceux de la sociologie de l’immigration et des lieux d’enfermement.Elle montre comment différentes formes de directives, propres à l’enfermement des étrangers, trouvent leur incarnation dans des agents dont les pratiques sont la résultante à la fois d’applications directes de ces directives et surtout de leurs aménagements, propres à la gestion des contradictions, découlant de ce lieu.Cette thèse s’intéresse d’abord aux pratiques de police fixées autour de la surveillance qui, dans le cadre de la gestion de certaines contradictions, propres à la rétention, devient, par glissement, un travail d’attente et d’anticipation, sous des formes allant de l’expectative à la recherche d’informations jusqu’aux stratégies locales de contrainte et de conditionnement. Elle se focalise ensuite sur les pratiques de santé, en montrant combien les enjeux de l’enfermement et de l’expulsion viennent à les façonner, de manière profonde, au point qu’elles soient parties prenant d’un processus de sélection et de différenciation. Elle s’intéresse enfin, dans ce travail global de préparation, aux effets des rapports entre la police et les professionnels de santé, dans cette gestion d’une population enfermée, tenue par la menace d’une expulsion. Cette thèse restitue, en somme, différentes pratiques, différents positionnements politiques et moraux, d’agents travaillant dans un dispositif de contrôle, administré par l’Etat, confrontés dans leur travail à des contradictions et à des conflits moraux.Ce travail est le fruit d’une enquête ethnographique mené au sein d’un CRA et d’entretiens et d’observations ciblés auprès d’acteurs appartenant à des lieux dont le CRA est dépendant. / In the wings of the deportation from french territory, between surveillance and assistance : Ethnographic exploration in a French Immigration Detention CentreIn a context of increasing control of irregular immigration and the tight management of borders, in what manner, according to what terms, by which directives and which applications, does the incarceration of foreigners pending to be expulsed from French territory participate in the preparation of this expulsion? This thesis deals with the management of the confinement of foreigners in a French Immigration Detention Centre, according to two central aspects, monitoring and care, and she focuses, through the practices of police and health, on the role of this imprisonment in the implementation of expulsion. It fits in the anthropology of the State and the police work and in those of the sociology of immigration and of the places of confinement. It shows how different forms of directives, specific to the confinement of foreigners, are embodied in agents whose practices are the result both of direct applications of these guidelines and especially their facilities, specific to the management of contradictions, arising from this place. This thesis focuses first on police practices fixed around surveillance which, under the management of contradictions, proper to the retention, becomes by a shift to a job of expectation and anticipation, in forms ranging from expectantly looking for information to local strategies of constraint and conditioning. It then focuses on the practices of health, by showing how the confinement and deportation issues come to shape them, in a profound way, to the point that they are involved in the process of selection and differentiation. Finally she deals with this comprehensive preparatory work, to the effects of the relationship between the police and health professionals, in the management of an incarcerated population, held by the threat of expulsion. This thesis renders, in sum, different practices, and different political and moral positions of the agents that are working in a control system, administered by the State, that are faced in their work to contradictions and moral conflicts. This work is the fruit of an ethnographic investigation conducted within a French Immigration Detention Centre and targeted interviews and observations with actors belonging to places on which the French Immigration Detention Centre is dependent.

Le droit pénal génère des distinctions entre étrangers et nationaux, les premiers faisant, dans certaines situations, l’objet d’une pénalisation spécifique. Pourtant, la pertinence de cette pénalisation peut être questionnée au regard d’un balancement, opéré par le droit pénal, entre distinction et assimilation.Dans un premier temps, l’étude démontre que les différentes distinctions en droit pénal peuvent être contestées. D’une part, la pénalisation dont fait l’objet l’ensemble des étrangers ne semble pas opportune car elle apparaît tant superflue – lorsque le droit pénal se superpose à un dispositif extra-pénal suffisant – qu’illégitime – lorsque le droit pénal utilise l’apparence d’extranéité comme critère d’application. D’autre part, la pénalisation spécifique dont font l’objet les étrangers en situation irrégulière apparaît inadéquate puisque, dépendante de l’évolution des règles administratives et européennes, elle revêt un caractère instable et parce qu’elle ne présente qu’un intérêt relatif pour lutter contre l’immigration illégale.Dans un second temps, l’analyse montre, à travers un mouvement d’assimilation progressive de l’étranger au national, que le droit pénal sait aussi se désintéresser de l’extranéité. D’une part, cette assimilation répond à un impératif d’égalité qu’il est possible d’observer dans le cadre du procès pénal, mais également à l’aune de la création d’immunités pénales au profit de certains étrangers. D’autre part, cette assimilation est fondée sur la lutte contre l’impunité des auteurs d’infractions puisqu’elle est commandée par les impératifs de la coopération pénale internationale et consacrée par le mécanisme de la compétence universelle. / Criminal law gives rise to distinctions between aliens and nationals, the former being subjected to specific criminalization. But the relevance of this criminalization may be questioned, considering the balance sought by criminal law between distinction and assimilation.First, the study demonstrates that the different distinctions provided by criminal law may be challenged. On one hand, criminalization that applies to every alien is not convenient since it appears non-essential – when criminal law overlaps already sufficient extra-criminal rules – and illegitimate – when criminal law uses foreign origin as selection criterion. On the other hand, specific criminalization applied to illegal aliens appears to be inadequate since, depending on the evolution of national administrative rules and European rules, it has no legal certainty and relative interest to restrict illegal immigration.Then, the analysis shows, through a movement of progressive assimilation of aliens to nationals, that criminal law can also lose interest in foreign origin. On one hand, this assimilation meets to a requirement of equality that one may observe not only in criminal lawsuits but also in matters of criminal immunities in favor of some aliens. On the other hand, this assimilation is based on broader fight against impunity of offenders as required by international criminal cooperation and recognized by the mechanism of universal jurisdiction.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3428.pdf: 3748536 bytes, checksum: 98da709e4d25f8517ff75a6214a5ba8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-17 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The end of the 90's was characterized in relation to the migration process bringing new elements. Among them, the impossibility of reproducing small family farms caused by the expulsion process. In this context, workers from Maranhão became the new actors, with workers from Minas Gerais and Bahia, and migrates to the state of São Paulo to work on cutting sugar cane. With this mind the objective of the thesis is to show that workers from distants regions of the country, specifically from Maranhão, are migrating to cut the cane in São Paulo, from the late 1990's? One hypothesis is that the Brazilian government has a participations in the migration of these workers by "promote" the process of expulsion through the adoption of agrobusiness as a development strategy of the country, besides the growth of the sugarcane industry after the 1990s mainly in the state of São Paulo. The used methodology is based on intensive literature review, using indicators of IBGE, Agricultural Census and official numbers showing that there is a crisis in the agricultural falmily on the state of Maranhão, and a study case of workers from Maranhão. It is conclude that, the migration of Maranhão, as pointed out earlier studies, it is not based on temporary wage as a means of keeping the family production unit, but in this case, migration is meant to keep the family unit. In these, cases the wage became definitive, because the process of expulsion and the politicies of Maranhão do not give condition to these small farmers, strengthening and making effective the migratory process. / O final da década de 1990 caracterizou-se em relação ao processo migratório trazendo novos elementos, entre eles, a dificuldade de reprodução da pequena agricultura familiar ocasionada pelo processo de expulsão. Neste contexto, os maranhenses passaram a ser os novos atores ou migrantes pendulares, dividindo terreno com a freqüente migração de mineiros e baianos para o interior do estado de São Paulo para trabalharem no corte da cana de açúcar. Tendo isto em vista o objetivo da tese é mostrar por que trabalhadores de regiões tão distantes do país, mais especificamente os maranhenses, estão migrando para o corte da cana no estado de São Paulo, a partir do final da década de 1990? Uma das hipóteses é de que o Estado brasileiro tem participação na migração desses trabalhadores por promover o processo de expulsão por meio da adoção do agronegócio enquanto estratégia de desenvolvimento do país, além do crescimento do setor canavieiro pós década de 1990 principalmente no estado de São Paulo. O percurso metodológico utilizado baseou-se numa intensa revisão bibliográfica, na utilização de indicadores do IBGE e Censos Agropecuários demonstrando uma crise na atual situação da agricultura familiar maranhense, que tem como corolário a expulsão dos trabalhadores, fundamentalmente os mais jovens. Foi utilizado também um estudo de caso com trabalhadores maranhenses nas regiões de destino migratório. Concluímos nesta pesquisa que, a migração de maranhenses não se traduz, como aponta estudos anteriores, no assalariamento temporário como meio de manter a unidade de produção familiar. Neste caso, a pesquisa demonstra que a migração é meio de manter a unidade familiar. O assalariamento tende a torna-se definitivo, isto porque o processo de expulsão e as políticas no Maranhão não dão condição de reprodução da pequena agricultura familiar, consolidando e tornando eficaz o processo migratório.

Main theme of the thesisis a domestic violence issue, specifics of this social-pathologic fact and domestic violence victims needs for expert assistance. Abstract part of the thesis describes domestic violence, its difference from other sorts of aggression. Futher the thesis describes ministerial care if victims, covers clerical marriage issue of married couples who live in separation, eventually nullity of marriage. The last section of the abstract part characterizes charitable care, Diocesan charity České Budějovice and its two projects which focus on help for home violence victims in South Bohemian region. Practical part of thesis examines the charakteristic of the provided services of charitable projects: Centre for women and young Women in nedd EVA and Support centre of crisis help for home violence victims.

The topic of the thesis is "Criminal Law and Criminological Aspects of Domestic Violence". The phenomenon of domestic violence transpires through the whole society; it is a socially-wide issue which has been present for a long period of time. Initially, domestic violence was considered to be a private problem not to be intervened by the state. However, in last 30 years this attitude has changed and the interception of domestic violence gone through a significant transformation. The society started to recognize this issue as a subject of a public concern which requires also state intervention. The complexity of domestic violence requires interdisciplinary approach. The first part of the thesis provides definition and general description of domestic violence. It describes elements of domestic violence (such as privateness, recurrence, long-term, inequality of the involved parties, escalation, etc.), its kinds and forms, rules and specifics which differentiates domestic violence from other types of violent conduct. Further, it describes causes of domestic violence and theories of causes leading to its occurrence. The end of the first chapter deals with the role of gender in domestic violence. Criminological part of the thesis presents view on the perpetrators and victims of domestic violence and more...