The United Nations, states and regional organisations have spent invaluable time and resources to maintain international peace and security in a largely anarchical international system, owing to armed conflicts between states and non-state actors (NSAs). This state of affairs is exacerbated by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, transnational terrorist networks, failed states and a disregard for international norms by powerful states. This is in spite of the normative and policy frameworks that have been established to constrain the use of force by states in the territories of one another. Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter prohibits the use of force by states in their relations, unless they rely on the exceptions in articles 51 and 42 and the customary law doctrine of ?consent?. In addition, it was the requirement of international law that a state may use force against NSAs, only if it attributes the conduct of the NSAs to a state. This thesis examines the extraterritorial use of force by states against terrorist non-state actors, and the focus is to answer the question ?whether the law of self-defence has been transformed?. The investigation has been conducted with particular attention to whether the post 9/11 practice of states, the Security Council resolutions 1368 and 1373, the use of pre-emptive self-defence by the United States, Israel and a few other states, the disregard for attribution of the conduct of NSAs to states and the overwhelming international support for contemporary incidents of the use of force by states against NSAs, such as Al Qaeda, the Taliban, Al-Shaabab, the Khorasan Group and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, have caused a change in the law of self-defence. Firstly, the study finds that pre-emptive self-defence which does not require imminence has not been accepted as part of international law and it argues that its unlawful use could not cause a change in the law. Secondly, as far as the use of self-defence against non-state actors is concerned, it finds that the actions of the United States against Al Qaeda following resolutions 1368 and 1373 of the Security Council, the lowering of the attribution standard and the toleration by the international community of the use of force against terrorists in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Pakistan, Ecuador, Somalia and Mali without attributing their conduct to states, could be interpreted as amounting to a transformation of the law of self-defence. Accordingly, this study recommends the acceptance of the lowered threshold in the attribution requirement, but it also recommends a corresponding disregard of ?pre-emptive self-defence? as not forming part of the corpus of international law. It is also recommended that the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court be enlarged to try transnational terrorism as one of the egregious crimes against mankind. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Unrestricted

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-17T16:50:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrynalanadesouza.pdf: 806789 bytes, checksum: d12c687d9ea882ba0ef4adc067053401 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-17T18:03:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrynalanadesouza.pdf: 806789 bytes, checksum: d12c687d9ea882ba0ef4adc067053401 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-17T18:03:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrynalanadesouza.pdf: 806789 bytes, checksum: d12c687d9ea882ba0ef4adc067053401 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-08 / A dissertação de mestrado aqui proposta busca analisar a poética do portunhol presente na novela Mar Paraguayo (1992), escrita pelo paranaense Wilson Bueno. Através deste estudo, dispusemo-nos a verificar as primeiras ocorrências do portunhol em textos considerados literários para, a partir disso, afirmar ser esta uma língua de produção literária. Nesse sentido, analisaremos as relações estabelecidas entre língua, linguagem e literatura, buscando confirmar as variadas formas de composição literária presentes em algumas produções do autor aqui em questão. A partir de tal confirmação, consideraremos o fato de ser o portunhol uma linguagem que aponta para a metaforização do que chamamos aqui de fator extraterritorial da linguagem. Consideraremos, ainda, discussões que permeiam conceitos como desterritorialização, reterritorialização, multiterritorialidade, território simbólico e capital literário, relacionando essa novela a tais conceitos e às discussões propostas pelos teóricos elencados ao longo da realização deste trabalho. / La disertación de maestría aquí propuesta busca analizar la poética del portuñol presente en la novela Mar Paraguayo (1992), escrita por el paranaense Wilson Bueno. A través de este estudio nos dispusimos a verificar las primeras ocurrencias del portuñol en textos considerados literarios para, a partir de eso, afirmar ser esta una lengua de producción literaria. En ese sentido, analizaremos las relaciones establecidas entre lengua, lenguaje y literatura, buscando confirmar las variadas formas de composiciones literarias presentes en algunas producciones del autor aquí en cuestión. A partir de tal confirmación, consideraremos el hecho de ser el portuñol un lenguaje que apunta una metaforización de lo que llamamos acá de factor extraterritorial del lenguaje. Consideraremos aún discusiones que permean conceptos como desteritorialización, desteritorialización, multiterritorialidad, territorio simbólico y capital literario, relacionando esa nouvelle a esos conceptos y a las discusiones propuestas por los teóricos presentados a lo largo de la realización de ese trabajo.

Almost four decades have passed since the European Court of Human Rights introduced the concept of positive obligations. Positive obligations mean that the member states must take affirmative action in order to secure the rights and freedoms provided for by the European Convention on Human Rights. Since then, the scope of positive obligations has extended tremendously, and today all substantive rights generally contain positive obligations. The reason behind the development is to maintain the full effectiveness of human rights enforcement within the European context, and it has been enabled, inter alia, through dynamic interpretation and because the European Convention on Human Rights is considered a living instrument.  The fact that European companies operating transnationally, i.e. in a non-European context, sometimes through its commercial activities violates human rights has given rise to discussion in legal doctrine on whether the scope of positive obligations should be further extended so that the member states to the European Convention on Human Rights will incur state responsibility for national corporates’ extraterritorial human rights violations. Thus, the purpose of the thesis is to examine whether the European Court of Human Rights can and should proceed with such expansion. An expansion creates methodological and technical problems as it challenges the traditional notion of jurisdiction, however, it is not impossible. Whatever the European Court of Human Rights will decide to do, the thesis will provide arguments both for why home state responsibility for national corporates’ extraterritorial activities that violates human rights can and should be imposed, as well for why it is beyond its (the European Court of Human Rights) competence.

In 2015, South Africa withdrew from the International Criminal Court asserting United Nation’s Security Council bias in referring only African cases (Strydom October 15, 2015; Duggard 2013) and the United Kingdom reiterated a pledge to withdraw from the European Court of Human Rights, asserting that the court impinges on British sovereignty (Watt 2015). Both are examples of extraterritorial courts which are an important part of regional and global jurisprudence. To contribute to our understanding of the relationship between states and extraterritorial courts, I examine arguably the first and best example of an extraterritorial court, namely the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC). Drawing on 50 British Commonwealth states, this dissertation explores the factors influencing the decision to accede to an extraterritorial court and why some states subsequently opt to sever ties. I build on Dahl’s theory (1957) that the nation’s highest court interacts with the governing coalition and, for the most part, serves as an ally and uphold its policies. I argue that that governing coalition wants the final appellate court that they most expect to be an ally and extend this expectation to extraterritorial courts. As a result, the governing coalition looks at the court more critically. States may change or abolish the jurisdiction of the court if it undermines or seems likely to undermine state policy. Examining this phenomenon across the British Commonwealth provides comparative insights into how governing coalitions may view extraterritorial courts.

La mondialisation du spectacle footballistique et l’évolution des médias ont engendré le développement d’une nouvelle catégorie de public : les téléspectateurs extraterritoriaux. Comprendre leur comportement s’avère un thème de recherche important en marketing du sport pour les fédérations, les ligues et les clubs professionnels. Notre recherche doctorale est centrée sur à la compréhension des préférences de publics extraterritoriaux qui suivent les rencontres de football à distance par le biais des médias. D’un point de vue théorique, nous avons construit un modèle conceptuel et des hypothèses qui associent, d’une part, une approche expérientielle issue du marketing et, d’autre part, le processus d’identification issu de la psychologie sociale. De plus, nous avons intégré l’influence sociologique d’autres variables culturelles : la proximité géographique et lien historique vis-à-vis de l’équipe soutenue, et sportives : style de jeu, meilleur joueur et victoire pour expliquer la préférence pour l’une des deux équipes. Nous avons testé qualitativement (20 sujets) et quantitativement (903 sujets) notre modèle de recherche sur les téléspectateurs extraterritoriaux marocains qui suivent à la télévision deux équipes espagnoles : le Real de Madrid et le FC Barcelone. Les résultats ont montré que leurs préférences sont surtout liées : au processus d’identification, à la proximité géographique et au lien historique à l’équipe soutenue, et au style de jeu et à la victoire de l’équipe qu’ils soutiennent. Ces résultats sont importants car la compréhension des attentes de ce nouveau segment permet aux managers et aux clubs professionnels d’affiner leurs stratégies marketing et leurs produits pour satisfaire en tant que marque de sport: les spectateurs, les supporters à distance transterritoriaux et les téléspectateurs extraterritoriaux. / The globalization of football as entertainment and the changes in media have generated the development of a new category of public: international viewers. Understanding their behavior proves to be an important research topic for the marketing of federations, leagues and professional clubs. The research is focused on understanding the preferences of international viewers who follow football games in the media. From a theoretical point of view, the conceptual model and the hypotheses have been constructed based on an experimental approach to marketing and the identification process of social psychology. The research model focuses on Moroccan viewers watching two Spanish teams Real Madrid and FC Barcelona on television. It has been tested qualitatively (20 subjects) and quantitatively (903 subjects). Moreover, the influence of other cultural variables has been incorporated. These are the historical connection and geographical proximity to the supported team, and sporting variables: based on playing style, best player and wins to explain the preference for one of the two teams. The results have shown that the preference of Moroccan viewers is above all linked to: [1] the process of identification, [2] the historical connection and geographical proximity to the team, as well as [3] the sporting variables: playing style and wins. These results are important to the development of professional clubs. The sponsors’ understanding of the expectations of the foreign consumer segment enables managers and professional clubs to seek appropriate strategies and solutions to satisfy: the spectators, both ex-patriot and international.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-26T13:05:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Monica Yumi Shida Oizumi.pdf: 1670224 bytes, checksum: 48981fff104b765115e699d017c7ccc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-26T13:05:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monica Yumi Shida Oizumi.pdf: 1670224 bytes, checksum: 48981fff104b765115e699d017c7ccc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-10 / The phenomenon of globalization has made competition issues related to economic infractions and mergers affect more than one State at the same time. In order to prevent or repress conduct that would harm their domestic markets or has the potential to do so, States have started to apply their national legislation extraterritorially. It occurs that the countries adopt different interpretations and understandings that justify the extraterritorial jurisdiction, so that the national laws, most of the times are not well received by the opposing country, leading to jurisdiction conflicts. Thus, instruments are created to prohibit the application of a foreign law in national territory, in order to render ineffective the extraterritorial jurisdiction. In face of this scenario, in the interest of dealing with possible alternatives to mitigate conflict of jurisdiction, the forms of cooperation between the States are analyzed, either bilateral, regional and multilateral, as well as their classification as binding or not, in order to conclude that the most effective option would be a binding multilateral system on international competition law / O fenômeno da globalização fez com que as questões concorrenciais relativas às infrações econômicas e atos de concentração afetassem mais de um Estado ao mesmo tempo. Nesse sentido, a fim de prevenir ou reprimir condutas que prejudiquem o seu mercado interno ou tenham potencial para tanto, os Estados passaram a aplicar suas legislações nacionais extraterritorialmente. Ocorre que os países adotam diferentes interpretações e entendimentos que justificam a jurisdição extraterritorial, de forma que as leis nacionais, na maioria das vezes não são bem recepcionadas pelo país adversário, gerando então conflitos de jurisdição. Dessa forma, são criados instrumentos que vedam a aplicação de outro Estado no território nacional, de forma a tornar ineficaz a jurisdição extraterritorial. Diante desse cenário, no interesse de tratar sobre as possíveis alternativas para mitigação do conflito de jurisdição, são analisadas as formas de cooperação entre os Estados, bilaterais, regionais e multilaterais, assim como a classificação das mesmas em vinculativas ou não, para no final concluir que a opção mais efetiva seria um sistema multilateral vinculativo sobre o direito da concorrência em âmbito internacional

This dissertation examines two different perspectives on refugee status and state sovereignty respectively, and their bearings on refugee protection regimes. It reveals how dominant views of refugee status and state sovereignty have contributed to establishing restrictive refugee law and policy associated with various forms of external migration controls in the 21st century, and provides alternative views that may contribute to creating more “just” refugee protection regimes.   When refugees came to be regarded as those who fled from various push factors, such as persecution, distress and wars etc. (the persecution perspective), refugee policies were developed to provide “push factors-free” environments. These have not necessarily included surrogate political membership in the country of asylum (particularly, in developed countries).  Instead, developed countries have endorsed humanitarian assistance schemes that aim to provide aid to refugees in regions of their origin rather than providing settlement in their own territories. Moreover, in refugee law, the fear of “persecution”, as a push factor, has become a critical factor in determining refugee status. As a parallel, governments have developed various forms of deterrence policies based on a traditional concept of state sovereignty that allows states to implement migration polices at their own discretion.  Under these circumstances, refugees find it difficult to reach developed countries, and many of them end up being “contained” in refugee camps or other facilities in regions of their origin for a long time.   This dissertation calls into question these views of refugee status and state sovereignty, by providing alternative views: the protection perspective and an account of sovereignty that requires “responsible” border control. The protection perspective regards the ruptured protection relationship between a state and a citizen (thus, the lack of state protection) as the core element of refugee status. According to this view, refugee status is inextricably associated with systemic failure of the nation-states system (not merely with push factors) that is designed to secure political membership for each individual in the international state system. Therefore, as a matter of justice, the ultimate remedy for refugeehood is to provide surrogate political membership in the country of asylum or to restore original political membership in the home country. This project also proposes a concept of “responsible” border control, according to which, a state should exercise state sovereignty in relation to border control within institutional frameworks in which multiple authorities, including human rights norms, have been institutionalized. In this way, the dissertation aims to provide a more “just” framework in which to propose, adopt and implement refugee law and policy. From this alternative perspective, refugees are perceived as those who have right to political membership in the country of asylum rather than mere humanitarian assistance in refugee camps or somewhere else. / Graduate

No abstract / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Recently many States have legalised the production and retail of recreational cannabis, which is already a big business worldwide, and therefore, thoroughly attractive to international investors who would – reasonably – seek to develop their business in cannabis-friendly jurisdictions but, more so than many investments, this one carries with it a certain risk: Many influential and capital-exporting states are reticent to legalise cannabis for themselves and many times even criminalise any and all cannabis-related activities.  This work uses this dilema to explore the influence of the home-State of the investment on the legality of an investment, and question the uniletarality of the obligations derived from "Free Movement of Liquid Assets" or "repatriation" clauses, arguing that there is a multilateral obligation to protect the movement of investments' returns and that home-States to the investor must fulfill it by not impeding or upseting the repatriation of liquid assets.

Depuis quelques années, les États adoptent des politiques qui cherchent à séparer l’admission des réfugiés sur le territoire d’un État et l’attribution du statut de réfugié. En Europe, ce genre de politique est désigné par le terme externalisation. Cependant, par souci d’objectivité, nous avons choisi d’employer le terme extraterritorial. En effet, l’expression externalisation comporte en elle-même la critique de son objet. En Europe, aucune politique qui dissocie l’attribution du statut de réfugié et l’entrée sur le territoire d’un État n’a été mise en place, toutefois, cette idée fait partie des réflexions institutionnelles et elle reste un objectif de l’agenda européen. Ce mémoire cherche donc à analyser la proposition de traitement extraterritorial des demandes de statut de réfugié, faite en Europe, au regard de l’obligation la plus contraignante au sein du droit international des réfugiés : le principe de non refoulement. En ce sens, il sera nécessaire d'analyser l'étendue ainsi que les limites du principe de non refoulement, au regard de l’interprétation et de la mise en œuvre qui en sont faites. Ce mémoire démontrera que derrière une vive polémique sur la question, la proposition de traitement extraterritorial des demandes de statut de réfugié est compatible avec l’article 33 alinéa 1 de la Convention relative au statut des réfugiés. / For the past few years, States have been adopting policies aimed at separating the admission of refugees on a territory from the determination of their refugee status. In Europe, this kind of political choice is usually designated by the term externalization. However, we have used the term extraterritorial to qualify this process, as we felt that externalization lacked objectivity. Indeed, externalization contains an implicit criticism of our research object. In Europe, these extraterritorial policies have not yet attained a legal status. Indeed, no legal rules are being currently applied which provide for the dissociation between admission and determination. Nevertheless, this idea is part of ongoing reflections and it remains an objective of the European agenda. This thesis analyzes the legality of the European proposal related to an extraterritorial treatment of the status of refugee, in light of the theoretical principle of non-refoulement which is at the heart of the protection granted to refugees by international refugee law. To this end, it is necessary to analyze the scope and the legal limits of the non-refoulement principle in regards to its interpretation and implementation. Although there exists a lively debate on this issue, extraterritorial treatment of refugee claims does not, at least prima facie, violate the principle of non-refoulement enshrined in s. 33, para. 1 of the Convention relating to refugee status.