Face au problème des micropolluants émergents trouvés dans l’eau, l’utilisation de carbones activés est un moyen de réduire cette pollution à la source. Le but de ce travail est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’adsorption de certains micropolluants sur des tissus et feutres de carbones activés.Neuf molécules ont été étudiées dont des médicaments : la carbamazépine (CBZ), le diclofénac (DFN), l’ibuprofène (IBP) et l’ofloxacine (OFX), un produit anticorrosion : le benzotriazole (BZT), un perturbateur endocrinien : le bisphénol-A (BPA), deux herbicides : le mécoprop (MCP) et le pentachlorophénol (PCP) et une molécule utilisée comme indicateur de pollution des eaux usées : la caféine (CAF). Les adsorbants ultramicroporeux (tissu KIP1200 et feutre CSV4) et l’adsorbant mésoporeux (tissu BBV 800) (fournis par Dacarb, France) ont été caractérisés par adsorption d'azote à 77K et de CO2 à 273K, titrages acido-basiques (méthode de Boehm), mesure du pHpzc (point isoélectrique). Les cinétiques et isothermes d'adsorption ont été étudiées à 25°C à pH=7,5 dans un tampon phosphate NaHPO4/KH2PO4 (à 0,04M). La concentration résiduelle est analysée par HPLC.Les cinétiques d'adsorption ont été étudiées pour les 9 molécules à différentes concentrations initiales. Le temps pour atteindre l’équilibre d’adsorption dépend du volume des molécules ainsi que de leur affinité avec l’adsorbant. La quantité maximale adsorbable dépend du volume microporeux ainsi que de la surface spécifique de l’adsorbant, la quantité adsorbable est donc plus importante sur le tissu KIP 1200 que sur le feutre CSV 4. La vitesse de diffusion est la plus lente pour les adsorbants possédant un volume microporeux important, le tissu mésoporeux BBV 800 permet donc une adsorption rapide grâce à de plus larges pores qui permettent un accès plus rapide à la porosité.Des analyses en mélanges binaires et multi composés ont alors été réalisées pour connaître les paramètres clés gouvernant les cinétiques d’adsorption. Une compétition existe entre molécules dans certains cas (BZT et MCP par exemple) avec une première phase gouvernée par la cinétique d’adsorption liée à la diffusion dans les pores et la deuxième phase gouvernée par des phénomènes thermodynamiques entre le système soluté/solvant/carbone.Les isothermes d'adsorption ont été réalisés à 3 températures différentes et modélisées par des équations de Langmuir-Freundlich pour tous les micropolluants. Des paramètres thermodynamiques (enthalpie d’adsorption et enthalpie libre) ont alors été calculés et corrélés aux propriétés physico-chimiques des molécules. Une corrélation est mise en évidence entre l’enthalpie libre et la polarisabilité des molécules ainsi que les forces de Van der Waals déterminées avec le logiciel COSMO-RS mettant en évidence l’importance des forces non polaires dans le phénomène d’adsorption. Des mesures par calorimétrie d’adsorption à très faibles quantités adsorbées ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’entropie est le paramètre thermodynamique qui contrôle l’adsorption de molécules (BZT, PCP, CAF et OFX) sur le tissu KIP 1200. De fortes énergies d’interaction ont été mis en évidence entre les molécules (BZT, CAF et OFX) et les sites d’adsorption.Une étude d’adsorption-désorption de N2 et de CO2 sur des tissus KIP 1200 chargés en PCP, BZT, CAF et OFX a permis de mieux localiser le lieu de l’adsorption dans la porosité montrant une adsorption prioritairement dans les ultramicropores puis dans les supermicropores. Il a été montré également par cette méthode et par des mesures thermiques que l’eau est fortement adsorbée dans la porosité. / A lot of studies have revealed that some organic molecules such as pharmaceutical molecules, solvents, pesticides, etc.. are frequently found in water, at concentrations below µg/L, even after treatment at the exhaust of wastewater treatment plants. These molecules are highly toxic when accumulated in environment. One of the possibility for removing these micropollutants is the adsorption on activated carbons. Thus the aim of this work is to better understand the adsorption mechanism of some micropollutants onto activated carbon (ACs) in felt or fabric form.Nine micropollutants were studied, such as some pharmaceuticals: Carbamazepine (CBZ), Diclofenac (DFN), Ibuprofen (IBP), and Ofloxacin (OFX); one anti-corrosion compound : Benzotriazol (BZT); two herbicides : Mecoprop (MCP) and Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and an endocrine disruptor : Bisphenol A (BPA). Adsorption of Caffeine (CAF) which is an anthropic indicator of pollution in waste water, was also studied. The ACs (microporous KIP1200 fabric and CSV4 felt and mesoporous BBV 800 fabric, from Dacarb, France) were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption at 77 K and CO2 adsorption at 273 K, pHpzc (point of zero charge) measurements and acido-basic titrations (Boehm method). The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied at pH 7.4 at 25°C in NaHPO4/KH2PO4 buffered solutions (about 0.04 M) using UV spectrometry and HPLC for the analysis of organic molecules in the remaining solution.Kinetics have been studied for 9 molecules at different initial concentrations. Time to reach adsorption equilibrium depends of the volume of the molecule and its affinity with the activated carbon. The maximum adsorbed quantity depends of the microporous volume and the specific area of the adsorbent, the adsorbed quantity is then bigger for KIP 1200 fabric than for CSV 4 felt. The speed of diffusion is slower for the adsorbent with high microporous volume, the mesoporous BBV 800 fabric gives place to a quick adsorption kinetics thanks to its large pores that gives an easy access to porosity.Binary and multi components kinetics have been done in order to understand key processes that drive kinetics adsorption. Competition between molecules have been shown (for BZT and MCP for example). Adsorption kinetics can be divided into two phases: the first one is driven by pore diffusion and the second one by thermodynamic phenomenon between the solute, the solvent and the AC.The adsorption isotherms of the molecules were studied at 13, 25 and 40°C; and the thermodynamic parameters (isoteric enthalpies and entropies Gibbs free energies) were determined. A correlation between Gibbs free energy and polarizability of molecules as well as Van der Waals energy calculated with Cosmotherm software shows the importance of non polar forces on adsorption phenomenon. Adsorption calorimetry experiments showed that entropy is the thermodynamic parameter that drives adsorption of molecules (BZT, PCP, CAF and OFX) onto KIP 1200 fabric.The pore size distributions of the carbons loaded with micropollutants were determined by DFT simulation from CO2 and N2 adsorption isotherms, to investigate the porosity accessible to the adsorbate. The accessible pore are firstly the ultramicropores and then supermicropores. With this technique and thermal experiments, it has been shown that water is highly bonded inside the porosity.

No description available.

Ce travail concerne l'étude théorique, expérimentale et numérique du comportement mécanique de matériaux tissés et de toiles laminées à base de fibres synthétiques, destinés à la fabrication des voiles, comme le polyester ou le Kevlar. Une approche théorique originale a été proposée ; elle permet une prise en compte du comportement spécifique des fils, de l'enduction et de leurs interactions. La modélisation, qui en résulte, permet de décrire le comportement biaxial des matériaux tissés et des toiles, en chargements cycliques complexes, avec une prise en compte des déformations finies, des effets visqueux non linéaires, de l'irréversibilité indépendante du temps et de l'anisotropie. Une mise en œuvre de cette modélisation a été effectuée dans un code d'Eléments Finis, afin de produire un outil opérationnel pour le calcul des voiles. L'approche théorique proposée a été validée grâce à une étude expérimentale détaillée, qui a été réalisée sur le Dacron SF HTP Plus. Ainsi, nous avons réalisé sur ce matériau différents essais de tractions monotones et de tractions ondulées, contrôlés en déformation et en force. Certains de ces essais comportent des séquences de relaxation. Ces essais ont été réalisés dans les axes du matériau, dans le sens chaîne ou dans le sens trame, ainsi qu'en hors axes avec des orientations par rapport à la direction chaîne allant de 5° à 45°. Des résultats expérimentaux complémentaires ont également été obtenus sur une toile laminée en Kevlar X15 et sur un Dacron SF HTM simple. Enfin, une simulation de l'essai de traction biaxiale a été réalisée et a permis d'étudier l'homogénéité des champs de contrainte et de déformation de trois formes d'éprouvette différentes. / This work deals with theoretical, experimental and numerical studies of the mechanical behavior of woven materials and laminated fabrics, made with synthetic fibers, for the manufacture of sails, such as polyester or Kevlar. An original theoretical approach was proposed, it allows taking into account the specific behavior of yarns, of coating and their interactions. The resulting modeling allows describing the behavior of woven materials and laminated fabrics, in the case of complex cyclic biaxial loadings, taking into account finite deformations, nonlinear viscous effects, time-independent irreversibility and anisotropy. The implementation of this modeling was performed in a finite element code, in order to produce an operational tool for the design and calculation of sails. The proposed theoretical approach has been validated through a detailed experimental study, which was conducted on material “Dacron SF HTP Plus”. Thus, we performed various monotonous and cyclic tensile tests, which were strain or load-controlled. Some of these tests include relaxation sequences. These tests were conducted in the axes of the material, in the warp and weft directions, as well as off-axis or bias orientations, from 5 ° to 45 ° with respect to the warp direction. Further experimental results were also obtained on a laminated “Kevlar X15” and a woven “Dacron SF HTM simple” fabrics. Finally, numerical simulations of the biaxial tensile test were performed and were used for studying homogeneity of the stress and the strain fields in the cases of three different contours of biaxial-tensile samples.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-26T14:33:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Astrid Siachoque Velandia.pdf: 17537751 bytes, checksum: 68db1c723dbe1e10240313c80e2e5ce9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-26T17:54:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Astrid Siachoque Velandia.pdf: 17537751 bytes, checksum: 68db1c723dbe1e10240313c80e2e5ce9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-26T18:11:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Astrid Siachoque Velandia.pdf: 17537751 bytes, checksum: 68db1c723dbe1e10240313c80e2e5ce9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T18:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Astrid Siachoque Velandia.pdf: 17537751 bytes, checksum: 68db1c723dbe1e10240313c80e2e5ce9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The albite granite is the latter facies of the A-type Madeira granite with alkaline affinity, which is a special Orosirian pulse of the A-type magmatic event in the Tapajós-Parima Province into Amazon craton. This facies is subdivided in two subfacies, the core albite granite and the border albite granite. The petrographic study allowed identify that the principals constituent minerals of the magmatic phase in these rocks undergone weak solid-state deformation, in which it is found locally feldspars with grain boundary migration, undulate extinction and mechanical twinning, as well as, some elongate crystals of quartz displaying typical chessboard pattern with slip planes preferably in the a-axes, dynamic recrystallization, subgrain rotation and inclusions of albite according to the limits of the crystals. These microstructures in granitic rocks indicate strain rates under intermediated to high temperatures. Geometric and kinematic analysis of the structures in the albite granite showed that: this granitic rock was deformed during a magmatic stage recording the S0 magmatic foliation, which was grouped in two orientations: N67°W/52°E e S79°W/58°N (predominant). The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and shape preferred orientation study, confirm the stability of the primary deformation in the albite granite, these results revealed predominantly subcoaxial magnetic and mineral fabrics in both subfácies. Subsequently, the albite granite was affected by brittle deformation through of transcurrent shear zones (ZCA-B) with plunges S70°W/56°N and S23°E/58°W respectively, and dominant dextral strike-slip component associated with the principal shear zone ZCA, as well as, normal faulting (FR) with prevailing attitude S60°E/58°S and normal-sense movement. The progressive petrological evolution and continue structural pattern of the albita granite facies with respect to earlier facies of Madeira granite, define that the emplacement in the upper crust of the different pulses in this granite, was result of nested pluton process controlled by NE-SW trending strike-slip system and predominantly dextral kinematics, which is an expression of regional deformation. / A fácies Albita granito é a fácies mais tardia do granito Madeira de afinidade alcalina a qual é um especial pulso do magmatismo tipo A que se desenvolveu de forma expressiva no período Orosiriano na província Tapajós-Parima no cráton Amazônico. Esta fácies se subdivide em duas subfácies: Albita granito de núcleo e Albita granito de borda. O estudo petrográfico permitiu identificar que os minerais constituintes da fase magmática destas rochas apresentam localmente feições de deformação plástica, cristais de K-feldspato e albita com limites lobados por migração de borda, extinção ondulante e geminação mecânica, assim como fenocristais de quartzo exibindo extinção ondulante em padrão de tabuleiro de xadrez com planos de deslizamento preferencialmente no eixo <a>, recristalização dinâmica, rotação de subgrãos e inclusões de albita e alinhadas segundo os limites dos cristais. Estas microestruturas em rochas graníticas indicam taxas de deformação sob temperaturas intermediárias. Análises geométrica e cinemática das estruturas levantadas em campo nas subfácies do Albita granito, comprovaram que localmente a rocha se deformou ainda num estágio magmático, registrando foliação magmática S0, agrupada em duas orientações: N67°W/52°E e S79°W/58°N (predominante). Os resultados do estudo de anisotropia de susceptibilidade magnética e orientação preferencial de forma avaliam localmente a estabilidade da petrotrama dúctil medida em afloramento e registram tramas magnética e mineral predominantemente subparalelas nas duas subfácies. Posteriormente, o Albita granito foi deformado rúptilmente por zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes (ZCA-B) orientadas S70°W/56°N e S23°E/58°W, com cinemática dextral dominante associada ao cisalhamento principal ZCA, e por falhamento normal (FR) com atitude predominante S60°E/58°S, sob os efeitos de um campo regional de esforços que se manteve estável durante sua cristalização e deformação. A progressiva evolução petrológica e continuo padrão estrutural da fácies Albita granito com respeito às fácies mais precoces do granito Madeira refletem que o alojamento dos diferentes pulsos magmáticos deste granito na crosta superior, ocorreu associado com processos de nested plutons controlados por um contexto regional de deformação transcorrente com trend NE-SW e cinemática dextral predominante.

<p>Recent technological advances in the field of electronics and the accompanying trend of device miniaturization with enhanced functionality has led to growing interest in new methods of electronic device integration. As a result, flexible, wearable, and portable electronic devices have emerged as a way of providing a multifunctional infrastructure to facilitate various consumer needs, creating new challenges for materials development. Polymers possess a unique combination of desirable properties such as mechanical compliance, durability, low density and chemical stability which makes them ideally suitable as substrate materials to cater to such diverse applications. However, the low thermal conductivity of polymers hinders their heat spreading capability in thermal management applications for flexible and wearable devices. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) materials with aligned polymer chains due to their remarkably high thermal conductivity that is similar to some metals. These are commercially manufactured in large volumes as fibers using gel-spinning and ultra-drawing processes that impart a high degree of crystallinity and orientation to the polymer chains. As a result, these materials develop exceptionally high mechanical strength, elastic modulus, and thermal conductivity compared to conventional polymers. Therefore, UHMW-PE materials have found applications in commercial products like motorcycle gear and ballistic vests, but have not been commercially deployed for heat spreading and thermal management applications. While there has been much fundamental work on the development of high thermal conductivity fibers, effective translation of the high conductivity from individual fibers to macroscale (wearable) flexible fabrics has not been previously explored. The objective of this thesis is to obtain a fundamental understanding of the thermal transport properties of fabric materials constructed from the high conductivity polymer fibers, and assess their applicability for potential heat spreading applications. </p> <p>In the present work, commercially available high thermal conductivity fibers made of UHMW-PE are utilized to fabricate plain-weave fabrics prototypes, and the thermal properties of individual fibers, yarns, and woven fabrics are measured using a novel in-plane thermal measurement method. The characterization technique leverages infrared (IR) microscopy for a non-contact temperature sensing and is generally scalable for thermal characterization of the in-plane thermal-conductivity of materials across different length scales. Effective thermal conductivities on the order of ~10 Wm^-1K^-1 are achieved along the in-plane dominant heat transport direction of the woven fabric, which is exceptionally high (~2-3 orders of magnitude) compared to conventional clothing and textile-based materials. The thermal conductivity and mechanical flexibility of the UHMW-PE fabrics are benchmarked with respect to conventional materials and the effect of bend-stressing and thermal annealing of the fabrics is characterization using the developed metrology. </p> <p>Additionally, a laser-based IR thermal metrology technique leveraging both non-contact heating and temperature sensing is conceptualized and validated using a numerical thermal modeling approach. The proposed technique provides an approach to estimate the in-plane heat spreading properties of anisotropic materials with direction-depended thermal properties based on quantifying the surface temperature map of a sample subjected to periodic heating. Numerical simulations are leveraged to demonstrate the applicability of this method to enable measurement of a wide range of thermal properties indicating great potential to develop this further as a standardized robust method for in-plane anisotropic thermal characterization of materials such as fabrics and films.</p> <p>This work sheds light on the high thermal conductivity of UHMW-PE materials that can be achieved using a scalable manufacturing process and describes the thermal metrology approaches to enable their characterization, thereby providing a foundation for the conceptualization and design of flexible substrate based thermal solutions in future wearable/flexible electronic devices.</p> <p> </p>

Today’s consumption of textiles generates a large volume of textile waste. Therefore, it is needed to find solutions to re-use the textile waste rather recycling fibers into new fibers. Research using pre- and post-consumer textiles in composites is ongoing and an interesting direction. This thesis reports the recycling of discharged cellulose containing textiles by production of all-cellulose composites (ACCs). ACCs are composites consisting entirely of cellulose. ACCs from discarded denim and polycotton hospital sheets (PCO) were successfully produced with partial dissolution and two-step method. Discarded denim fabrics with 100% cotton (CO) and blend material (BCO) was sorted and shredded into fibers, then made into nonwovens by needle punching. The produced nonwoven laminates and intact hospital sheets were used as the reinforcement in the composites while dissolved cellulose in an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([BMIM][Ac]), was used as the matrix phase. The matrix is then regenerated by removal of the [BMIM][Ac] by washing to form the composite. The washed-out [BMIM][Ac] was collected and recycled in order to study the effect of its reusing as recycled cellulose solvent on mechanical properties of ACCs. Combinations of the different methods, materials and solvents were studied. The mechanical properties – tensile, flexural and impact properties and the void content of the produced composites were deter-mined. Microscopic analysis was done to study the cross-section of the composites. It could be concluded that the achieved values for the mechanical properties can be compared with ACCs found in literature. The results from the research implies that it is possible to find a new purpose for recycled textiles in the form of composites. With this approach, it is possible to avoid unnecessary disposal of textiles containing cellulose.

Krkonose-Jizera plutonic complex is one of the largest composite plutonic bodies in the Czech massif. The emplacement of this pluton relates to the origin of the structural and thermal aureole. The processes of contact metamorphism are most evident in the northern and southern part. The topic of this work is to find influence of the contact metamorphism in the host rocks. Partial information about contact metamorphism in this area could be found in several papers, but there aren't work which discuss this topic in detail. Goal of this work is to make complex interpretation of contact metamorphic processes connected with intrusion of the Krkonose-Jizera plutonic complex and use this interpretation for discussion about model of magma intrusion. In rocks of contact aureole of Krkonose-Jizera plutonic complex (KJPC) were identified relicts of Variscan regional metamorphism, connected to creation of regional metamorphic fabric S1 and S2. Original mineral associations and deformation fabrics were in near-contact zone of KJPC 1 km in average in width heterogeneously overprinted by effects of the contact metamorphism, which intensity increases towards the intrusive contact. In the mineral associations of contact-metamorphic rocks appears characteristic minerals such as cordierite and andalusite, rarely...

A stylistic analysis of John Stevens' second brass quintet, Fabrics, which discusses the composer's use of orchestration, harmonic language, rhythmic activity, melodic and formal considerations, and performance practice issues. Collaboration between composer and performer is investigated, particularly through Stevens' status as member of the Wisconsin Brass Quintet, the ensemble for which Fabrics was composed. Biographical information about Stevens and the Wisconsin Brass Quintet is provided, with appendices providing information regarding Stevens' activities as composer and performer and the activities of the Wisconsin Brass Quintet. Stevens was extensively interviewed as source material for this dissertation.

Mechanical performance characteristics were compared for 100% polyester treated and untreated weft-knitted mesh fabric that are used to contain dry-ageing hams, commonly referred to as ham nets. The treated net was coated with a patent-pending food-grade chemical solution (40% Propylene Glycol + 1% Propylene Glycol Alginate + 1% Carrageenan) to control ham mites. Both treated and untreated ham nets were compared for mechanical performance characteristics based on the following standards: abrasion resistance (ASTM D4966), elastic recovery (BS EN 14704-1:2005), breaking strength (ASTM D5034-09), and bursting strength (ASTM D3786). Results indicate that the coating had minimal to no impact on the mechanical performance characteristics of ham nets. SEM images also showed no negative effect on the fiber morphology due to the applied chemical solution. Findings support the use of treated ham nets to increase the end-use functionality and provide stakeholders an option for integrated pest management without compromising performance needs.

No description available.