Cette recherche montre l’écart entre les intentions politiques et institutionnelles et les pratiques des professeurs des écoles, qui sont partielles et hétérogènes. Il existe une pluralité de points de vue sur la légitimité et la pertinence de l’enseignement laïque des faits religieux, qui demeure un objet scolaire discuté. Un pan de notre étude est consacré à l’analyse des pratiques de professeurs enseignant les faits religieux pour éduquer à la laïcité. Ceux-ci, en prenant en charge l’enseignement de questions vives, ont dû faire preuve d’ingéniosité pédagogique, se traduisant par des bricolages rendus nécessaires par la rareté des outils, le manque de formation et l’absence de préconisations institutionnelles quant aux savoirs intermédiaires adéquats. Si, globalement, leurs pratiques répondent aux objectifs principaux de l’enseignement des faits religieux, notamment éduquer à la laïcité, aborder ces sujets suppose un investissement personnel lourd, pour l’enseignant comme pour ses élèves, et renvoie chacun à ses systèmes de valeurs. Les principaux écueils relevés sont liés au respect de l’obligation de neutralité (difficulté à se représenter sa pertinence pédagogique, sa transposition). En l’absence d’outils et de formation dédiés, certains enseignants sont démunis. L’association ENQUÊTE a été créée en 2010 pour répondre à ce besoin. Elle souhaite contribuer à réduire l’écart entre les intentions institutionnelles favorables à l’enseignement des faits religieux dans le cadre d’une éducation à la laïcité et les pratiques des professeurs, via des formations et des outils, et aussi à promouvoir cet enseignement et cette "éducation à" auprès des acteurs politiques et institutionnels. / This research highlights a gap between political and institutional intentions, and practices of school teachers, which are partial and heterogeneous. There is a plurality of views about the legitimacy and relevance of teaching about religions and beliefs in a secular way, which is still a very much debated school subject. One part of this study is dedicated to the analysis of teachers' practices when teaching about religions and beliefs in order to educate to laicity. To address these sensitive education issues demands creativity. Because of a scarcity of tools, lack of training and very few institutional recommendations about adequate intermediate knowledge, teachers have had to cobble together their own teaching materials. Overall, their practices meet the main purposes of teaching about religions, especially to educate to laicity. Nonetheless, dealing with these subjects requires a heavy personal investment, for the teacher as well as for their students, and brings back each one to his own value systems. The main identified pitfalls are linked to the neutrality obligation : they find it difficult to represent their pedagogical relevance and to translate it into their teaching. Many teachers feel helpless when confronted to the lack of dedicated tools and training. ENQUÊTE is an association that was created in 2010 in order to address this issue. Its first objective is to contribute, via trainings and tools, to reducing the gap between institutional intentions that favour teaching about religions and beliefs – as part of the education to laicity – and teachers' practices. Its second goal is to promote this teaching among political and institutional actors.

Cette étude s’intéresse aux biographies de criminels, l’un des nombreux imprimés sur le crime qui se développent au cours de l’époque moderne en Angleterre et en France. Ces dernières sont travaillées par des tensions morale et politique. Elles revendiquent un dessein didactique tout en exploitant volontiers le sensationnel de leur sujet. De même, la représentation de criminels est équivoque politiquement. Plutôt que de faire des hors-la-loi des repoussoirs et de souligner la manière dont ils sont écrasés par le pouvoir qu’ils ont défié, les textes les glorifient souvent et construisent un panthéon du crime. Cette thèse propose de réévaluer les ambiguïtés idéologiques de ces textes au croisement des discours historique, journalistique et romanesque en prenant en considération certains traits de l’écriture moderne comme l’ambition morale généralisée ou le flottement de la distinction entre fait et fiction. Cette remise en perspective conduit à repenser les potentialités subversives de ces textes qui semblent en fait moins résider dans l’héroïsation des criminels que dans l’articulation entre leur parcours et des questions sociales et politiques spécifiques au temps. / This study focuses on criminal biographies, one of the much-printed forms of criminal literature which developed in the early modern England and France. These texts are marked by moral and political ambivalence. Despite their proclaimed prescriptive aims, they make the most of the very sensational topic of crime. Furthermore, the depiction of criminals is politically problematic. Instead of presenting them as bad examples, underlining the way they are defeated by the authority they defy, they are often romanticized and thus a crime pantheon is built. This study seeks to reassess the ideological ambiguities of criminal biographies, at the crossroads of historical, journalistic, and novelistic discourses, taking into account some features of early modern literature, notably the systematic moral purpose and the blurred distinction between fact and fiction. This change of perspective leads us to re-evaluate the biographies’ potential in transgressing. Rather than lying in the romanticization of the outlaws, these seem to lie in the way some texts link the outlaws’ lives with some social and political debates of the time.

Apoiando-se em uma perspectiva enunciativa, este estudo busca investigar o funcionamento do sistema verbal das Línguas Francesa e Portuguesa do Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar a expressão do tempo passado, em produções textuais de um grupo de alunos de Letras da USP cursando o terceiro semestre de Língua Francesa. Vinte e um alunos selecionados produziram quatro textos cada um durante o semestre, totalizando oitenta e quatro textos que foram analisados. Com essa finalidade, iniciamos nossa pesquisa, apoiados pelos estudos da temporalidade, da expressão de tempo em narrativas midiáticas e da enunciação. Com os trabalhos de Imbs (1960), Benveniste (1966, 1974), Bronckart (1999), Charaudeau (1992) e Fiorin (2002), observamos que, embora o sistema verbal de ambas as línguas seja semelhante, há, entretanto, algumas diferenças marcantes em relação aos verbos que denotam pretérito. Os estudos enunciativos mostram-nos que o sistema temporal é bastante complexo, mas é coerente. Partimos do pressuposto de que se essa coerência é exposta e trabalhada com os aprendizes de francês, estes terão menos dificuldades na expressão do tempo em Língua Francesa. A expressão do tempo foi apresentada aos alunos a partir de uma abordagem enunciativa, e o gênero textual escolhido pelo docente para o ensino/aprendizagem da temporalidade foi o faits divers, narrativa midiática típica francesa. As narrativas, em geral, não seguem a sucessão natural dos acontecimentos, mas, de qualquer forma, são relatadas a partir do momento de enunciação (ME), instalado no texto pelo enunciador. A partir do ME, são marcados os momentos de referência presente, passado, futuro; e em relação a cada um deles, os acontecimentos podem ser concomitantes, anteriores ou posteriores. As análises efetuadas mostraram que o ensino/aprendizagem, a partir dos estudos enunciativos, faz com que os alunos percebam a não linearidade temporal, consigam marcá-la linguisticamente com tempos verbais e com expressões temporais e produzam narrativas temporalmente coerentes. / Based on an enunciative perspective, this study aims to investigate the operation of the verbal system of both languages French and Brazilian Portuguese, with the objective of verifying the expression of the past tense, in textual productions of a group from USP Language students of the third semester of French Language. Twenty-one selected students produced four texts each, during the semester, in a total of eighty four texts which were analyzed. With this purpose, we began our research, supported by the studies of temporality, time expression in mediatic and enunciative narratives. The works by Imbs (1960), Benveniste (1966, 1974), Bronckart (1999), Charaudeau (1992) and Fiorin (2002) permitted to observe that, although the verbal system of both languages is similar, there are, however, some outstanding differences in relation to the verbs that denote preterit. Enunciative studies show us that the temporal system is very complex but coherent. We start from the assumption that if this coherence is exposed and worked with French learners, they will have fewer difficulties concerning time expression in French Language. Time expression was introduced to the students starting from an enunciative approach, and the textual gender chosen by the teacher for the teaching/learning process of the temporality was the faits divers, a typical mediatic French narrative. The narratives, in general, do not follow the natural succession of events, but are, somehow, reported after the enunciation moment (EM), established in the text by the enunciator. After the EM, the reference moments of present, past, future, are marked; and in relation to each of them, the events can be simultaneous, previous or subsequent. The analysis performed showed that the teaching / learning process, starting from the enunciative studies, allows students to notice the non-temporal linearity, enabling them to mark it linguistically with verbal tenses and temporal expressions and to produce temporally coherent narratives.

Apoiando-se em uma perspectiva enunciativa, este estudo busca investigar o funcionamento do sistema verbal das Línguas Francesa e Portuguesa do Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar a expressão do tempo passado, em produções textuais de um grupo de alunos de Letras da USP cursando o terceiro semestre de Língua Francesa. Vinte e um alunos selecionados produziram quatro textos cada um durante o semestre, totalizando oitenta e quatro textos que foram analisados. Com essa finalidade, iniciamos nossa pesquisa, apoiados pelos estudos da temporalidade, da expressão de tempo em narrativas midiáticas e da enunciação. Com os trabalhos de Imbs (1960), Benveniste (1966, 1974), Bronckart (1999), Charaudeau (1992) e Fiorin (2002), observamos que, embora o sistema verbal de ambas as línguas seja semelhante, há, entretanto, algumas diferenças marcantes em relação aos verbos que denotam pretérito. Os estudos enunciativos mostram-nos que o sistema temporal é bastante complexo, mas é coerente. Partimos do pressuposto de que se essa coerência é exposta e trabalhada com os aprendizes de francês, estes terão menos dificuldades na expressão do tempo em Língua Francesa. A expressão do tempo foi apresentada aos alunos a partir de uma abordagem enunciativa, e o gênero textual escolhido pelo docente para o ensino/aprendizagem da temporalidade foi o faits divers, narrativa midiática típica francesa. As narrativas, em geral, não seguem a sucessão natural dos acontecimentos, mas, de qualquer forma, são relatadas a partir do momento de enunciação (ME), instalado no texto pelo enunciador. A partir do ME, são marcados os momentos de referência presente, passado, futuro; e em relação a cada um deles, os acontecimentos podem ser concomitantes, anteriores ou posteriores. As análises efetuadas mostraram que o ensino/aprendizagem, a partir dos estudos enunciativos, faz com que os alunos percebam a não linearidade temporal, consigam marcá-la linguisticamente com tempos verbais e com expressões temporais e produzam narrativas temporalmente coerentes. / Based on an enunciative perspective, this study aims to investigate the operation of the verbal system of both languages French and Brazilian Portuguese, with the objective of verifying the expression of the past tense, in textual productions of a group from USP Language students of the third semester of French Language. Twenty-one selected students produced four texts each, during the semester, in a total of eighty four texts which were analyzed. With this purpose, we began our research, supported by the studies of temporality, time expression in mediatic and enunciative narratives. The works by Imbs (1960), Benveniste (1966, 1974), Bronckart (1999), Charaudeau (1992) and Fiorin (2002) permitted to observe that, although the verbal system of both languages is similar, there are, however, some outstanding differences in relation to the verbs that denote preterit. Enunciative studies show us that the temporal system is very complex but coherent. We start from the assumption that if this coherence is exposed and worked with French learners, they will have fewer difficulties concerning time expression in French Language. Time expression was introduced to the students starting from an enunciative approach, and the textual gender chosen by the teacher for the teaching/learning process of the temporality was the faits divers, a typical mediatic French narrative. The narratives, in general, do not follow the natural succession of events, but are, somehow, reported after the enunciation moment (EM), established in the text by the enunciator. After the EM, the reference moments of present, past, future, are marked; and in relation to each of them, the events can be simultaneous, previous or subsequent. The analysis performed showed that the teaching / learning process, starting from the enunciative studies, allows students to notice the non-temporal linearity, enabling them to mark it linguistically with verbal tenses and temporal expressions and to produce temporally coherent narratives.

L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à identifier et comparer les potentialités de l'entrepreneur migrant de retour à celles de son homologue Local. Rappelons que bien qu'un nombre important de recherches a traité l'entrepreneuriat et les caractéristiques entrepreneuriales, aucune, à notre connaissance, n'a étudié les potentialités de l'entrepreneur migrant de retour. Le souci de combler le manque de recherches gestionnaires et de contribuer au débat scientifique sur cette thématique nous a conduit à nous appuyer sur deux principaux paradigmes des traits et des faits de l'entrepreneur pour asseoir le concept de potentialités entrepreneuriales. Le corpus théorique obtenu s'appuie sur le modèle d'Yvon GASSE. Il établit un lien entre les différentes approches des traits et faits (caractéristiques et comportements), intègre les facteurs extrinsèques (milieu) et conduit à faire émerger le modèle conceptuel de notre thèse. Ce corpus théorique est relayé par le questionnaire adapté de Gasse qui a été administré à un échantillon de 393 entrepreneurs Marocains MRE (40%) et Locaux (60%). Les MRE sont les Marocains Résidents à l’Etranger revenus au Maroc pour créer leur entreprise. Les Locaux sont ceux qui résident depuis toujours au Maroc et qui sont entrepreneurs. Ce sont donc deux types d'entrepreneurs d'origine Marocaine mais avec des parcours de vie différents (migrants et non-migrants). Les 393 questionnaires sont soumis aux techniques multidimensionnelles d’analyse de données approfondies. Les résultats obtenus permettent de répondre à notre question de recherche : le niveau des potentialités de l’entrepreneur migrant de retour est diffèrent de celui de l’entrepreneur Local. L'expérience migratoire a permis à l'entrepreneur MRE de développer un niveau de potentialités entrepreneuriales plus élevé que celui de son homologue Local. De tels résultats font émerger des leviers originaux pouvant alimenter les dispositifs d’accompagnement endogènes. Leur combinaison au test de Cronbach fournit une grille réduite et adaptée du modèle de Gasse augurant un accompagnement différencié des futurs entrepreneurs MRE et Locaux. / The objective of this research is to identify and compare the potentiality of the return migrant entrepreneur back to those of his Local counterpart. It should be recalled that while a significant number of research has addressed entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial characteristics, none, to our knowledge, has studied the potential of the returning migrant entrepreneur in relation to his Local counterpart. The concern to fill the lack of managerial research and to contribute to the scientific debate on this topic has led us to rely on two main paradigms of the traits and the facts of the entrepreneur to establish the concept of entrepreneurial potentials. The theoretical corpus obtained is based on the model of Yvon GASSE. It establishes a link between the different approaches of traits and facts (characteristics and behaviors), incorporates extrinsic factors (middle) and leads to the emergence of the conceptual model of our thesis. This theoretical corpus is relayed by the adapted questionnaire of Gasse which was administered to a sample of 393 Moroccan entrepreneurs MRE (40%) and Local (60%). The MRE are Moroccan residents abroad who have returned to Morocco to create their business. The premises are those who have always been resident in Morocco and who are entrepreneurs. They are therefore two types of entrepreneurs of Moroccan origin but with different life paths (migrant and non-migrant). The 393 questionnaires are subject to multi-dimensional data analysis techniques. The results obtained allow us to answer our research question: the level of the potential of the returning entrepreneur is different from that of the Local contractor. The migratory experience has enabled the MRE entrepreneur to develop a higher level of entrepreneurial potential than that of his Local counterpart. Such results are emerging from the original levers that can feed the endogenous accompaniment devices. Their combination with the Cronbach test provides a reduced and adapted grid of the Gasse model, auguring a differentiated accompaniment of future MRE and Local entrepreneurs.

Le droit du travail a connu au cours de ces trente dernières années des évolutions remarquables avec, d’une part, l’apparition de nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication au sein des entreprises et, d’autre part, l’émergence de l’exigence de justification. Alors que les employeurs sont désormais tenus d’énoncer leurs raisons d’agir et que les salariés travaillent sur des postes informatisés, se pose la question de savoir dans quelle mesure ces nouvelles caractéristiques du monde du travail ont modifié les règles de preuve applicables en la matière. Si la charge de la preuve ne paraît pas avoir été affectée par ces différentes évolutions, il en va différemment de l’objet de la preuve. En effet, l’apparition des toutes dernières technologies de l’information et de la communication participe, au-delà des apparences, à un déplacement de l’objet de la preuve, les salariés ayant désormais accès à de nouveaux éléments de preuve susceptibles d’emporter la conviction des juges. Par ailleurs, l’exigence de justification invite les juges à contrôler plus avant la décision des employeurs. Ces derniers doivent en effet désormais expliciter leurs raisons d’agir. Cela signifie concrètement qu’ils ne peuvent se contenter d’invoquer des faits objectifs, ils doivent encore convaincre les juges de la justesse de leurs décisions en détaillant les ressorts de ces dernières. Ainsi, alors que la doctrine classique avait pour habitude d’affirmer que l’offre de preuve attendue des plaideurs porte sur des faits pertinents, contestés et contestables, l’exigence de justification nous amène à ajouter des faits « contextués », c’est-à-dire des faits articulés au sein d’un discours cohérent et si nous avions pu penser dans un premier temps que l’émergence de l’exigence de justification se traduise par une part croissante de subjectivité dans les décisions de justice, force est de reconnaître au contraire que le contrôle des juges s’est renforcé / The labor law knew during these last thirty years remarkable evolutions with the appearance of new information technologies and communication in the companies and, the creation of “justification’s requirement”. In the mean time employers are now obliged to detail the motivations of their actions and the employees are working more and more on informatics work station. It’s important to understand how these new characteristics have modified the application of the rules of the proof. If the proof’s burden seems to not have been affected by these evolutions, it is not the same about the proof’s object. Indeed, beyond the appearances, the new information and communication technologies lead to a modification of the proof object by giving to the employees the access of new elements of proof susceptible to influence the judge’s conviction. Besides, the “justification’s requirement” invites the judges to better control the employer’s decision. They have now the obligation to clarify their reasons for action. Concretely it means that, to support their claims, they can’t just argue objective facts to convince the judge but they have to justify the logic of their decisions. So, while the classic doctrine had for practice to expect relevant, controversial and questionable facts as proof objects, the “justification’s requirement” brings us to add “sensible facts" (facts articulated within a coherent speech). If at the first time, we could think that the “justification’s requirement” emergence will lead to subjective decision, we are obliged to admit the reinforcement of the judge control.

Le phénomène de transferts de fonds suscite un débat passionnant au sein de la classe politique, des chercheurs et des universitaires. Ceci est dû au fait qu’il touche à des aspects humains, économiques et financiers. Les transferts de fonds sont considérés comme étant une source de financement importante pour la majorité des pays en développement. Le Maroc n’échappe pas à cette logique. Il est, en effet, l’un des pays qui reçoit le plus de transferts de fonds dans le monde. L’objet de notre thèse est triple. Il s’agit dans un premier temps, de comprendre l’évolution des transferts de fonds depuis les années 1980 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Dans un deuxième temps, il s’agira de cerner les principaux déterminants de ces transferts. Dans un troisième temps, nous proposerons une analyse approfondie de l’impact des transferts de fonds sur l’économie marocaine dans son ensemble, avec une attention particulière aux politiques de change et aux politiques monétaires. En utilisant des techniques économétriques adéquates et pertinentes ainsi que des données fines (bilatérales), nous arrivons à mettre en lumière des aspects importants des transferts de fonds. En effet, les transferts de fonds constituent un enjeu majeur pour l’économie marocaine, de même, le comportement des migrants en termes de transferts varie selon le pays d’accueil et dans le temps. Leur impact ne s’avère pas être nuisible (absence du phénomène du syndrome hollandais) à l’économie marocaine. Les politiques marocaines d’émigration semblent être pertinentes. Cependant, pour être efficaces, ces politiques doivent être plus hétérogènes, en tenant compte des spécificités et des caractéristiques des migrants en fonction des pays d’accueil. / The phenomenon of migrant remittances has attracted keen interest among policymakers, scholars and researchers. This owes to the fact that remittances involve multiple human, economic and financial aspects. International remittances have become an important source of foreign exchange for several developing countries. One such country is Morocco, being one of the world’s major remittance-receiving countries. This dissertation deals with three features of remittance inflows to the country. First of all, the evolution of remittances from 1980 onwards is analyzed. Secondly, key drivers of these flows are empirically determined. Thirdly, their impacts on the Moroccan economy are examined in detail, especially those pertaining to the country’s exchange rate and monetary policy. Employing pertinent sophisticated econometric techniques and bilateral data, we come up with important findings in this context. We find that remittances are indeed playing a major role in the Moroccan economy; that the behavior of Moroccan migrants in terms of the amounts remitted back home vary with respect to the destination countries as well as the time dimension; and those remittances do not appear to induce the Dutch disease in the country’s economy. As a result, Morocco’s migration policies seem to be adequate. The policy can be made more effective by adapting it to the diverse features and specificities of Moroccan migrant communities residing in different parts of the world.

Si la manifestation de la vérité apparaît comme l’un des objectifs centraux du procès pénal, confronté à l’obstacle du doute, le droit doit bien souvent se contenter de vraisemblance. Pressés par les nécessités d’agir et de décider, les acteurs de la justice pénale ne pourront pas toujours attendre d’être absolument certains de leur opinion. Afin d’éviter l’écueil de l’immobilisme - qui serait préjudiciable à l’intérêt de la société - ou celui de la précipitation – qui serait préjudiciable à l’intérêt de l’individu -, le droit pénal organise une réaction fondée sur une réalité vraisemblable. La vraisemblance contribue ainsi à la réalisation prudente et efficace du droit pénal. Il faut alors admettre que si la vraisemblance n’est pas une notion spécifiquement juridique, il n’en demeure pas moins que le droit lui reconnaît des effets. L’ambition de cette étude est de démontrer que la vraisemblance innerve l’ensemble de la matière pénale et permet d’y introduire les garanties suffisantes d’objectivité dont elle a besoin, car seule l’existence hautement probable d’une réalité infractionnelle permet de forger le seuil de vraisemblance à partir duquel ce standard va pouvoir produire des effets de droit. Il est alors question d’identifier ces effets de droit, d’en démontrer les ressorts et de déterminer les possibilités de surpassement du doute qu’offre cette notion / If the manifestation of truth appears as one of the central objectives of the criminal trial, confronted with the obstacle of doubt, the law must often be satisfied with verisimilitude. Pressed by the necessity to act and decide, the actors of the criminal justice system can not always wait to be absolutely certain of their opinion. In order to avoid the pitfall of immobilism - which would be prejudicial to the interests of society - or that of precipitation - which would be detrimental to the interest of the individual - the criminal law organizes a reaction based on a plausible reality. The likelihood thus contributes to the prudent and effective realization of criminal law. It must be recognized, then, that while verisimilitude is not a legal concept, the fact remains that the law recognizes its effects. The ambition of this study is to demonstrate that the likelihood serves as a basis for the whole of penal matters and allows the necessary guarantees of objectivity to be introduced, since only a certain degree of conviction allows for the threshold of Likelihood that this standard will produce legal effects. It is then a question of identifying these legal effects, of demonstrating the springs and of determining the possibilities of overcoming the doubt that this notion offers. Likelihood is indeed a formidable tool for overcoming doubt, to which the law assigns two predominant roles : an operative role in the first place, by authorizing the investigating and investigating authorities to act in spite of their doubts. A probative role then, to the extent that the existence of certain facts presents such a likelihood that they benefit from a presumption of truth

En 1908, les juges de la Cour Suprême des États-Unis citent pour la première fois des études en médecine, en sociologie et en psychologie afin de valider la constitutionnalité d’une loi. Depuis, le recours aux preuves scientifiques s’est largement développé et il a pris une place dans le travail du juge aux États-Unis et au Canada. La preuve scientifique se présente comme un outil d’information essentiel pour le juge dans le contentieux constitutionnel des droits et libertés. Elle permet ainsi de décrire les réalités sociales et les aspects techniques qui intéressent directement la résolution des questions constitutionnelles. Au delà de son rôle d'information, son recours s’inscrit dans une logique de concrétisation de l’analyse constitutionnelle. Plus précisément, les critères du contrôle de constitutionnalité impliquent des questions de faits que la preuve scientifique pourra démontrer. En prenant ainsi un tout autre rôle, le recours aux preuves scientifiques questionne sur la nature du contrôle de constitutionnalité et sur les méthodes du juge. Malgré l’intérêt des juges américain et canadien pour ce mode de preuve, leur statut et leur régime juridique dans le contentieux constitutionnel demeurent indéterminés. Ces incertitudes touchent tant des questions de procédure que des questions de fond sur leur rôle dans l’analyse constitutionnelle et dans le raisonnement du juge. Dès lors, la recherche d'un cadre méthodologique a semblé nécessaire. Ce modèle permet de revaloriser l’apport des preuves scientifiques dans le contentieux constitutionnel et il contribue à la protection des droits et libertés. Il présente, alors, un intérêt pour l'ensemble juges constitutionnels / In 1908, the U.S. Supreme Court Justices made several citations of medical, sociology andpsychology studies for the first time. Since then, the use of scientific evidence has expanded and it became an important part of the work of the Supreme Court of the U.S. as well as the Supreme Court of Canada. Scientific evidence is an essential tool to inform judges in constitutional rights cases. It gives information on social realities and technical questions which are directly relevant to resolve questions of law. However, the use of scientific evidence is more than a medium of information. Indeed, it implies an interest for facts that go beyond the parties. Constitutional doctrine itself implies empirical questions that could find answers in scientific evidence. By determining those facts, scientific evidence becomes a part of the constitutional doctrineitself. Consequently, the use of scientific evidence interrogates on the nature of judicial review and on the judge’s methods. Thought judges in the U.S. and in Canada frequently cite scientific evidence, their use is mostly unregulated and indeterminate. The uncertainties surrounding the use of scientific evidence concern procedural questions as well as questions regarding their role in decisionmaking. Those questions must be answered. Once resolved, we research a methodological framework in which scientific evidence could be used consistently by American and Canadian judges. This approach is essential to reassert the value of scientific evidence in constitutionalrights cases and to improve constitutional rights protection. Finally, this framework might be relevant for judges beyond the United States and Canada

Le rapport d’expertise du médecin légiste a souvent un rôle déterminant dans de nombreux procès criminels pour condamner ou relaxer un mis en cause. En révélant des faits utiles à l’enquête, le médecin légiste a le devoir d’être neutre, d’utiliser les données actuelles de la science et de rechercher la vérité de ce qui s’est passé. Mais la position classique de neutralité axiologique est-elle pertinente? Peut-on évacuer les valeurs de l’expertise ? La vérité est-elle accessible ? Qu’est-ce que la science en médecine légale ? Le médecin légiste n’utiliserait-il pas d’autres outils pour arriver à ses conclusions ? Pour répondre à ces questions, ce travail se propose d’étudier le rapport entre faits et valeurs au sein de l’expertise médico-judiciaire ainsi que d’examiner comment s’élaborent les conclusions du médecin légiste et la manière dont il les exprime. / The expert report composed by a forensic pathologist often plays a key role in many criminal trials in order to either free or convict the defendant. By unearthing useful facts for the inquiry, the forensic pathologist has a duty to be neutral, use up-to-date scientific knowledge and data and to search for the truth in underlying events. But is the usual position of axiological neutrality relevant? Can values be evacuated from the expertise? Can the truth be achieved? What is actually science in the field of forensics? Is the forensic pathologist not using other tools to reach a conclusion? To address these issues, this work proposes to investigate the relationship between facts and values in the field of forensic expertise, as well as to examine the way the forensic scientists draw conclusions and in turn how these are stated.