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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Microorganisms, flight, reproduction, and predation in birds / Micro-organismes, vol, reproduction et prédation chez les oiseaux

Al rubaiee, Zaid 28 April 2017 (has links)
Les coûts de remise en forme que les macro et micro parasites imposent aux hôtes peuvent s'expliquer par trois facteurs principaux : (1) Les hôtes utilisent des réponses immunitaires contre les parasites pour prévenir ou contrôler l'infection. Les réponses immunitaires nécessitent de l'énergie et des nutriments pour produire et / ou activer les cellules immunitaires et les immunoglobulines, ce qui est coûteux, provoquant des compromis avec d'autres processus physiologiques comme la croissance ou la reproduction. (2) Le taux métabolique de l'hôte peut être augmenté parce que les dommages aux tissus et la réparation ultérieure de l'infection causée par le parasite peuvent être coûteux. (3) Le taux métabolique des hôtes peut augmenter et donc augmenter également leurs besoins en ressources. La compétition entre macro-parasites et hôtes peut priver les ressources de l'hôte. Les coûts de remise en forme que les macro et micro parasites imposent aux hôtes peuvent s'expliquer par trois facteurs principaux : (1) Les hôtes utilisent des réponses immunitaires contre les parasites pour prévenir ou contrôler l'infection. Les réponses immunitaires nécessitent de l'énergie et des nutriments pour produire et / ou activer les cellules immunitaires et les immunoglobulines, ce qui est coûteux, provoquant des compromis avec d'autres processus physiologiques comme la croissance ou la reproduction. (2) Le taux métabolique de l'hôte peut être augmenté parce que les dommages aux tissus et la réparation ultérieure de l'infection causée par le parasite peuvent être coûteux. (3) Le taux métabolique des hôtes peut augmenter et donc augmenter également leurs besoins en ressources. La compétition entre macro-parasites et hôtes peut priver les ressources de l'hôte. / The fitness costs that macro- and micro-parasites impose on hosts can be explained by three main factors: (1) Hosts use immune responses against parasites to prevent or control infection. Immune responses require energy and nutrients to produce and/or activate immune cells and immunoglobulins, and that is costly, causing trade-offs against other physiological processes like growth or reproduction. (2) The host’s metabolic rate can be increased because tissue damage and subsequent repair from the infection caused by parasite may be costly. (3) The metabolic rate of hosts may increase and hence also increase their resource requirements. Competition between macroparasites and hosts may deprive resources of host. Birds are hosts for many symbionts, some of them parasitic, that could decrease the fitness of their hosts. There is a huge diversity in potential parasites carried in a bird’s plumage and some can cause infection. Nest lining feathers are chosen and transported by adult birds including barn swallows Hirundo rustica to their nests, implying that any heterogeneity in abundance and diversity of microorganisms on feathers in nests must arise from feather preferences. we found that the effects of microorganisms on the behavior of birds may be a combination of positive and negative effects. There may be positive effects of antimicrobial activity on birds through the process of bacterial interference, consisting of certain bacteria impeding the establishment of competing bacterial strains by producing antibiotic substances. Meanwhile, the negative effects may imply that pathogenic or/and feather-degrading microorganisms may reduce fitness components of their hosts. These effects of microorganisms and hence the microbiome can be affected by the behavior of bird hosts.
62

Rizika predace hnízd koroptve polní (Perdix perdix) / Nest predation risk in Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix)

Holomek, Stanislav January 2013 (has links)
The gray partridge (Perdix perdix) is a bird species living in hiding and nesting on the ground in the open landscape. Even though this species uses several well-known anti-predator adaptations and strategies, its nests are often predated. The range of nest predators and the circumstances of predation have not, however, been satisfactorily described yet. This diploma thesis summarizes the results of experiments carried out on artificial nests and is supplemented by the description of nest behaviour of two incubing hens obtained from video shooting their nests. This work also includes the results of video shoots of predators on artificial nests, the most common of them being the marten. The successful survival of nests in all experiments was influenced mainly by hiding the nest in vegetation. However, the presence of feather odour of adult birds increased the risks of predation even for well-hidden nests. Nests placed in grass biotopes survived the best regardless their covering. What mattered most in other biotopes (along the edges of field roads, forests or groves and field biotopes off any lines) was the covering of nests with vegetation. Partridges nesting close to the edge of a forest or a grove are not very safe from predators. The fact that both nesting partridges and nest predators prefer a...
63

Relation between Feed Particle Size Distribution and Plumage Condition in Laying Hens on Commercial Farms

Schreiter, Ruben, Damme, Klaus, Freick, Markus 24 February 2022 (has links)
Feather pecking is a serious problem in laying hen husbandry, which can lead to feather damage, performance losses and economic disadvantages. In this context, feed has been identified as an important factor, whereby scientific knowledge is primarily available on the effect of ingredients but hardly on the feed structure. In this study, feed samples from feather pecking and non-feather pecking herds from production farms were analyzed for their nutrient contents and feed particle sizes. More coarser (>2.00 mm) and fewer medium and finer feed particles (≤1.60 mm) were found in the feed of the flocks affected by feather pecking. The coarser components contained lower levels of nutrients important for preventing feather pecking (e.g., methionine, sodium). The study demonstrated that a feed structure that is too coarse can be considered a risk factor for feather pecking. / Die Studie untersucht die Zusammensetzung der Futterpartikelfraktionen und deren Nährstoffgehalte in Legehennenfutter. Hierfür wurden 103 Futterproben von federpickenden (AH, n=37) und nicht-federpickenden Herden (CH, n=66) von Produktionsbetrieben mittels trockener Siebanalyse und Nährstoffanalytik untersucht. In den AH zeigten sich in der Futterstruktur im Vergleich zu den CH höhere Anteile an Partikeln >2,50 mm (MW ± STW: CH: 11,0 ± 8,5 %, AH: 24,9 ± 14,3 %) und 2,00-2,50 mm (CH: 11,2 ± 5,3 %, AH: 15,7 ± 5,7 %) bei niedrigeren Anteilen der Fraktionen 1,01-1,60 mm (CH: 22,9 ± 4,9 %, AH: 17,8 ± 5,7 %), 0,51-1,00 mm (CH: 25,5 ± 8,2 %, AH: 16,0 ± 6,8 %) und ≤0,50 mm (CH: 15,4 ± 5,0 %, AH: 11,0 ± 4,8 %) (p<0,001). Die Futter der AH (1470,8 ± 343,9 μm) wiesen dabei auch einen höheren geometrischen Durchmesser aus (GMD) im Vergleich zu den CH (1113,3 ± 225,7 μm) auf (p<0,001). Die vorgefundenen Anteile der Partikelgrößenfraktionen 1,01-1,60 mm und ≥2,50 mm lagen außerhalb des empfohlenen Referenzbereichs (p<0,001). Die Gehalte an Rohasche (CH: 130,3 ± 18,8 g/kg, AH: 115,9 ± 24,3 g/kg), Lysin (CH: 8,2 ± 1,0 g/kg, AH: 7,7 ± 1,2 g/kg), Methionin (CH: 3,4 ± 0,5 g/kg, AH: 3,2 ± 0,6 g/kg) und Natrium (CH: 1,7 ± 0,4 g/kg, AH: 1,3 ± 0,4 g/kg) waren bei den AH niedriger als in den CH (p≤0,041). Im Modell der logistischen Regression zeigten sich das Tieralter (p=0,041) und der GMD (p<0,001) als signifikante Einflussfaktoren auf das Auftreten von Federpicken. Anhand der Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine zu grobe Futterstruktur als Risikofaktor für Federpicken zu betrachten ist.
64

Simulation von Passfederverbindungen mittels elastisch-plastischer Materialmodelle

Muhammedi, Benjamin, Hasse, Alexander 24 May 2023 (has links)
Zunehmendes Downsizing und der Trend zum Leichtbau bei Welle-Nabe-Verbindungen erfordern eine exakte Beschreibung des Systemverhaltens. Elastische Simulationen erfordern im Post-processing die Analyse komplexer Zusammenhänge, welche oftmals nur empirisch begründet sind. Elastisch-Plastische Materialmodelle geben die Möglichkeit Stütz- und Setzeffekte von Passfederverbindungen bereits während der Simulation abzubilden. Die vorliegende Arbeit wendet elastisch-plastische Materialmodelle auf Passfederverbindungen an, um auftretende Versagensmechanismen zu beschreiben. / Downsizing and the trend to lightweight design ofshaft-hub-connections need an accurate description of the behaviour of the system. In post-processing, elastic simulations require a complex analysis based on empiric formula. Using elastic-plastic material models enable the possibility to respect support and set effects of feather key connections within the simulation. The current paper applies elastic-plastic material models to feather key connections in order to describe occurring failure mechanisms.
65

Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Analysis and Predicted Physical Properties of Shocked Quartz from the Chicxulub Impact Crater, Mexico

Prastyani, Erina January 2022 (has links)
As one of the most common minerals in crustal rocks, quartz has been widely used as an indicator for shock metamorphism. Shocked quartz is found in the Chicxulub impact crater, an impact crater that has been linked to the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction ~66 million years ago. The microstructural deformation features found in the shocked quartz do not form randomly, and their orientation provides a better understanding of the impact cratering process. At present, there are no studies of EBSD data analysis of shocked quartz from Chicxulub. We investigated six thin sections from two samples from the M0077A borehole in the lower peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater, using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)-EBSD technique. Both samples consist of shocked granite, with a significant amount of quartz.  Therefore, this study investigates the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of shocked quartz and predicts the seismic velocities and anisotropy, based on the EBSD data. We carried out the analysis of EBSD data by using the MATLAB-based MTEX toolbox that can perform CPO analysis from pole figure plots and the prediction of seismic properties of minerals based on the Voigt-Reuss-Hill effective medium method. Although acquiring the EBSD data from these samples is challenging, leading to the lack of data measured, we found out that the prediction of P wave seismic velocity is in good agreement with other recent studies conducted in the same area. The range of predicted P wave velocities is 5.5-6.5 km/s with anisotropy of 8-15%. The actual observed laboratory measurements and in-situ seismic measurements are considerably smaller than this velocity range because our calculations do not incorporate pores or take microcracks into account.  A likely explanation for the large variability of anisotropy in shocked quartz is the relatively few mapped grains with EBSD, which would influence the CPO and lead to high predicted seismic anisotropy. Considering a greaternumber of grains in the CPO analysis, the CPO is reduced, and seismic anisotropy becomes smaller.
66

Diversity of the bacterial community and secondary sexual characters in the peacock / Diversité de la communauté bactérienne et caractères sexuels secondaires chez le paon

Al-Murayati, Haider 28 April 2017 (has links)
Les plumes d'oiseaux abritent de nombreux microorganismes qui pourraient être acquis dans l'environnement, ces microorganismes pouvant exercer une sélection intense sur leurs hôtes en réduisant leur fécondité et leur survie. Plusieurs taxons bactériens qui vivent sur des plumes ont la capacité de dégrader la kératine des plumes et causent des dommages à leur structure et peuvent modifier aussi leur coloration. Les oiseaux utilisent des signaux visuels tels que des couleurs vives ou des ornementations exagérées pour la communication socio-sexuelle ainsi que la reconnaissance des espèces. Seuls les individus en bonne santé sont capables de produire des caractères sexuels secondaires exagérés et restent résistants aux parasites débilitants. Le paon (Pavo cristatus) est une espèce polygame qui a plusieurs décorations exagérées, les caractères sexuels secondaires les plus remarquables du paon sont leur traîne décorée avec des ocelles magnifiques qui contiennent trois couleurs irisées différentes. Grâce à une technique basée sur la culture, j'ai isolé la communauté bactérienne des plumes de différentes parties colorées des ocelles de la traîne du paon. L'étude révèle qu'il y a eu une répartition hétérogène des bactéries parmi les différentes parties colorées des ocelles. L'abondance et la prévalence des taxa bactériens spécifiques étaient liées au degré de dégradation des plumes, à l'expression de différents caractères sexuels secondaires, à des changements dans la coloration des ocelles et à l'augmentation de la croissance quotidienne des plumes. En outre, nous avons constaté un petit effet de l'expression de caractères sexuels secondaires sur la proportion sexuelle des couvées avec un biais en faveur des individus masculins. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse fournissent des preuves que les ocelles de plumes peuvent être considérés comme un signal fiable de la diversité et de l'abondance de bactéries chez le paon. En conséquence, ils représentent une indication pour la qualité individuelle, ce qui permet aux femelles de choisir des mâles avec une communauté bactérienne spécifique. / Bird feathers harbour numerous microorganisms that could be acquired from the surrounding environment, these microorganisms may exert intense selection on their hosts by reducing fecundity and survivorship. Several bacterial taxa that live on feathers have the ability to degrade feather keratin and cause damage to feather structure and may alter the feather colouration. Birds use visual signals such as bright colours or exaggerated ornamentation for socio-sexual communication as well as species recognition. Only healthy individuals are able to produce exaggerated secondary sexual characters and still remain resistant to debilitating parasites. Peacocks (Pavo cristatus) is a polygamous species that have different exaggerated ornamentation, the most notable secondary sexual characters of the peacock are their long-decorated trains that comprise the magnificent ocelli which contain three different iridescent colours. Through a culture based technique we isolate feather bacterial community from differently coloured parts of the ocelli of the peacock’s train. The study reveals that there was a heterogeneous distribution of bacteria among the differently coloured parts of ocelli. The abundance and prevalence of specific bacterial taxa was related to the degree of feather degradation, expression of different secondary sexual character, changes in ocelli colouration and daily growth increment. Furthermore, we found a small effect of the expression of secondary sexual characters on biasing of brood sex ratio towards production of more sons than daughters. The work presented in this thesis provide evidence that feather ocelli may consider as a reliable signal of the diversity and the abundance of bacteria in peacock and in consequence indication for the individual quality and that allowing the choosy females to pick males with a specific bacterial community.
67

Variations interindividuelles des performances cognitives et conséquences évolutives chez une population naturelle de mésange charbonnière (Parus major)

Cauchard, Laure 03 1900 (has links)
Les animaux font face à des changements environnementaux brutaux dus aux modifications de milieux liés à l'activité humaine et aux changements climatiques, et doivent s'ajuster rapidement à leur nouvel environnement. Certains processus cognitifs comme l'innovation et l'apprentissage permettent aux animaux d'intégrer de nouveaux comportements à leur répertoire comportemental (flexibilité comportementale), leur donnant l'opportunité d'intégrer un comportement plus optimal pour s'ajuster. Les performances cognitives varient entre espèces et les individus d'une même population et bien que des études récentes se soient intéressées aux causes des variations interindividuelles des performances cognitives, les conséquences restent peu explorées. Dans cette thèse, les questions des pressions de sélection s'exerçant sur les capacités cognitives sont abordées afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution de ces traits au sein d'une population naturelle de mésange charbonnière Parus major. Un nouveau test de résolution de problème a tout d'abord été présenté à des couples reproducteurs directement en milieu naturel. Les résultats ont montré que les couples les plus performants à résoudre la tâche surpassaient les couples les moins performants sur plusieurs mesures de succès reproducteur. Afin de vérifier que la motivation à nourrir les poussins ne biaisait pas cette relation, la taille de nichée a ensuite été manipulée, ce qui n'a pas affecté la performance subséquente des parents. Les couples innovateurs démontraient un meilleur succès reproducteur quel que soit le changement de la taille de nichée subit, ce qui suggère que cette performance influence bien le succès de reproduction, et non l'inverse. De plus, les couples innovateurs approvisionnaient leurs poussins plus souvent que les couples non innovateurs, suggérant que les innovateurs pourraient exploiter leur habitat de façon plus optimale. Dans un troisième temps, plusieurs caractéristiques morphologiques, dont la coloration des plumes, ont été reliées aux performances de résolution de problème et d'apprentissage. Ces liens, bien que complexes et condition-dépendants, pourraient indiquer un rôle de ces performances lors de la sélection sexuelle. Enfin, afin de tester l'effet du parasite sanguin du paludisme sur les traits comportementaux, un médicament contre le paludisme a été injecté à des femelles reproductrices. Cette injection n'a pas modifié leurs performances cognitives mais a augmenté leur niveau d'activité et d'exploration du nichoir en réponse à la tâche de résolution de problème. Ce parasite sanguin, très présent chez les populations depassereaux, pourrait donc expliquer les variations interindividuelles et interpopulationnelles de certains traits comportementaux en milieu naturel, au même titre que dans nombreux autres systèmes hôte-parasites étudiés. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont permis de détailler pour la première fois la relation entre une performance cognitive et le succès reproducteur chez une population aviaire naturelle, une relation robuste et non influencée par la motivation à nourrir la couvée. Cette performance cognitive est reliée à plusieurs traits morphologiques, mais non à la charge parasitaire. Une meilleure exploitation de l'habitat et habileté à s'occuper des poussins pourrait expliquer cette relation. / Animals face a rapidly changing world due to anthropogenic habitat destruction and climate change, forcing them to quickly adjust their behaviour to new environmental conditions. Cognitive processes such as innovation and learning can allow animals to incorporate novel behaviours into their behavioural repertoires and facilitate optimal responses to environmental change. Cognitive performances vary between and within species and although several studies have recently addressed the causes of inter-individual variations in cognitive performance, the fitness consequences of this variation remain poorly explored in natural populations. In my PhD thesis, I investigated different selective pressures acting on innovation and learning performance to better understand the evolution of these traits in a natural population of great tits Parus major. Firstly, I designed a novel problem-solving task that involved opening a trap door to access chicks, and presented it to breeding great tit pairs in their natural habitat. I found that the most efficient birds at solving this task performed better at multiple measures of reproductive success than the less efficient. Secondly, to test whether chick provisioning motivation confounded this relationship, I manipulated brood size and recorded whether this affected the problem-solving performance of the parents. My results showed that this was not the case. Instead, solvers had higher reproductive success whatever the brood size manipulation experienced, supporting the hypothesis that this cognitive performance drives reproductive success rather than the opposite. Problem-solving performance correlates positively with reproductive success both at the early stages of breeding (i.e. number of eggs laid and hatched) and during the nestling rearing period (i.e. number and condition of fledged young). Moreover, solvers seem to provision their young at a higher rate than non-solvers, suggesting that solvers exploit their breeding habitat more efficiently than non-solvers. Thirdly, I found multiple links between morphological traits, among which feather colouration, and problem-solving and learning performances. Although complex and condition-dependent, these links suggest that cognitive performances may be under sexual selective pressures, since they can be signaled by morphological traits shown to be important in great tit mate choice. Finally, injecting breeding females with an anti-malaria drug did not affect their cognitive performances, but increased their level of activity and exploration when presented with the novel problem-solving task. This suggests that the presence of these blood parasites, which are frequent in passerine populations, could partly explain between-individual and between-population variation in certain behavioural traits in natural populations, as previously described in many other host-parasite study systems. In summary, my thesis provides the first detailed analysis of the relationship between cognitive performance and reproductive success in a wild bird population. My studies show that this relationship is robust and not confounded by parents’ motivation to provision their young. This problem-solving performance is also correlated with various morphological traits, but not with parasite load. The relationship between cognitive performance and reproductive success might be mediated through habitat exploitation and chick provisioning skills, but requires further investigation.
68

Armed with an Eagle Feather Against the Parliamentary Mace: A Discussion of Discourse on Indigenous Sovereignty and Spirituality in a Settler Colonial Canada, 1990-2017

Swain, Stacie A. January 2017 (has links)
Canada 150, or the sesquicentennial anniversary of Confederation, celebrates a nation-state that can be described as “settler colonial” in relation to Indigenous peoples. This thesis brings a Critical Religion and Critical Discourse Analysis methodology into conversation with Settler Colonial and Indigenous Studies to ask: how is Canadian settler colonial sovereignty enacted, and how do Indigenous peoples perform challenges to that sovereignty? The parliamentary mace and the eagle feather are conceptualized as emblematic and condensed metaphors, or metonyms, that assert and represent Canadian and Indigenous sovereignties. As a settler colonial sovereignty, established and naturalized partially through discourses on religion, Canadian sovereignty requires the displacement of Indigenous sovereignty. In events from 1990 to 2017, Indigenous people wielding eagle feathers disrupt Canadian governance and challenge the legitimacy of Canadian sovereignty. Indigenous sovereignty is (re)asserted as identity-based, oppositional, and spiritualized. Discourses on Indigenous sovereignty and spirituality provide categories and concepts through which Indigenous resistance occurs within Canada.
69

Propuesta de mejora del proceso de tratamiento de plumas producidas en una empresa avícola en Lima Metropolitana

Reynaga Ibañez, Daniela Melany 13 June 2021 (has links)
En el presente proyecto de investigación se expondrá la propuesta de mejora en tratamiento de plumas para una empresa avícola en Lima Metropolitana. La propuesta consta en implementación de una línea de producción de harinas de plumas de pollo con el fin de conseguir un aprovechamiento de un recurso considerado basura. El proyecto es una alternativa eficiente y rentable para la empresa ya que, el producto final es altamente demandado por la industria de alimentos para animales. De la misma manera, fomenta la economía circular y merma el impacto medioambiental ocasionado por este desecho. Para propuesta técnica se utilizaron herramientas de ingeniería industrial y estrategias comerciales que determinaron el producto, el proceso, la localización, tamaño de planta, equipamiento y mano de obra necesario; además, de los planes de aseguramiento de la calidad, mantenimiento e impacto socio ambiental del proyecto en todo su ciclo de vida. Para el análisis técnico, se usó el programa Bizagi Modeler con el fin de validar la usabilidad de recursos propuesto y los cuellos de botella. Asimismo, para la validación económica y financiera, se calculó indicadores como el valor actual neto (VAN), tasa interna de retorno (TIR), costo de oportunidad (COK), el periodo de recuperación (P/R), costo – beneficio (B/C) y análisis de sensibilidad (optimista, probable y pesimista con respecto a las ventas y el precio) y para complementar el análisis de viabilidad se desarrollaron las ratios de solvencia, rentabilidad y liquidez. Como resultado de lo anterior, la planta propuesta se instalará en 742m2 y estará ubicada San Juan de Lurigancho. Contempla producir 2,295.80 toneladas de harina y obtener ganancias de ventas por un valor de S/3,685,214.5 para el 2023. Tendrá una inversión inicial de S/. 3,122,145.75 y el periodo de recuperación económica será 2 años, 11 meses y 21 días. Además, del impacto económico, se determinó que el impacto ambiental será favorable porque reutilizará 4032 toneladas de plumas al año mejorando el bienestar socio ambiental de Lima. Por lo tanto, esta propuesta puede ser un inicio de una cadena de empresas a nivel nacional debido a que el principal recurso que son las plumas se encuentra en abundancia y la demanda de harinas proteicas de origen animal están en crecimiento. / In this research project, the proposed improvement in feather treatment for a poultry company in Metropolitan Lima will be present. The proposal consists of the implementation of a chicken feather meal production line in order to make use of a resource considered garbage. The project is an efficient and profitable alternative for the company since the final product is highly demanded by the animal feed industry. In the same way, it promotes the circular economy and reduces the environmental impact caused by this waste. For the technical proposal, industrial engineering tools and commercial strategies were used that determined the product, the process, the location, plant size, equipment and necessary labor; in addition to the quality assurance, maintenance and socio-environmental impact plans of the project throughout its life cycle. For the technical analysis, the Bizagi Modeler program was use in order to validate the usability of the proposed resources and the bottlenecks. Likewise, for economic and financial validation, indicators such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), opportunity cost (COK), recovery period (P / R), cost - benefit ( B / C) and sensitivity analysis (optimistic, probable and pessimistic with respect to sales and price) and to complement the feasibility analysis, the solvency, profitability and liquidity ratios were developed. As a result of the above, the proposed plant will be installed on 742m2 and will be located in San Juan de Lurigancho. It plans to produce 2,295.80 tons of flour and sales earnings for a value of S / 3,685,214.5 by 2023. It will have an initial investment of S/. 3,122,145.75 and the economic recovery period will be 2 years, 11months and 21 days. In addition, the economic impact, it was determined that the environmental impact will be favorable because it will reuse 4,032 tons of feathers per year, improving the socio-environmental well-being of Lima. Therefore, this proposal could be the beginning of a chain of companies nationwide because the main resource, feathers, is in abundance and the demand for protein meals of animal origin is growing. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional
70

What I Lived for

Smith, Rachel Suzanne 20 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.

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