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Procurou-se avaliar o comportamento da população humana do bairro Vargem Grande, município de São Paulo, SP, no período de 2005 a 2008, em relação à guarda de cães e gatos com ênfase aos aspectos sanitários e de bem estar. Paralelamente, buscou-se avaliar a dinâmica dessas populações animais e o impacto do controle reprodutivo e ações de saúde. Verificou-se que há uma alta renovação das populações canina e felina, conseqüência de elevadas taxas de mortalidade e natalidade, e que as ações de esterilização contaram com média adesão quando eram gratuitas, sendo que essa adesão diminuiu quando o processo passou a ter preços simbólicos. Houve uma diminuição das taxas de natalidade após a instituição das ações de esterilização, entretanto, há necessidade de acompanhamento das ações por um período mais extenso. / The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of the citizens living in the district of Vargem Grande, in São Paulo, SP, from 2005 to 2008, concerning the care of dogs and cats in its health and welfare aspects. It also aims at evaluating the dynamics of these animal populations and the impact of reproductive control measures and health actions. There is a high level of turnover rate in the canine and feline populations due to very high levels of mortality and birth rates. The population greeted free actions of spay and neuter with mild enthusiasm, but the participation decreased after introduction of a symbolic spay and neuter fee. There was a positive impact on the reduction of the birth rate in the population after the introduction of spay and neuter actions. Therefore, there is the need of following those actions for a longer period of time.

Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T16:42:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Daniel_Alves.pdf: 1567054 bytes, checksum: a0aeb3b5f23ef319a384d9e0cf7c6346 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-29T16:37:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Daniel_Alves.pdf: 1567054 bytes, checksum: a0aeb3b5f23ef319a384d9e0cf7c6346 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T16:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Daniel_Alves.pdf: 1567054 bytes, checksum: a0aeb3b5f23ef319a384d9e0cf7c6346 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Esta dissertação trata-se de um estudo das enfermidades de felinos diagnosticadas nos municípios da área de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, em um período de 36 anos. É apresentado um trabalho geral das doenças diagnosticadas em felinos na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul entre os anos de 1978 e 2014, neste mesmo trabalho são destacadas algumas enfermidades, pela sua maior ocorrência e potencial zoonótico. Este trabalho demonstrou que as neoplasias representam a maior parte de diagnósticos nesta espécie, totalizando 435 casos, sendo desses os mais prevalentes as neoplasias cutâneas e as neoplasias mamárias, dentre as neoplasias cutâneas, o carcinoma de células escamosas foi o mais prevalente. Entre as doenças fúngicas as que apresentaram maior ocorrência foram esporotricose com 37 casos e dermatofitose com 20 casos, parasitoses gastrointestinais representaram 22 diagnósticos, das doenças virais a raiva com 18 casos e peritonite infecciosa felina 18 casos, e quatro casos de tuberculose. É apresentado, também, um trabalho científico referente à Tuberculose felina, sendo uma importante doença que acomete os animais e o homem, abordando a possível origem da infecção. O diagnóstico foi confirmado através da coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), apresentando tambémimunomarcação positiva para micobactéria pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e em dois casos o diagnóstico foi confirmado pela amplificação da sequência genética específica para Mycobacterium tuberculosis pela técnica de Reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). / The diseases of cats diagnosed in the municipalities of the area of influence of the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, which based on a 36 years period. It is presented a general paper of the diseases diagnosed in cats in southern Rio Grande do Sul region between 1978 and 2014, this same work are highlighted some diseases, because of their increased occurrence and zoonotic potential. This paper demonstrated that neoplasms represent the majority of diagnoses in this species, totaling 435 cases, and of these the most prevalent of skin cancer and breast cancer, among skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma was the most prevalent. Among the fungal diseases in higher numbers were sporotrichosis with 37 cases and 20 cases with dermatofitosis, gastrointestinal parasitic diseases accounted for 22 diagnoses of viral diseases rabies with 18 cases and feline infectious peritonitis 18 cases and four cases of tuberculosis. It appears, also, a scientific work related to the feline Tuberculosis(TB), is an important disease that affects animals and man, addressing the possible source of infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), also presenting a positive immunostaining for mycobacteria by the technique of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in two cases the diagnosis was confirmed by amplification of the specific gene sequence for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-09-20T13:24:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Priscila das merces de sena.pdf: 7709054 bytes, checksum: f76077cb7fca550b09f80cf277852e82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T13:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Priscila das merces de sena.pdf: 7709054 bytes, checksum: f76077cb7fca550b09f80cf277852e82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-31 / The Spotrhrix schenckii is widely dispersed in nature, especially in temperate and tropical climates. Sporotrichosis is the most common human subcutaneousmycosis in Latin America. In domestic feline, tissues can be found with a abundance of this parasite, fact that it is not usual in other species, so becoming a significantzoonoticagent. The objective in this study was to evaluate the regressiontimeoftheclinical disease, the side effects with Potassium Iodide (KI) administration, in dosis of 10 and 20mg/kg of weight, also evaluation the total T4 hormone concentrations, as well as the possible alterations of hemogram, and renal and hepatic serum biochemistrybyusingthismedication. Were used in this experimentation 14 domestic cats (Felis catusdomesticus), 11 males and three females, with indefinite race, and a mean age of 3.7 years old and average weight of 3.9 kg, with the disease sporotrichosis, all from Rio de Janeiro city. The animal selection was done through the confirmation of the sporotrichosis disease, by collecting material and conducting to mycological culture procedure. The animals were divided into two groups randomly: group I (10 mg of KI/ kg of weight), and group II (20 mg of KI/ kg of weight). Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed in all cats in the study. Besides the total T4, the following laboratory tests were performed: hemogram, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase. All tests were repeated every 15 days, and clinical evaluation was performed daily. This study concluded after comparison between the two groups that weren?t significant alterations in time regression of disease, as well as in that laboratorial analysis, but there were differences in side effects, so, dosis of 10 mg / kg of weight, once daily was the most right treatment of feline sporotrichosis / O Spotrhrix schenckii, agente etiol?gico da esporotricose,? amplamente disperso na natureza, especialmente em ambientes de climas temperados e tropicais. A esporotricose ? a micose subcut?nea humana mais comum na Am?rica Latina, e o felino tem potencial zoon?tico significativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo de regress?o da doen?a cl?nica e as fun??es hep?tica, renal e tiroideana, com uso do iodeto de pot?ssio (IK) nas doses de 10 ou 20 mg/kg de peso, para tratamento da micose. Foram utilizados 14 felinos dom?sticos (Felis catus domesticus), sendo 11 machos e tr?s f?meas, ra?a indefinida, com idade m?dia de 3,7 anos e peso m?dio 3,9 kg, portadores da doen?a e provenientes do Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro. A sele??o dos animais foi realizada atrav?s da confirma??o da doen?a, por meio da coleta de material e realiza??o de cultura micol?gica. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma aleat?ria: grupo I (dose de 10 mg de IK/kg de peso) e grupo II (dose de 20 mg de IK/kg de peso), com m?dia do tempo de tratamento de 63 dias. Avalia??o cl?nica e laboratorial foi realizada em todos os gatos do estudo. Al?m do T4 total, os seguintes exames laboratoriais foram realizados: hemograma, ur?ia, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina, alanina-aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase, aspartato-aminotransferase. Todos os exames foram repetidos a cada 15 dias, do in?cio ao final dotratamento e avalia??o cl?nica foi realizada diariamente. Este estudo concluiu, comparando-se os dois grupos, que n?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significativa no tempo de regress?o da doen?a, mas houve diferen?as nos efeitos colaterais. Os animais do grupo I que apresentaram v?mitos e diarr?ia foram em n?mero de dois e os animais do grupo II apresentaram efeits colaterais cmo v?mitos, diarr?ia, prostra??o, anorexia, desidrata??o, febre, saliva??o, pelagem seca.Sendo a dose de 10 mg/kg, uma vez ao dia, a mais adequada para o tratamento de esporotircose felina, pois n?o provocou altera??es cl?nicas, laboratoriais e hormonais significativas

Le chat est la seule espèce animale qui développe spontanément une entité clinique similaire à bien des égards à lasthme allergique humain. Communément appelée « asthme félin » par homologie à la maladie humaine, cette entité pathologique est le résultat dune inflammation persistante des voies respiratoires, associée à des phases aiguës de bronchospasme, une hyperréactivité bronchique à des stimuli divers et dans les stades avancés à des remaniements tissulaires de la paroi bronchique (e.g., érosions épithéliales, hypertrophie de la musculature lisse, hyperplasie glandulaire). Des modèles dasthme félin, obtenus par sensibilisation expérimentale à un allergène, reproduisent la majorité des caractéristiques cliniques, fonctionnelles et lésionnelles de la maladie naturelle et sont au premier plan de la découverte de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques (i.e., cyclosporine A, corticostéroïdes oraux et inhalés, immunothérapie spécifique). De la pathogénie de lasthme, ressort toute limportance de dominer lobstruction récurrente des voies respiratoires. Même si les bronchodilatateurs inhalés sont recommandés dans la prise en charge des crises dasthme chez le chat, leur efficacité clinique reste incertaine et peu étayée. Ainsi, les principes actifs, les posologies et les protocoles thérapeutiques actuellement préconisés sont dans une large mesure empiriques et/ou extrapolés de la médecine humaine, et nécessitent dêtre validés dans des conditions expérimentales contrôlées. Nos travaux sinscrivent donc dans cette optique et visent à définir une approche thérapeutique tant préventive que symptomatique des crises de bronchospasme chez le chat, ainsi quune utilisation rationnelle des bronchodilatateurs à longue durée daction pour un contrôle optimal de linflammation asthmatique. Lors dune première étude, nous avons investigué lactivité in vitro, vis-à-vis du muscle lisse bronchique félin, de différentes agents bronchodilatateurs parmi lesquels des agonistes β2-adrénergiques (isoprotérénol, salbutamol [SAL], fénotérol, formotérol, salmétérol [SLM]), un anticholinergique (ipratropium bromide [IB]) et une méthylxanthine (théophylline). Tous ont produit une relaxation dose-dépendante de la musculature lisse bronchique, avec des spécificités propres en termes de puissance, defficacité ou dactivité intrinsèque. Sur une base comparative, le formotérol est le ß2-mimétique le plus puissant, et lisoprotérénol le plus efficace avec le fénotérol. Le fénotérol et le formotérol sont des agonistes complets des récepteurs ß2-adrénergiques, le SAL et le SLM des agonistes partiels. Tenant compte des résultats des essais in vitro et de la disponibilité de formulations administrables par aérosols dans lespèce féline, les effets bronchoprotecteurs (intensité, durée daction) de six médications inhalées ont été caractérisés chez le chat sain, en préambule à leur utilisation dans des conditions pathologiques. Un modèle de bronchoconstriction induite par le carbachol a été retenu dans le cadre de cette deuxième étude. Il ressort de cette étude que le SLM en aérosol-doseur (25µg) présente un effet bronchoprotecteur soutenu persistant 24 heures mais est aussi la médication la moins efficace. Le SAL et lIB (nébulisation ou aérosol-doseur) sont des bronchodilatateurs à courte durée daction (48 heures) dont lutilisation combinée en aérosol-doseur (SAL IB : 100µg/20µg) met en exergue une synergie daction. Les conditions naturelles étant souvent incompatibles avec une approche anticipative de la crise dasthme, les traitements instaurés sont davantage à visée curative que prophylactique. Dans une troisième étude, nous avons exploré les effets bronchorelaxants du SAL (100µg) et de lIB (20µg), administrés seuls ou en traitement combiné, sur une bronchoconstriction induite par un aéroallergène (Ascaris suum) chez des chats rendus expérimentalement asthmatiques. La technique dinhalation par aérosol-doseur a été privilégiée vu les effets synergiques de la combinaison « SAL IB » et lintérêt de cette voie dadministration dans la gestion à domicile des crises dasthme. Aux doses testées, les bronchodilatateurs inhalés nont exercé aucun effet notable, naffectant en rien la résolution du bronchospasme induit. Chez lhomme, les crises et les épisodes dexacerbation de lasthme sont fréquents dans le cours évolutif de la maladie. Aucune étude chez le chat asthmatique en crise aiguë (induite ou spontanée) natteste de lefficacité des corticostéroïdes inhalés ni ne mentionne dans ce contexte lintérêt scientifique dune association aux ß2-mimétiques à longue durée daction. Nous avons donc comparé les effets de la prednisolone orale (1mg/kg q12h) à ceux dune dose élevée de fluticasone inhalée, seule (500µg q12h aérosol-doseur) ou en traitement combiné avec du SLM (500µg/50µg q12h aérosol-doseur), sur la fonction et linflammation pulmonaires dans un modèle félin dasthme aigu. Cette quatrième étude a montré quune courte cure orale de prednisolone diminue significativement linflammation bronchique à éosinophiles. De fortes doses de fluticasone inhalée se sont avérées bénéfiques dans le contrôle de lhyperréactivité bronchique non spécifique, sans toutefois exercer des effets marqués sur linflammation bronchique sous-jacente. Combiner cette corticothérapie inhalée au SLM a permis dobtenir des effets anti-éosinophiliques accrus et comparables à ceux de la prednisolone orale. Aucune des médications testées na modifié significativement la réponse clinique et fonctionnelle consécutive à linhalation de lallergène. Létude précédente permet de supposer que le SLM potentialise lactivité anti-inflammatoire des corticostéroïdes inhalés et/ou est doté de propriétés anti-inflammatoires intrinsèques. Dans une cinquième étude, nous avons donc investigué les effets du SLM en monothérapie (50µg q12h aérosol-doseur) sur la fonction et linflammation pulmonaires. Il ressort de cette étude, conduite sur un modèle félin dasthme aigu, que le SLM en monothérapie nexerce pas deffet protecteur sur la survenue dun bronchospasme allergique et est dépourvu de tout effet anti-inflammatoire propre. Les résultats obtenus, dans les conditions expérimentales de nos essais, conduisent aux conclusions suivantes : 1) les bronchodilatateurs inhalés (SAL, IB, SLM) sont dune efficacité thérapeutique limitée dans la prévention et le traitement symptomatique du bronchospasme allergique chez le chat sensibilisé à Ascaris suum 2) en revanche, recourir au SLM comme thérapie adjuvante aux corticostéroïdes inhalés ouvre de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques dans le contrôle de linflammation et de lhyperréactivité bronchiques chez le chat asthmatique./The cat is the only animal species that spontaneously develops a clinical entity closely similar to human allergic asthma and commonly referred to as feline asthma. Feline asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways characterised by intermittent respiratory distress due to bronchoconstriction, non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling at latter stages (e.g., epithelial erosions, smooth muscle hypertrophy, glandular hyperplasia). Based on experimental sensitisation to allergens, models of feline asthma mimic many clinical, functional and lesional features of the naturally developing condition. Moreover, development and implementation of feline asthma models have greatly facilitated the search for novel therapies (i.e., cyclosporin A, oral and inhaled corticosteroids, specific immunotherapy). In considering the pathogenesis of asthma, it is of major importance to control recurrent airway obstruction. Although inhaled bronchodilators are recommended for the management of acute asthmatic exacerbations in cats, their clinical efficacy remains uncertain and poorly documented. Most currently recommended drugs, dosages and therapeutic schemes are largely empirical and extrapolated from human medicine, and need to be further validated under controlled experimental conditions. Hence, our work was aimed at determining the potential of inhaled bronchodilators for preventive and curative treatment of acute bronchospasms in asthmatic cats as well as at exploring the benefit of using long-acting bronchodilators to optimally control the airway inflammation. In the first study, we investigated in vitro effects on isolated feline bronchi of different bronchodilating agents including β2-adrenergic agonists (isoproterenol, salbutamol [SAL], fenoterol, formoterol, salmeterol [SLM]), an anticholinergic (ipratropium bromide [IB]) and a methylxanthin derivative (theophylline). All compounds caused a dose-related relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, each exhibiting specificities in terms of potency, efficacy and intrinsic activity. On a comparative basis, isoproterenol and fenoterol are the most efficacious β2-mimetics while formoterol is the most potent one. Fenoterol and formoterol act as full agonists of β2-adrenoceptors, SAL and SLM as partial agonists. Taking into account results from in vitro testing procedures and availability of aerosol formulations suitable for lung delivery in cats, we compared the antispasmodic effects (magnitude, duration of action) of six inhaled medications against carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction in healthy cats. This second study showed that SLM by metered-dose inhaler (25µg) has a sustained activity for as long as 24 hours but is also the least efficacious medication. SAL and IB (nebulisation or metered-dose inhaler) are short-acting bronchodilators (4-8 hours) whose combination delivered with a metered-dose inhaler (SAL IB: 100µg/20µg) exhibits a synergistic antispasmodic effect. In the natural disease, asthmatic crisis are difficult to predict in terms of occurrence. Therefore, therapeutic interventions are more curative than preventive. In a third study, we explored the bronchodilating effects of SAL (100µg) and IB (20µg), delivered either alone or as a combined therapy, on allergen-induced bronchospasms in Ascaris suum-sensitised cats. The inhalation technique using a metered-dose inhaler was retained given the synergistic effects of the combination SAL IB with this method and its therapeutic interest for at-home management of asthmatic crisis. At the tested doses, these bronchodilators failed to reverse allergen-induced bronchospasms in cats with experimental asthma. In human beings, crisis and exacerbations of asthma are frequent events in the natural course of the disease. Efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in cats with acute asthmatic exacerbations (induced or spontaneous) has not yet been determined, nor the potential benefit of adding long-acting β2-agonists in this context. Thus, the fourth study was aimed at comparing the effects of oral prednisolone (1mg/kg q12h) with those of inhaled fluticasone at high doses, alone (500µg q12h metered-dose inhaler) or combined with salmeterol (500µg/50µg q12h metered-dose inhaler), on lung function and airway inflammation in a feline model of acute asthma. This study showed that a short course of oral prednisolone significantly reduced allergen-induced bronchial eosinophilic inflammation. High doses of inhaled fluticasone proved to be efficient for decreasing non specific airway hyperresponsiveness but failed to markedly reduce the underlying airway inflammation. Adding salmeterol to inhaled fluticasone led to anti-eosinophilic effects of the same magnitude as those found for oral prednisolone. None of these treatments improved clinical and functional responses to allergen exposure. According to the previous study, it may be that SLM has an anti-inflammatory effect on its own and/or functions as a steroid-potentiating agent. In a fifth study, we investigated the effects of salmeterol as monotherapy (50 µg q12h metered-dose inhaler) on lung function and airway inflammation in our feline model of acute asthma. This inhaled medication did not prevent occurrence of allergic bronchospasm in Ascaris suum-sensitised and challenged cats, nor did it possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity. Under our experimental conditions, the main results achieved led to the following conclusions: 1) the inhaled bronchodilators (SAL, IB, SLM) are of limited efficacy for the prevention and symptomatic treatment of allergic bronchospasm in cats sensitised to Ascaris suum; 2) in contrast, using salmeterol as adjuvant therapy to inhaled corticosteroids opens up new perspectives for the treatment of bronchial inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic cats.

Noroviren gelten neben Rotaviren, Salmonellen und Campylobacter spp. derzeit als Hauptursache infektiöser meldepflichtiger Gastroenteritiden des Menschen in Deutschland. Im Jahr 2008 wurden 212.692 Fälle norovirusbedingter Erkrankungen gemeldet (RKI 2009b). Dabei spielen lebensmittelassozierte Infektionen eine bedeutende Rolle. Besonders rohe und unerhitzt verzehrte Produkte bergen ein Risikopotential. Neben Muscheln, Salaten und Früchten konnten die Erreger auch aus Rohwurstprodukten isoliert werden. Aus mikrobiologischer Sicht sind Rohwürste bereits als Risikoprodukte bekannt. Bisher existieren jedoch nur unzureichende wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse über die Infektionsgefahr durch Viren in Lebensmitteln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Tenazität und Inaktivierungskinetik von Noroviren anhand des Norovirus-Surrogates Felines Calicivirus untersucht. Zunächst wurde in Suspensionsversuchen der Einfluss verschiedener Konzentrationen von D/L-Milchsäure (0,1; 0,15; 0,2; 0,3 und 0,4 %), Natriumchlorid (2; 6; 12 und 20 %) und Natriumnitrit (100; 150 und 200 ppm) über einen Zeitraum von 7 Tagen bei 4 und 20 °C auf das Virus geprüft. Anschließend wurden Versuchsreihen mit artifiziell kontaminierten Rohwürsten durchgeführt. Der Infektiositätsnachweis erfolgte im Crandell-Reese-Feline-Kidney-Zellkultursystem. In den Suspensionsversuchen zeigte sich eine konzentrations-, zeit- und temperaturabhängige Wirkung der geprüften Parameter. Signifikante Infektiositätsreduktionen ergaben sich bei 20 °C- Lagerung für D/L-Milchsäure-Konzentrationen ab 0,15 % und bei 4 °C -Lagerung ab 0,3 %. Natriumchlorid bewirkte signifikante Titerreduktionen bei 20 °C-Lagerung ab einer NaCl-Konzentration von 2 %, jedoch nicht unter Kühlbedingungen. Die Reduktion der Virusinfektiosität nahm mit steigender Natriumchlorid- bzw. D/L-Milchsäurekonzentration zu. Für praxisübliche Konzentrationen von Natriumnitrit konnte keine zusätzliche Reduktion der Infektiosität nachgewiesen werden. In den Versuchsreihen mit kurz- und langgereiften Rohwürsten erwies sich FCV als sehr stabil. In beiden Produkten konnte bis zum Ende des Versuchszeitraumes nach 21 bzw. 56 Tagen infektiöses Virus nachgewiesen werden. Somit könnten Rohwurstprodukte bei einer möglichen Kontamination mit Noroviren zum Zeitpunkt des Verzehrs ein Gesundheitsrisiko für den Verbraucher darstellen. Jedoch zeigten sich auch deutliche temperatur- und zeitabhängige Wirkungen. Ein positiver Einfluss auf die Inaktivierung ist durch die Anwendung von Reife- und Lagerungstemperaturen um 22 °C zu erwarten. Es kam zu einer kontinuierlichen Virustiterreduktion von insgesamt 1,6 log10 TCID50 / g (für kurzgereifte Produkte) bzw. 3,1 log10 TCID50 / g (für langgereifte Produkte). Eine Beeinflussung der Tenazität des Norovirus-Surrogates FCV durch spezifische Herstellungs- und Lagerungsbedingungen ist somit möglich. Insbesondere die gezielte Kombination einzelner Faktoren miteinander, wie NaCl- und Milchsäuregehalt der Rohwurst, in Verbindung mit spezifischer Lagerungstemperatur und –dauer führt zu effektiver Infektiositätsminderung potentiell enthaltener Viren. Die so erzielte Risikominimierung durch Kombination ausgewählter Parameter bedeutet für die Rohwurstproduktion eine sowohl effiziente, als auch praktikable Möglichkeit, die Lebensmittelsicherheit in Bezug auf virale Infektionserreger deutlich zu erhöhen.

Abstract Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important infectious agent of domestic cats worldwide. It has been classified into the Lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family, together with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Five FIV subtypes (A, B, C, D and E) have been described based on sequence variation of the V3-V5 region of the envelope (env) gene. There is considerable sequence diversity within and between subtypes, which has been a major obstacle in the development of a successful vaccine. However, an FIV vaccine that incorporates inactivated whole viruses from subtypes A and D is now commercially available. Although the vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in protecting against challenge with homologous and a heterologous (subtype B) subtypes, its effectiveness against other viral variants is unknown. Therefore, identifying the type and diversity of FIV strains in different regions is important to establish the potential efficacy of the vaccine in areas where vaccination is to be implemented. The proviral DNA sequence of the V3-V5 region of the env gene was determined for 102 FIV-infected cats from locations in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Subtype A was the predominant subtype in Australia and South Africa, although subtype B and C were also identified in each of these countries, respectively. Both subtypes A and C were also present in New Zealand. Of interest, there were some samples in New Zealand and South Africa that demonstrated subtype assignment discrepancies when different regions of the genome were analysed, suggesting co-infection and/or recombination. Cats infected with FIV exhibit varying degrees of immunological impairment. Currently, prognosis for an FIV-infected cat is based on clinical signs alone, which is a relatively subjective measure. In HIV-infected patients it is recognised that viral RNA load correlates with disease stage and prognosis. This PhD research tested whether viral RNA load may be a useful prognostic marker in FIV infection. A real-time PCR assay was developed to quantify plasma viral RNA load in 42 FIV-infected cats at three different clinical stages (1:healthy, 2:unwell without signs of immunodeficiency, 3:unwell with signs of immunodeficiency). In cats older than 5 years of age, log-transformed viral RNA loads were significantly higher in cats in category 3 compared to cats in category 1. There were no significant differences in the viral RNA load of older cats in category 2 compared to category 1. There were no cats younger than 5 years of age in category 3 and there was no significant difference in viral RNA load between young cats in categories 1 and 2. Of the 15 cats for which follow-up data was available, eight showed no change in clinical signs, and seven showed a worsening of clinical signs with six of these showing a progression of clinical category including death. One of the cats in category 2 that progressed clinically had one of the highest viral RNA loads of cats in that category. Three of four cats from category 3 that were followed had either died or been euthanised. Two of these cats had among the highest viral RNA loads in the whole study, while the remaining cat (for which the definitive cause of death was not confirmed) had a relatively low viral RNA load. In summary, measurement of viral RNA load was found to be a potentially useful clinical and prognostic marker but further work is required to better assess its usefulness to veterinarians. Serum acute phase proteins were investigated as possible candidate markers of FIV disease with the aim of developing a more simplified assay that could be used as a prognostic marker for FIV infection. Blood samples from 43 FIV-infected and 25 FIV-negative cats were assayed for the concentration of four acute phase proteins. Both healthy and sick cats were included in the study. Compared to healthy cats, sick cats had significantly higher concentrations of serum amyloid A (P<0.05). Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin were also found to be in higher concentrations in sick cats (P<0.1). Other variables such as age and gender were also associated with acute phase protein concentrations. With respect to FIV infection, it was found that in sick cats, serum amyloid A, in combination with the age of the cat, was the best predictor of FIV viral RNA load. Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin were not significantly associated with FIV viral RNA load. Although health status did not influence albumin levels, they were found to be significantly lower in FIV-positive cats in comparison to FIV-negative cats (P<0.05). The frequent monitoring of viral RNA loads and CD4+ lymphocyte counts that is performed on HIV-infected patients is cost prohibitive in veterinary patients. This study showed that there is potential for the use of acute phase protein concentrations (in particular serum amyloid A) as alternative prognostic tools in FIV-infected cats. Further work, particularly longitudinal studies, is required to more definitively define changes in viral RNA load and acute phase protein concentrations throughout the course of FIV infection.

Hematopoietic tumors are the most common neoplastic disorders in felines. Many of these tumors are associated with infection by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and one of the described mechanisms is the integration of viral material into the feline genome, which can lead to genomic instability and consequent alteration of genes related to proliferation control and cell death. When larger DNA fragments are affected, such changes can be observed by cytogenetic analysis. The present study aimed to observe cytogenetic changes in felines with hematopoietic neoplasms. The study was performed in eight felines, seven of them with a diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma. The control consisted of a healthy feline FeLV negative with normal karyotype. At least 10 metaphases of each animal were analyzed. Additionally, 1000 lymphocytes of these two patients, were analyzed and classified cytologically by their viability (necrosis, apoptosis), mitotic state (mononuclear, binucleate (BN), mitotic multinucleate) and their chromosomal damage or instability state (presence of micronucleus (MN) in mononuclear, binucleate, as well as nuclear buds (NBUD). The results of this observation were statistically analyzed by the Wilcoxon paired test. In this chromosomal analysis two of these animals presented monosomy of the E3 chromosome, one with diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia of the M6a (LMA-M6a) FAB subtype and another with multicenter lymphoma (LM). There were significant differences in LMA-M6a scores (N = 7, Z = 2.36, p = 0.01) and LM scores (N = 8, Z = 2.52, p = 0.01) when group control. However, there was no difference between AML and lymphoma (N = 8, Z = 0.07, p = 0.94). The E3 chromosome has 1401 genes, several related to cell cycle control (Plk1, Sun, Mad1l1, Mcm7), DNA repair (Pms2, Usp42), tumor suppression (Bcl7b). The loss of DNA fragments, such as the loss of the E3 chromosome in the two patients described, led to the haploinsufficiency of important genes for the cell cycle, and this could be a cause of genomic instability and consequently susceptibility to the development of cancer. The observation of cytogenetic alterations, in this way, allows a better understanding of the cancer in the feline species and translational research. / Os tumores hematopoiéticos são os distúrbios neoplásicos mais comuns em felinos. Muitos desses tumores estão associados à infecção pelo vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e um dos mecanismos descritos é pela integração de material viral no genoma felino, que pode levar à instabilidade genômica e consequente alteração de genes relacionados com o controle da proliferação e morte celular. Quando fragmentos maiores de DNA são afetados, tais alterações podem ser observadas pela análise citogenética. O presente estudo objetivou observar as alterações citogenéticas em felinos com neoplasias hematopoiéticas. O estudo foi realizado em oito felinos, sete destes com diagnóstico de leucemia ou linfoma. O controle foi constituído por um felino saudável FeLV negativo com cariótipo normal. Foram analisadas no mínimo 10 metáfases de cada animal. Adicionalmente, destes dois pacientes foram analisados 1.000 linfócitos e classificados citologicamente pelo seu estado de viabilidade (necrose, apoptose), seu estado mitótico (mononucleado, binucleado (BN), multinucleado, mitótico) e seu dano cromossômico ou estado de instabilidade (presença de micronúcleo (MN) em célula mononucleada, binucleada, bem como brotos nucleares (NBUD). Os resultados dessa observação foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste pareado de Wilcoxon. Nesta análise cromossômica dois destes animais apresentaram monossomia do cromossomo E3, um com diagnóstico de leucemia mieloide aguda do subtipo FAB M6a (LMA-M6a) e outro com linfoma multicêntrico (LM). Houve diferença significativa nas contagens de LMA-M6a (N=7; Z=2,36; p=0,01) e de LM (N=8; Z=2,52; p=0,01) quando comparados com o grupo controle. No entanto, não houve diferença entre LMA e linfoma (N=8; Z=0,07; p=0,94). No cromossomo E3 são descritos 1401 genes, sendo vários relacionados com controle de ciclo celular, (Plk1, Sun, Mad1l1, Mcm7), reparo de DNA (Pms2, Usp42) e supressão tumoral (Bcl7b).A perda de fragmentos de DNA, como o cromossomo E3 nos dois pacientes descritos, que leva a haploinsuficiência de genes importantes para o ciclo celular, poderia ser a causa de instabilidade genômica e, consequentemente suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento do câncer. A observação de alterações citogenéticas, dessa forma, possibilita o melhor entendimento do câncer na espécie felina e serve como subsídio para a pesquisa translacional.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The essential oils obtained from plants used as condiments are an important source of compounds with pharmacologic activity. In the present study, the antiviral activity of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) and from the monoterpens camphor, 1,8-cineol and timol was tested against the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), while the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), Lippia graveolens HBK. (mexican oregano) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) were tested against the feline calicivirus (FCV). The colorimetric test MTT ([3- (4.5-dimetilazol-2-il)-2.5-brometo of difeniltetrazolium]) was applied for the measurement of cytotoxicity, and the antiviral tests were performed by the plaque reduction assay. Three different protocols were applied: a) the virus was incubated with the essential oils or compounds before the inoculation into cells (virucidal assay); b) the cells were treated with the essential oils or compounds prior to virus inoculation; or, c) essential oils and compounds were added to the cells after virus inoculation and maintained for 72 hours. The results were expressed as CC50 (cytotoxic concentration to 50% of the cell culture), IC50 (inhibitory concentration to 50%) and SI (selectivity index = CC50/IC50). The best results were evidenced for the monoterpens camphor (SI=13.88) and the 1,8-cineol (IS=9.05) against BVDV. These results were obtained from the virucidal protocol and these compounds showed also the lower toxicicity towards the bovine kidney cells culture (Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells = MDBK) (CC50 = 4420.12 μg/mL and 2996.10 μg/mL, respectively). Regarding to the tests with FCV, the thyme essential oil showed the best results with SI=8.57 for c treatment. The basil essential oil had a moderate action in the a protocol (SI=6.54) and also for the c protocol (SI=6.86). In addition, the basil essential oil exhibited low levels of cytotoxicity towards the Crandel-Reese feline kidney cells (CRFK), with CC50 of 1300.21 μg/mL. In conclusion, the essential oils and monoterpens examined showed different levels of inhibitory activity on diverse moments of the viral infection. The antiviral activity demonstrated by the essential oils and compounds on BVDV and FCV may suggest a possible action on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and norovirus (NoVs), respectively; since BVDV ande FCV shows several structural and replicative similarities to HCV and NoVs. / Óleos essenciais obtidos de plantas utilizadas como condimentos constituem uma fonte de compostos com promissoras atividades farmacológicas. No presente estudo, a atividade antiviral do óleo essencial de Ocimum basilicum L. (manjericão) e dos monoterpenos cânfora, 1,8-cineol e timol foi testada frente ao vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV), enquanto que os óleos essenciais de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim), Lippia graveolens HBK. (orégano mexicano) e Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho) foram testados frente ao calicivírus felino (FCV). O teste colorimétrico com MTT ([3- (4,5-dimetilazol-2-il)-2,5-brometo de difeniltetrazolium]) foi aplicado para a detecção de citotoxicidade, já os testes de atividade antiviral foram realizados através da metodologia de ensaio de redução de placas. Para este, três diferentes protocolos foram aplicados: o vírus foi incubado com os óleos essenciais ou compostos antes da infecção viral (ensaio virucida); as células foram pré tratadas com os óleos essenciais ou compostos antes da inoculação do vírus; ou as células infectadas foram incubadas com esses após as 2 horas de adsorção viral. Os resultados foram expressos como CC50 (concentração citotóxica para 50% do cultivo celular), CI50 (concentração inibitória para 50%) e IS (índice de seletividade = CC50/CI50). Os resultados de atividade frente ao BVDV evidenciaram, no geral, uma boa ação antiviral exercida pelos monoterpenos, sendo que a cânfora (IS=13,88) seguida do 1,8-cineol (IS=9,05) foram os compostos que apresentaram os mais elevados índices de seletividade obtidos no ensaio virucida, bem como a menor toxicidade frente às células de linhagem de rim bovino (Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells = MDBK) (CC50 = 4420,12 μg/ml e 2996,10 μg/ml, respectivamente). Em relação aos testes com FCV, o óleo essencial de tomilho mostrou os melhores resultados, com índice de 8,57 para o tratamento no qual os óleos essenciais foram adicionados às células antes da inoculação viral. Já o óleo essencial de alecrim, além de apresentar uma moderada ação nos ensaios virucida (IS=6,54) e de pós-tratamento (IS=6,86), exibiu baixos níveis de toxicidade em relação às células de linhagem de rim felino (Crandell-Reese feline kidney = CRFK), com CC50 de 1300,21 μg/ml. Dessa forma, conclui-se que os óleos essenciais e monoterpenos em estudo apresentaram algum nível de atividade inibitória em diferentes momentos da infecção viral.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-14T16:38:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rebeka Cristine de Bastos Costa - 2015.pdf: 2127820 bytes, checksum: 8789b51096d386c4def09d0d1ee4da0d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T09:55:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rebeka Cristine de Bastos Costa - 2015.pdf: 2127820 bytes, checksum: 8789b51096d386c4def09d0d1ee4da0d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-15T09:55:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rebeka Cristine de Bastos Costa - 2015.pdf: 2127820 bytes, checksum: 8789b51096d386c4def09d0d1ee4da0d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease in which mammals and birds can join the cycle as intermediate hosts, and felids as definitive hosts. Felis catus is recognized as the main responsible for the environmental contamination by Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Serological diagnosis reveals little about the elimination of oocysts of T. gondii into the environment, principally by F. catus, which plays an important role in Public Health. There are few data on the frequency of feline toxoplasmosis in the State of Goiás. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the frequency of toxoplasmosis infection in domestic cats and their potential role in its transmission through the oocyst elimination into the environment and the respective factors associated with the infection. For this, we collected 102 blood samples and 98 fecal samples from 102 cats from Goiânia, State of Goiás. The animals were divided into groups according to age, gender and free access to the street or not. Indirect hemagglutination test was performed to determine the level of anti-T. gondii and indirect ELISA for the detection of infection by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). For search and detection of T. gondii oocysts elimination in the feces of cats we performed a centrifugal-flotation with Sheather's solution, subsequently we extracted DNA and used conventional PCR. The results showed that 18.63% (19/102) of the cats were positive for T. gondii, with titers ranging from 1:32 to 1: 8.192, while none of the fecal samples were positive in the PCR. The frequency of positive animals for FIV was 55.91% (52/93), and 18.28% (17/93) presented coinfection. By multivariate logistic regression we found the associated factors were the same for both infections, but one did not interfere with another. The factors associated with infection by T. gondii and feline immunodeficiency virus were free life and age under six months, since the sex was not statistically related to any of the illnesses. / A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose na qual, mamíferos e aves podem participar do seu ciclo como hospedeiros intermediários e os felídeos como hospedeiros definitivos. O Felis catus é reconhecido como o principal responsável pela contaminação ambiental por oocistos de Toxoplasma gondii. O diagnóstico sorológico pouco revela sobre a eliminação de tal fase no ambiente, o que representa o real impacto daquela espécie na Saúde Pública frente à toxoplasmose. São escassos os dados da frequência da toxoplasmose felina no Estado de Goiás. Assim sendo, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a frequência da infecção da toxoplasmose em gatos domésticos e o seu potencial papel na sua transmissão, através da eliminação de oocistos no ambiente e dos respectivos fatores associados à infecção. Para isto, foram coletadas 102 amostras de sangue e 98 amostras fecais, de 102 gatos provenientes de Goiânia-Goiás. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a faixa etária, gênero e livre acesso à rua ou não. Foi realizada a hemaglutinção indireta para a determinação do nível de anticorpos anti-T. gondii e o ELISA indireto para a detecção da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV). Para a pesquisa e detecção da eliminação de oocistos de T. gondii nas fezes dos gatos foi feita a centrifugo-flutuação em solução de Sheather, posterior extração de DNA e realização da PCR convencional. Os resultados revelaram que 18,63% (19/102) dos gatos foram positivos para o T. gondii, com títulos variando entre 1:32 a 1:8.192, sendo que nenhuma das amostras fecais foi positiva na PCR. A frequência de positivos para o FIV foi de 55,91% (52/93), com coinfecção de 18,28% (17/93). Com a regressão logística multivariada verificou-se que os fatores associados foram os mesmos para as duas infecções, porém uma não interferiu diretamente na outra. Os fatores associados para a infecção pelo T. gondii e pelo vírus da imunodeficiência felina foram a vida livre e a idade igual ou superior a seis meses, já o gênero não apresentou relação estatística com nenhuma das enfermidades.