O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi investigar o efeito complementar entre os mecanismos de alinhamento de incentivo e de monitoramento no controle do reporting financeiro das companhias abertas do Brasil. Sustentando-se nas predições da Teoria de Agência e, especificamente, nas hipóteses de Fama e Jensen (1983a) conjecturou-se que os mecanismos de alinhamento e de monitoramento atuam de forma complementar na restrição do comportamento discricionário do administrador. Para testar essa proposição, formulou-se um sistema de hipóteses, que testou o efeito desses mecanismos de maneira isolada e conjunta em relação aos accruals discricionários, controlados pela complexidade organizacional. Os accruals discricionários foram estimados por meio do Modelo de Kang e Sivaramakrishnan (1995). Os mecanismos de alinhamento de incentivo testados foram: plano de incentivo dos diretores e administradores vinculado ao lucro, valor global da remuneração dos administradores e sua participação nos lucros. Os mecanismos de monitoramento observados foram: tamanho do conselho de administração, percentual de membros externos no conselho de administração, percentual de conselheiros internos, que compõem o conselho de administração, a presença do conselho fiscal, o caráter permanente do conselho fiscal, auditoria externa realizada por grandes empresas de auditoria, a mudança de empresa de auditoria externa e parecer de auditoria. Como medidas de complexidade organizacional foram utilizadas as variáveis: tamanho da empresa, ciclo de vida, estrutura de capital, dívidas de longo prazo, rentabilidade e setor. Os testes foram realizados em uma amostra de 198 companhias abertas, ativas e em fase operacional no período de 1998 a 2010. Os resultados indicam que participação nos lucros de diretores e administradores foi o único mecanismo de incentivo significativo, para explicar as variações nos accruals, assim como o mecanismo de monitoramento percentual de membros externos no conselho de administração, porém ambos relacionando-se negativamente com os accruals, o que evidencia a relação complementar entre tais mecanismos. Esses mecanismos se mantiveram significativos tanto nos modelos isolados, quanto no modelo que os estimou em conjunto e nos testes adicionais. As variáveis relacionadas à complexidade organizacional, que reforçam a relação entre os mecanismos e accruals foram: tamanho da empresa, ciclo de vida e rentabilidade. Testes adicionais mostraram que tanto a promulgação da SOX em 2002, quanto a implantação do padrão IFRS na Europa e no Brasil, apresentaram efeito negativo significativo em relação aos accruals discricionários. Os resultados evidenciam que o mecanismo de incentivo atua em conjunto com o mecanismo de monitoramento, para explicar os accruals discricionários das companhias abertas do Brasil, corroborando com a tese da complementariedade entre tais mecanismos no controle do comportamento discricionário do administrador no reporting financeiro. Pesquisas futuras poderão investigar se esses resultados se mantêm em uma amostra de empresas, que foram listadas recentemente, testar outras métricas de mecanismos, tais como: a participação acionária dos diretores e administradores, a participação dos investidores institucionais, a presença de comitê de auditoria, bem como utilizar outras proxies para medir aquelas estimadas nessa pesquisa. / The objective of this research was to investigate the complementary effect between the incentive alignment mechanisms and the monitoring control of financial reporting of Brazilian public companies. Based on the Agency Theory, specifically on Fama and Jensen\'s (1983a) hypothesis, conjectured that the alignment mechanisms and monitoring act in a complementary way on the restriction of the discretionary management behavior. To test this proposition, formulated a system of hypothesis which tested the effect of this mechanisms in both isolated and united in relation to the discretionary accruals, controlled by organizational complexity. The discretionary accruals were estimated using Kang and Sivaramakrishnam\'s model (1995). The tested incentive alignment mechanisms were: manager incentive plan linked to profit, global manager payment value and profit participation. The monitoring mechanisms observed were: board size, percentage of external members on board, internal directors\' percentage, which compound the board, the presence of fiscal council, external auditing made by big auditing companies. As organizational complexity measures there were used the following variables: company size, life cycle, capital structure, long term debts, profitability and industry. The tests were done using 198 active and in operational phase public companies, from the period 1998 to 2010. The results indicate that the profit participation to the directors and managers was the only significant incentive mechanisms to explain the variations on accruals, as the mechanisms of percentage monitoring of external members on the board., but both were negatively related to accruals, which highlights the complementary relationship between these mechanisms. These mechanisms have been being significant in both isolated and united ways and additional testing. The variables related to organizational complexity which reinforce the relation between mechanisms and accruals were: company size, life cycle and profitability. Additional tests showed that both the promulgation of SOX in 2002 presented significant effect as well as the implementation of IFRS pattern in Europe. and Brazil. The results allow the conclusion that the incentive mechanism act in union with the monitoring mechanism, to explain of discretionary accruals of Brazilian public companies, supporting the thesis of complementarity between these mechanisms on the control of discretionary manager behavior on the financial reporting. Future researches can investigate if these results are kept on a sample of companies which had been recently listed as public companies, test other measures and mechanisms such as: the share participation of managers, institutional investors participation, the presence of auditing committee, as well as the use of other proxies to measure the ones estimated on this research.

Atualmente, é cada vez maior a preocupação das empresas com motivação, clima organizacional e a satisfação no trabalho, pois tais aspectos podem representar verdadeiras vantagens competitivas, influenciando, inclusive o próprio desempenho da empresa. Por outro lado, a Contabilidade Financeira pouco ou nada tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de instrumentos ou modelos para evidenciação ou mensuração de tais questões. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se a Contabilidade Financeira pode contribuir com a evidenciação da satisfação no trabalho dos funcionários, através das demonstrações financeiras publicadas das empresas. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo procura testar se as demonstrações financeiras publicadas podem ser fonte relevante de informações relativas à satisfação no trabalho, promovendo, desta forma, uma integração maior da Contabilidade Financeira com a gestão de pessoas. Os dados selecionados na pesquisa foram fornecidos pela FIA e pela FIPECAFI (Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Contábeis, Atuariais e Financeiras), bases utilizadas para a elaboração das Revistas 150 Melhores Empresas para Trabalhar e Melhores e Maiores as 500 Maiores Empresas do País, respectivamente. O estudo considera 19 variáveis tanto quantitativas quanto qualitativas e é aplicado o modelo estatístico da regressão logística com a finalidade de apurar a probabilidade de determinada empresa pertencer ao grupo das companhias premiadas na pesquisa realizada pela FIA, adotando-se a premissa de que tais empresas possuíam um clima de satisfação no trabalho favorável. Os modelos considerando todas as variáveis simultaneamente e pelo método stepwise não foram aprovados em todos os pressupostos da regressão logística. Alternativamente, é demonstrado um modelo que obedece a todos esses pressupostos, considerando, porém, somente as variáveis (i) riqueza criada por funcionário, (ii) despesas com salário e encargos por funcionário, (iii) programa de stock options, (iv) prêmios conquistados pela empresa, (v) programas próprios de gestão ambiental e (vi) controle acionário. Apesar de seu baixo poder preditivo, de acordo com o referido modelo, há indícios de que as demonstrações financeiras podem ser fonte de informações relativas à questão da satisfação no trabalho dos funcionários de uma empresa. / Companies are becoming increasingly concerned about issues such as motivation, organizational climate and job satisfaction, as these aspects can represent true competitive advantages, also influencing the companys very performance. On the other hand, Financial Accounting has contributed little or nothing to the development of tools or models for the evidencing or measuring of these subjects. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to verify whether Financial Accounting, through the published financial statements of companies, can contribute in the evidencing of employees job satisfaction. To this effect, the study seeks to test whether published financial statements can be a relevant source of information relating to job satisfaction, thus promoting greater integration of Financial Accounting with people management. The data used in the survey was provided by FIA and by FIPECAFI (Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Contábeis, Atuariais e Financeiras), bases utilized for the preparation of the magazines 150 Melhores Empresas para Trabalhar and Melhores e Maiores as 500 Maiores Empresas do País, respectively. The study considers 19 variables that are both quantitative and qualitative, and the statistical model of logistic regression is applied with the objective of determining the likelihood of a given company belonging to the group of companies awarded in the survey conducted by FIA, adopting the assumption that said award-winning companies had favorable organizational climate and job satisfaction. The models considering all the variables simultaneously and by the stepwise method were not approved in all the logistic regression assumptions. Alternatively, a model is shown that observes all these assumptions, but that only considered the variables (i) employee-created wealth, (ii) expenses with salary and charges by employee, (iii) stock option program, (iv) awards obtained by the company, (v) own environmental management programs and (vi) controlling interest. In spite of its low predictive power, the above mentioned model suggests that there are signs that financial statements can be a source of information relating to the issue of job satisfaction of company employees.

The financial information is the document that the administration of a juridical entity issues to know his financial situation. The financial information is useful and confiable for the users of the financial information when this has been prepared under conditions of certainty. This certainty is provided by the administration when it establishes political and procedures of internal control, as well as the surveillance in the accomplishment of the internal control. This control incides in the financial information since it is inherent to the operative flow and extends itself in relevant information, veracious and comparable. This is important for users of the financial information, due to the fact that they take timely and objective decisions. / La información financiera es el documento que la administración de una entidad jurídica emite para dar a conocer su situación financiera. Esta es útil y confiable para los usuarios cuando es preparada bajo condiciones de certeza. La seguridad de que esta sea un documento confiable la proporciona la administración cuando establece políticas y procedimientos de control interno, así como su cumplimiento. A su vez, el control interno incide en la información financiera ya que es inherente al flujo operativo y trasciende en información relevante, veraz y comparable, lo cual es importante para los usuarios de la información financiera, pues les permite tomar decisiones oportunas y objetivas.

La autora presenta una visión general de la contabilidad y su importancia, luego la ubica en el contexto internacional y, posteriormente, aborda temas en el contexto netamente local, antes de entrar en materias y conceptos propios de los procesos contables como son el registro de transacciones, libros contables y elaboración e interpretación de estados financieros. En esta segunda edición se han incluido dos capítulos para la mejor comprensión de dos temas importantes: planillas e instrumentos financieros. / The author presents an overview of accounting and its importance, then frames it in an international context and addresses issues in the purely local context, before entering into topics and concepts of accounting processes as are the transaction log, books and preparation and interpretation of financial statements. This second edition includes two chapters for a better understanding of two important topics: audit and financial instruments.

This study examines whether financial analysts produce larger amounts of research output and whether their research is more valuable for investors following a debt covenant violation (DCV, hereafter). After a DCV, investor uncertainty about firm value and information asymmetry among stakeholders likely increases. It is therefore difficult for investors to assess firm prospects, resulting in increased demand for firm-specific information. Sell-side analysts, as sophisticated information intermediaries, are skilled at gathering and processing information; thus they are well-suited to provide more research output in response to increased investor demand. I predict and find that equity analysts provide a larger amount of research, proxied by recommendation revisions and earnings forecast revisions, after a DCV. I also document an incremental association between a DCV and analyst research production for firms with less financial flexibility, firms with low institutional ownership, and firms covered by more experienced analysts. In addition, I find evidence that analyst research becomes more valuable and that uncertainty-adjusted analyst forecast errors decrease following a DCV. These results suggest that a change in a firm’s information environment associated with a DCV has significant influence on investors and equity analysts besides the economic consequences documented in prior literature.

<p>I start with a sample of 26,998 CEOs from the Compustat Executive Compensation (ExecuComp) database starting January 1, 1991 and ending January 1, 2009. I then match the sample with the FAA’s Airmen Certification database using the CEO’s first name, middle initial, and last name. Names with a match are coded as pilots and names without a match are coded as non-pilots. Following Roychowdhury (2006) I remove all firms in regulated industries (SIC codes between 4400 and 5000) as well as banks and financial institutions (SIC codes between 6000 and 6500). The resulting sample consists of 255 pilot-CEOs and 3,935 non-pilot-CEOs. I then merge the CEO dataset to the Compustat Fundamentals Annual database to obtain a final sample consisting of 1,038 CEO-pilot firm-years and 18,455 CEO-non-pilot firm-years. All variables are winsorized at the 1% and 99% levels.</p><p><a></a> </p><div><br><div><p><br></p></div></div>

Despite regulatory guidelines, unreliable financial reporting exists in organizations, creating undue financial risk-harm for their stakeholders. Normal accident theory (NAT) identifies factors in highly complex integrated systems that can have unexpected, undetected, and uncorrected system failures. High-reliability organization (HRO) theory constructs promote reliability in complex, integrated systems prone to NAT factors. Enterprise risk management (ERM) integrates NAT factors and HRO constructs under a holistic framework to achieve organizational goals and mitigate the potential for stakeholder risk-harm. Literature on how HRO constructs promote ERM in responsible integrated financial systems has been limited. The purpose of this qualitative, grounded theory study was to use HRO constructs to identify and define the psychological factors involved in the effective ERM of responsible organizational financial reporting. Standardized, open-ended interviews were used to collect inductive data from a purposeful sample of 13 reporting agents stratifying different positions in organizations that have maintained consistent operational success while attenuating stakeholder risk-harm. The data were interpreted via transcription, and subsequent iterative open, axial, and narrative coding. Results showed that elements of culture and leadership found in the HRO construct of disaster foresightedness and mitigation fostered an internal environment of successful enterprise reporting risk management to ethically achieve organizational goals and abate third-party stakeholder risk-harm. The findings will contribute to positive social change by suggesting an approach for organizations to optimize strategic objectives while minimizing stakeholders' financial risk-harm.

<p>This study examines whether directors appointed after a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) assumed office (“co-opted” directors) affect corporate voluntary disclosure. I find evidence that firms issue management earnings forecasts less frequently when directors are co-opted. These results hold even when these directors are considered independent by regulatory definitions. Cross-sectional tests indicate that my results are stronger when firms disclose bad news, provide higher pay to co-opted directors, CEOs have greater ability to withhold disclosure, and co-opt directors early in the CEO’s tenure. I use NASDAQ/NYSE listing requirements as an exogenous shock to board co-option and find that director co-option has a causal link to less voluntary disclosure. I further show that the effect was robust to the effect of CEOs’ disclosure preferences and experience inside the firm. This study suggests that boards that appear independent using the conventional measures may fail to elicit adequate voluntary disclosure to monitor managers. </p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc / We investigate some simulation-based approaches for the valuing of the employee stock options. The mathematical models that deal with valuation of such options include the work of Jennergren and Naeslund [L.P Jennergren and B. Naeslund, A comment on valuation of executive stock options and the FASB proposal, Accounting Review 68 (1993) 179-183]. They used the Black and Scholes [F. Black and M. Scholes, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political Economy 81(1973) 637-659] and extended partial differential equation for an option that includes the early exercise. Some other major relevant works to this mini thesis are Hemmer et al. [T Hemmer, S. Matsunaga and T Shevlin, The influence of risk diversification on the early exercise of employee stock options by executive officers, Journal of Accounting and Economics 21(1) (1996) 45-68] and Baril et al. [C. Baril, L. Betancourt, J. Briggs, Valuing employee stock options under SFAS 123 R using the Black-Scholes-Merton and lattice model approaches, Journal of Accounting Education 25 (1-2) (2007) 88-101]. The underlying assets are studied under the GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) effects. Particular emphasis is made on the American style employee stock options. / South Africa

The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the Chinese accounting standards and its possible effects on the accounting quality in financial reports and the economic growth of China. The accounting quality will be examinedthrough five chosen quality aspects: value relevance, faithful representation, comparability, earnings management and transparency. In addition, the view on the level of foreign direct investments will indicate if there has been any effect on economic growth. In order to fulfil thisaim a field study has been conducted, which involves interviews with people within the Chinese accounting industry. The theoretical framework contains an introduction to accounting and its connection to economic growth; background on IFRS and PRC GAAP; an outline of the chosen quality aspects;and finally a commentary on previous research and evidence in IFRS adoption and its effects on accounting quality and foreign direct investments. The empirical findings include the respondents’ view on the adoption of IFRS, accounting quality aspects, FDI and economic growth. The analysis deals with the respondents’ views in the empirical findings, and shows that these views differ on some of the quality aspects such as earnings management and are more consistent when it comes to other aspects such as value relevance. There is belief in the adoption of IFRS and its effects on the accounting quality and economic growth. However, the analysis further demonstrates current obstacles within the new PRC GAAP, such as the use of the fair value, which may problematize the accounting quality. The conclusion demonstrates that the majority of the respondents have experienced an improved overall accounting quality, which they believe has contributed to an enhanced level of foreign direct investment. Moreover, the results reveal a general view among the respondents that the adoption of IFRS also has contributed to the economic growth of China, through the increased level of foreign direct investments.