Thesis deals with relationships among financial accounting, auditing, taxation and transfer pricing. There is a description of the legislative regulation of transfer pricing in financial accounting, auditing and taxation. Thesis studies importance of the transfer pricing in these named areas. The importance of the transfer pricing in each area is evidenced with model and real examples. Thesis contains a lot of rulings of the Supreme Administrative Court.

Cette thèse est articulée en trois chapitres et s’inscrit dans le domaine de la recherche empirique en comptabilité financière. Elle examine les déterminants et les conséquences de la communication des entreprises. Le premier chapitre étudie les effets réels de la communication financière sur les dépenses de publicité des entreprises. Le deuxième chapitre, co-écrit avec Thomas Bourveau et Vedran Capkun, étudie les conséquences réelles de la communication des résultats de recherche médicale sur les marchés financiers et sur la société. Le troisième chapitre, co-écrit avec Vedran Capkun et Yun Lou, analyse l’influence de l’information propriétaire communiquée par des concurrents d’une entreprise sur leurs produits sur la décision de cette entreprise de communication de ses propres informations propriétaires. / This dissertation is composed of three chapters investigating the antecedents and consequences of corporate disclosure in the domain of empirical-archival financial accounting. The first chapter examines the real effects of firm disclosure and its timing on firm advertising investment. The second chapter, joint work with Thomas Bourveau and Vedran Capkun, documents the real consequences of pharmaceutical firms’ clinical trial disclosure in financial markets and on broader society. The third chapter presents a joint project with Vedran Capkun and Yun Lou, exploring intra-industry peer disclosure of proprietary information as antecedents of corporate disclosure decision at product level.

Prior to the issuance of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (SFAS No. 8), there was a marked inconsistency in the area of accounting for foreign currency translation. Though designed to make the diverse accounting practices of multinational corporations (MNCs) more compatible, SFAS No. 8 was the subject of a great deal of criticism, eventually leading to the issuance of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 52 (SFAS No. 52). SFAS No. 52 differs from SFAS No. 8 on objectives and method of translation, and on accounting treatments of translation adjustments. This dissertation provides an empirical examination of the security market reaction to the accounting policy change embodied in SFAS No. 52, and its impact on the volatility of reported earnings of MNCs. The effects of the issuance and early adoption of SFAS No. 52 on security return distributions were determined by both cross-sectional comparisons of cumulative average residuals (CAR) between MNCs and domestic firms and between early and late adopters, and by time-series tests on CAR of MNCs. Two volume analyses were performed to test the effects of SFAS No. 52 on security volume. The first analysis was adjusted to remove the effects of the marketwide factors on volume, and the second analysis was unadjusted for the market influences. Four nonparametric tests were used in testing the effects of SFAS No. 52 vis-a-vis SFAS No. 8 on the volatility of reported earnings of MNCs. The findings of this study led to the following conclusions: (1) SFAS No. 52 had significantly affected security returns of MNCs, but had no significant effects on security volume of MNCs; (2) the early adoption of SFAS No. 52 had no effects on security returns and volume of early adopters as opposed to late adopters; and (3) SFAS No. 52 did not have any significant effects on the volatility of reported earnings of MNCs. However, the impact of exchange adjustments on MNCs* earnings under SFAS No. 52 was significantly affected by the size of foreign operations and industry classifications.

The concept of provisions that would save the cost that make the profit lower. But on the other lead, this provisins concept has to be corresponding tu the diligence principle. Height needs that provisions leave to cover all possible risks.

Because of the non-recurring and transitory nature of discontinued operations, accounting standards require that the results of discontinued operations be separately reported on the income statement. Prior accounting literature supports the view that discontinued operations are non-recurring or transitory in nature, and also suggests that income classified as transitory has minimal relevance in firm valuation. Finance and management literature, however, suggest that firms discontinue operations to strategically utilize their scarce resources. Assuming that discontinued operations are a result of managerial motives to strategically concentrate resources into remaining continued operations, this dissertation examines the informativeness of discontinued operations. In doing so, this dissertation empirically tests the financial performance, investment efficiency, valuation, and analyst forecast accuracy effects of discontinued operations. In 2001, Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 144 (hereafter SFAS 144) replaced Accounting Principles Board's Opinion 30 (hereafter APB 30) and broadened the scope of divestiture transactions to be presented in discontinued operations. Some stakeholders of financial statements argued that discontinued operations were less decision-useful in the SFAS 144 era because too many transactions that do not represent a strategic shift in operations were separately stated as discontinued operations on the income statement. With the possibility that the discontinued operations reported in SFAS 144 era may not reflect a major strategic reallocation of resources, this dissertation examines whether the relationship between discontinued operations, firm performance, investment efficiency, and analyst forecast accuracy are different in the pre-SFAS 144 and SFAS 144 era. Using a sample of firms that discontinued operations between 1990 and 2012, this dissertation study finds limited evidence that firms experience improvement in financial performance following discontinued operations and that such improvement is only observed in pre-SFAS 144 era. The results also suggest that any improvement in financial performance documented is conditional on the profitability of the operations discontinued and provide no support for investment efficiency improvement following discontinued operations. Related to the valuation implications of discontinued operations, this dissertation shows that investors differentially value profitable and loss discontinued operations. However, such valuation differences are not dependent on the performance improvement implications. Finally, results support that analyst forecast accuracy of earnings decreases following the reporting of discontinued operations, but such effect is only observed in the pre-SFAS 144 era. This dissertation makes several contributions to the literature. First, this study extends the literature on corporate divestment by using a large sample of discontinuation decisions and hand-collected data on the profitability of the operations discontinued. Second, this research extends the literature on market studies by analyzing whether market response to a discontinuation decision is dependent upon the profitability of the operation discontinued. Third, based upon a review of the literature, it is believed that this is the first study to examine the possibility that analyst forecast accuracy may change following a discontinuation decision. Finally, this study extends the literature that examines the effects of changes in accounting rules and regulations on the informativeness of financial statement items. These results should be of interest to investors, regulators, and analysts.

Title: Which factors affect the timeliness of private companies’ accounting reports?Level: Bachelor’s Thesis, Business AdministrationAuthors: Lucinda Jonsson and Sarah EdlundSupervisor: Fredrik HartwigDate: 2024 - JanuaryAim: To study which factors affect the timeliness of private companies regarding thepublication of accounting information. Timeliness is a decisive qualitative criterion thataffects the usefulness of financial reporting. Information that is not current is less relevant tostakeholders. The majority of previous studies regarding the timeliness are made on listedcompanies. This is despite the fact that the proportion of private companies in Sweden aresignificantly greater than the public ones, that 99% of all European companies are private andthat private companies account for more than half of Europe's GDP. There are alsodifferences between unlisted and listed companies.Method: In this quantitative study, secondary data have been used from previous scientificarticles concerning the timeliness of private companies, in order to do a meta-analysis. Theeight articles used in the meta-analysis were suggested by our supervisor. Some articles weregathered by independent searches and chain searches. To present and interpret the resultsfrom the meta-analysis, a forest plot was generated for each result.Result & conclusion: Companies with high debt ratio will to a greater extent submit theiraccounting reports late, rather than companies with low debt ratio. Larger companies will to agreater extent submit their accounting reports late, compared to smaller companies. Therewas no significant relationship regarding audit, gender on the board and bankruptcy risk (taxdebt). Size and debt ratio do not affect the lead time.Contribution of the thesis: Doing a meta-study on private companies regarding factors thataffect timeliness, which has never been done before.Suggestion for future research: Doing a meta-analysis with values from both private andpublic companies in one meta-analysis. It’s only been done separately before. Anothersuggestion is to do this study again, but to use raw data directly from the researchers insteadof data from published articles. It’s not the same information that appears in publishedarticles, which can contribute to more precise results.Key words: Timeliness. Accounting information. Private firms. Determinants. Financialaccounting regulation. / Titel: Vilka faktorer påverkar aktualiteten gällande onoterade företagsredovisningsrapporter?Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi.Författare: Lucinda Jonsson och Sarah EdlundHandledare: Fredrik HartwigDatum: 2024 - januariSyfte: Att studera vilka faktorer som påverkar aktualiteten för onoterade företag gällandeoffentliggörandet av redovisningsinformation. Aktualitet är ett avgörande kvalitativtkriterium som påverkar den ekonomiska redovisningens användbarhet, då information sominte är aktuell är mindre relevant för intressenter. Majoriteten av tidigare studier är utförda pånoterade företag. Detta trots att andelen onoterade företag i Sverige är betydligt större än denoterade, att 99% av alla europeiska företag är onoterade samt att de onoterade företagen stårför mer än hälften av Europas BNP. Skillnader finns mellan onoterade och noterade företag.Metod: I denna kvantitativa studie har sekundärdata använts från tidigare vetenskapligaartiklar rörande aktualiteten i onoterade företag, för att kunna utföra en metaanalys. De åttaartiklar som är använda i metaanalysen är föreslagna av handledare. En sökning av artiklarhar sedan gjorts på egen hand genom kedjesökning och självständig sökning. För attpresentera och tolka resultaten från metaanalysen genererades en forest plot för respektiveresultat.Resultat & slutsats: Företag med högre skuldsättningsgrad lämnar in sinaredovisningsrapporter sent i större utsträckning än företag med låg skuldsättningsgrad. Störreföretag kommer i högre utsträckning lämna in sina redovisningsrapporter för sent, jämförtmed mindre företag. Det fanns inget signifikant samband gällande revision, kön i styrelsenoch konkursrisk (skatteskuld). Storlek och skuldsättningsgrad påverkar inte ledtiden.Examensarbetets bidrag: Att utföra en metastudie på onoterade företag gällande faktorersom påverkar aktualiteten, vilket aldrig har utförts tidigare.Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Att utföra en metaanalys med värden från både onoteradeoch noterade företag i en och samma metaanalys. Ett annat förslag är att utföra denna studieigen, men att använda rådata direkt från forskarna istället för data från publicerade artiklar.Nyckelord: Aktualitet. Redovisningsinformation. Onoterade företag. Determinanter.Finansiell redovisningsreglering.

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Syftet med studien är att utreda hur OECDs riktlinjer för internprissättning implementerats i svensk respektive amerikansk lagstiftning, för att fastställa i vilken utsträckning redovisningstradition påverkar implementeringen av skattemässiga regler. För att uppfylla syftet har vi utfört en komparativ studie, som baseras på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, där vi klassificerar regelverken utifrån i vilken utsträckning de är princip- eller regelbaserade. Undersökningen är relevant då internationell internprissättning av många anses vara den mest prioriterade internationella skattefrågan i dagsläget. Det blir därför relevant att undersöka om redovisningstradition påverkar hur internationella regler för internprissättning implementeras i nationell skattereglering. Enligt vår vetskap har inget liknande klassificeringsförsök gjorts tidigare vilket ytterligare förstärker relevansen av utförd undersökning och analys. Vårt bidrag till forskningen är att försöka beskriva hur verkligheten ser ut avseende om nationell redovisningstradition påverkar implementering av internationella skattemässiga regelverk. Vi vill även bidra till att göra diskussionen kring klassificering av regel- och principbaserade standarder mer nyanserad.För att kunna avgöra om regelverken är princip- eller regelbaserade har vi identifierat olika begrepp och definitioner som indikerar om ett regelverk är regelbaserat eller principbaserat. För att identifiera dessa indikatorer har vi studerat både ekonomisk och juridisk litteratur. Utifrån den information som indikatorerna resulterar i presenterar vi argument för varje undersökt regelverk i de olika länderna, gällande i vilken utsträckning de är princip- eller regelbaserade. Således kan sedan slutsatser dras kring i vilken utsträckning nationella redovisningstraditioner påverkar implementering av internationella skatteregler.I studien diskuteras att hur regler kring internationell internprissättning implementeras i nationell lagstiftning inte bara påverkas av normgivande supranationella organisationer som OECD. Påverkan på det sätt som regler kring internprissättning implementeras kan således ske mellan OECD och medlemsländerna men även mellan medlemsländerna. I studien diskuteras även det faktum att det föreligger en debatt kring om klassificeringen av standarder som regel- eller principbaserade är giltig. Vår studie förstärker bilden av att indelningen är aktuell och har förankring i verkligheten.Vår slutsats är att nationell redovisningstradition, avseende om redovisningen bygger på regler eller principer, påverkar implementering av internationella skatteregler. Det blir tydligt då vår studie visar att OECDs riktlinjer för internprissättning är ett principbaserat regelverk. Vidare har vi fastställt att redovisningen i Sverige bygger på principbaserade regelverk. Påverkan från nationell redovisningstradition kan fastställas då OECDs riktlinjer för internprissättning har implementerats rakt av i Sverige. I USA, där redovisningen bygger på regelbaserade regelverk, har däremot OECDs riktlinjer för internprissättning inte implementerats på något område i nationell lagstiftning. I USA utfärdas istället separata regler kring internprissättning. Vår studie visar att dessa är utformade på ett regelbaserat vis. Sammantaget visar detta att nationell redovisningstradition i hög utsträckning påverkar implementeringen av internationella skatteregler. / The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how OECDs Transfer Pricing Guidelines have been implemented in national regulation in Sweden and in the USA. This to determine to which extent national accounting tradition affects the implementation of international tax regulations. To fulfil the purpose we have undertaken a comparative study, which is based upon a qualitative content analysis, where we classify the regulations based on to which extent they are principle-based or rule-based. The study is relevant since international transfer pricing is considered to be one of the most important tax issues in present time. It is due to this fact relevant to examine if accounting tradition affects the way in which international transfer pricing regulations are implemented in national tax regulations. Due to our knowledge there has not been an attempt to accomplish a classification in this manner previously. This enhances the relevance to the study undertaken. Our contribution to the research field is to try to describe the actuality regarding if national accounting tradition affects implementation of international tax regulations. We also want to make the discussion regarding the classification of principle-based and rule-based standards more nuanced.To be able to determine if the regulations are principle-based or rule-based we have identified concepts and definitions that indicates if regulations are rule-based or principle-based. To identify these indicators we have studied both economic and legal literature. Based on the information that the indicators provide we present arguments regarding to which extent the examined regulations, in the different countries, are principle-based or rule-based. Thus, conclusions regarding to which extent national accounting traditions affects implementation of international tax regulations can be made.In the study we discuss that the way in which regulations regarding transfer pricing is implemented in national legislation is not only affected by normative supranational organisations like the OECD. The impact on the way that regulations regarding transfer pricing are implemented can thus take place between OECD and member countries and also between member countries. In the study we also discuss the fact that there is a debate regarding if the classification of standards as rule-based or principle-based is valid. Our study enhances the impression that the classification is valid and relevant.Our conclusion is that national accounting tradition, regarding if accounting is based on rules or principles, affects the implementations of international tax regulations. This becomes clear since our study shows that OECDs Transfer Pricing Guidelines are principle-based. Furthermore we have determined that accounting in Sweden is based upon principle-based regulations. Since OECDs Transfer Pricing Guidelines have been implemented in Sweden IVwithout adjustments we can determine an impact from national accounting tradition. In the USA, which is a country where accounting is based upon rule-based regulations, the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines are not implemented in national regulations. In the U.S. separate regulations regarding transfer pricing are issued. Our study shows that these regulations are formed in a rule-based manner. All together this shows that national accounting tradition largely affect the implementation of international tax regulations.This paper is hereinafter written in Swedish.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra redovisningsstandarderna IFRS och GRI samt granska och analysera i vilken utsträckning de är principbaserade. Studien syftade även till att undersöka i vilken utsträckning standarderna är regelbaserade.   Metod: Denna studie utgår från en hermeneutiks vetenskapstradition med en deduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ metod. Studiens empiriska material har hämtats från redovisningsstandarderna IFRS och GRI. Det insamlade materialet jämfördes mot tidigare forskning och teorier samt presenterades under kapitlet ”Resultat och analys”. Det insamlade materialet analyserades även, med hjälp av en komparativ innehållsanalys och en kodningsmanual, för att avgöra i vilken utsträckning standarderna är princip- och regelbaserade.   Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att alla standarder innehåller både principer och regler. De finansiella redovisningsstandarderna tenderar att i större utsträckning vara regelbaserade och hållbarhetsredovisningsstandarderna tenderar att i större uträckning vara principbaserade. Studiens slutsats lyder således att det inte går att kategorisera standarderna som antingen princip- eller regelbaserade. Båda standarderna befinner sig i en gråskala, där de i viss utsträckning, är både principbaserade och regelbaserade.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Det teoretiska bidraget ger ytterligare belägg för att debatten huruvida standarderna kan anses vara princip- eller regelbaserade inte längre bör fortgå som tidigare. Det praktiska bidraget ger företag och standardanvändare en bättre förståelse för att standarderna inte är antingen princip- eller regelbaserade. Vilket skapar en medvetenhet i hur de bör tillämpa standarderna beroende på om de tenderar att vara mer eller mindre princip- eller regelbaserade.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till fortsatt forskning inom detta ämnesområde är att tillämpa denna studies tillvägagångssätt och forskningsfrågor på andra standarder, både inom IFRS och GRI men även inom andra normgivningsorgan. / Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the IFRS and GRI accounting standards as well as review and analyze to what extent they are principles-based. The study also aims to examine to what extent the standards are rules-based. Method:This study is based on a hermeneutic science tradition with a deductive approach and aqualitative method. The study's empirical data are collected from the IFRS and GRI accounting standards. The collected material was compared to previous research and theories and presented in the chapter “Results and analysis” The empirical data were also analyzed, using a comparative content analysis and coding manual, to determine to which extent the standards are principles-based and rules-based. Results and Conclusion: Our results show that all standards contain both principles and rules. The financial accounting standards tend to be rules-basedin greater occurrence, whereas sustainability reporting standards tend to be principles-based, in greater occurrence.The study therefore concludes that it isnot possible to categorize the standards as either principles or rules. Both standards are in a gray scale, where they, to some extent ,both are principles- and rules-based. Contributions of the thesis: The theoretical contribution provides further evidence that the debate whether the standards can be considered principles- or rules-based no longer should be continued as before. The practical contribution gives companies and standards users a greater understanding regarding that standards are not either principles- or rules-based. That creates an awareness of how they should apply the standards depending on if they tend to be more or less principles- or rules-based. Suggestions for further research: A proposal for further research in this subject is to apply this study’s approach and research questions on other standards, both in IFRS and GRI but also in other standards organizations.

In 1982, the Financial Accounting Board (FASB) issued Statment of Financial Accounting Standards No. 69 (SFAS No. 69) which required oil and gas producing companies to disclose supplementary information to the basic financial statements. These disclosures include, costs incurred, capitalized costs, reserve quantities, and a standardized measure of discounted cash flows. The FASB considered these disclosures to be necessary to compensate for the deficiencies in historical cost financial statements. The usefulness of the new signals created by SFAS No. 69, however, is an empirical question and research regarding that objective is lacking. The objective of the study is to test the usefulness of SFAS No. 69. The research strategy used to achieve that objective is to compare the discriminant and predictive power of SFAS No. 69 signals or SFAS No. 69 signals combined with financial signals to that of financial signals alone. The research hypothesized that SFAS No. 69 signals by themselves or as supplmentary to financial signals have more discriminant and predictive ability for business failure in oil and gas industry than do financial signals alone. In order to test that hypothesis, the study used the multiple discriminant analysis technique (MDA) to develop three equations. The first is based on SFAS NO. 69 signals, the second on financial statement signals, and the third on joint financial and SFAS No. 69 signals. Data were collected from the 10-K's arid the annual reports of 28 oil and gas companies (14 failed and 14 nonfailed). The analysis was repeated for four time bases, one year before failure, two years before failure, three years before failure, and the average of the three years immediately before failure. After assessing the discriminant and predictive ability of each equation in the four time bases, a t-test was used to determine a significant difference in the discriminant and predictive power existed between SFAS No. 69 signals or SFAS No. 69 signals combined with financial signals and financial signals alone. The study concluded that SFAS No. 69 signals by themselves or as supplementary to financial statements have more discriminant and predictive power for business failure than financial signals alone in the analyses of the third year before failure and of the average of three years before failure. The study, however, found no significant difference in the discriminant and predictive ability in the analyses of one year and two years before failure. The results indicated that SFAS No. 69 signals are useful for financial report users in detecting the deterioration of the financial position of an oil and gas company before failure.