The goal of this thesis is to study the two key aspects of complexity of the financial system: interconnectedness and nonlinear relationships. In Chapter 1, I contribute to the literature that focuses on modelling the nonlinear relationship between variables at the extremes of their distribution. In particular, I study the nonlinear relationship between stock prices and short selling. Whereas most of the academic literature has focused on measuring the relationship between short selling and asset returns on average, in Chapter 1, I focus on studying the relationship that arises in the extremes of the two variables. I show that the association between financial stock prices and short selling can become extremely strong under exceptional circumstances, while at the same time being weak in normal times. The tail relationship is stronger for small cap firms, a result that is intuitively in line with the empirical findings that stocks with lower liquidity are more price-sensitive to short selling. Finally, results show that the adverse tail correlation between increases in short selling and declines in stock prices was not always lower during the ban periods, but had declined markedly towards the end of the analysis window. Such results cast doubts about the effectiveness of bans as a way to prevent self-reinforcing downward price spirals during the crisis. In Chapter 2, I propose a measure of interconnectedness that takes into account the time-varying nature of connections between financial institutions. Here, the parameters underlying comovement are allowed to evolve continually over time through permanent shifts at every period. The result is an extremely flexible measure of interconnectedness, which uncovers new dynamics of the US financial system and can be used to monitor financial stability for regulatory purposes. Various studies have combined statistical measures of association (e.g. correlation, Granger causality, tail dependence) with network techniques, in order to infer financial interconnectedness (Billio et al. 2012; Barigozzi and Brownlees, 2016; Hautsch et al. 2015). However, these standard statistical measures presuppose that the inferred relationships are time-invariant over the sample used for the estimation. To retrieve a dynamic measure of interconnectedness, the usual approach has been to divide the original sample period into multiple subsamples and calculate these statistical measures over rolling windows of data. I argue that this is potentially unsuitable if the system studied is time-varying. By relying on short subsamples, rolling windows lower the power of inference and induce dimensionality problems. Moreover, the rolling window approach is known to be susceptible to outliers because, in small subsamples, these have a larger impact on estimates (Zivot and Wang, 2006). On the other hand, choosing longer windows will lead to estimates that are less reactive to change, biasing results towards time-invariant connections. Thus, the rolling window approach requires the researcher to choose the window size, which involves a trade-off between precision and flexibility (Clark and McCracken, 2009). The choice of window size is critical and can lead to different results regarding interconnectedness. The major novelty of the framework is that I recover a network of financial spillovers that is entirely dynamic. To do so, I make the modelling assumption that the connection between any two institutions evolves smoothly through time. I consider this assumption reasonable for three main reasons. First, since connections are the result of many financial contracts, it seems natural that they evolve smoothly rather than abruptly. Second, the assumption implies that the best forecast of a connection in the future is the state of that connection today. This is consistent with the notion of forward-looking prices. Third, the assumption allows for high flexibility and for the data to speak for itself. The empirical results show that financial interconnectedness peaked around two main events: the Long-Term Capital Management crisis of 1998 and the great financial crisis of 2008. During these two events, I found that large banks and broker/dealers were among the most interconnected sectors and that real estate companies were the most vulnerable to financial spillovers. At the individual financial institution level, I found that Bear Stearns was the most vulnerable financial institution, however, it was not a major propagator, and this might explain why its default did not trigger a systemic crisis. Finally, I ranked financial institutions according to their interconnectedness and I found that rankings based on the time-varying approach were more stable than rankings based on other market-based measures (e.g. marginal expected short fall by Acharya et al. (2012) and Brownlees and Engle (2016)). This aspect is significant for policy makers because highly unstable rankings are unlikely to be useful to motivate policy action (Danielsson et al. 2015; Dungey et al. 2013). In Chapter 3, rather than assuming interconnectedness as an exogenous process that has to be inferred, as is done in Chapter 2, I model interconnectedness as an endogenous function of market dynamics. Here, I take interconnectedness as the realized correlation of asset returns. I seek to understand how short selling can induce higher interconnectedness by increasing the negative price pressure on pairs of stocks. It is well known that realized correlation varies continually through time and becomes higher during market events, such as the liquidation of large funds. Most studies model correlation as an exogenous stochastic process, as is done, for example, in Chapter 2. However, recent studies have proposed to interpret correlation as an endogenous function of the supply and demand of assets (Brunnermeier and Pedersen, 2005; Brunnermeier and Oehmke, 2014; Cont and Wagalath, 2013; Yang and Satchell, 2007). Following these studies, I analyse the relationship between short selling and correlation between assets. First, thanks to new data on public short selling disclosures for the United Kingdom, I connect stocks based on the number of common short sellers actively shorting them. I then analyse the relationship between common short selling and excess correlation of those stocks. To this end, I measure excess correlation as the monthly realized correlation of four-factor Fama and French (1993) and Carhart (1997) daily returns. I show that common short selling can predict one-month ahead excess correlation, controlling for similarities in size, book-to-market, momentum, and several other common characteristics. I verify the confirm the predictive ability of common short selling out-of-sample, which could prove useful for risk and portfolio managers attempting to forecast the future correlation of assets. Moreover, I showed that this predictive ability can be used to establish a trading strategy that yields positive cumulative returns over 12 months. In the second part of the chapter I concentrate on possible mechanisms that could give rise to this effect. I focus on three, non-exclusive, mechanisms. First, short selling can induce higher correlation in asset prices through the price-impact mechanism (Brunnermeier and Oehmke, 2014; Cont and Wagalath, 2013). According to this mechanism, short sellers can contribute to price declines by creating sell-order imbalances i.e. by increasing excess supply of an asset. Thus, short selling across several stocks should increase the realized correlation of those stocks. Second, common short selling can be associated with higher correlation if short sellers are acting as voluntary liquidity providers. According to this mechanisms, short sellers might act as liquidity providers in times of high buy-order imbalances (Diether et al. 2009b). In this cases, the low returns observed after short sales might be compensations to short sellers for providing liquidity. In a multi-asset setting, this mechanism would result in short selling being associated with higher correlation mechanism. Both above-mentioned mechanisms deliver a testable hypothesis that I verify. In particular, both mechanisms posit that the association between short selling and correlation should be stronger for stocks which are low on liquidity. For the first mechanism, the price impact effect should be stronger for illiquid stocks and stocks with low market depth. For the liquidity provision mechanism, the compensation for providing liquidity should be higher for illiquid stocks. The empirical results cannot confirm that uncovered association between short selling and correlation is stronger for illiquid stocks, thus not supporting the price-impact and liquidity provision hypothesis. I thus examine a third possible mechanism that could explain the uncovered association between short selling and correlation i.e. the informative trading mechanism. Short sellers have been found to be sophisticated market agents which can predict future returns (Dechow et al. 2001). If this is indeed the case, then short selling should be associated with higher future correlation. I found that informed common short selling i.e. common short selling that is linked to informative trading, was strongly associated to future excess correlation. This evidence supports the informative trading mechanism as an explanation for the association between short selling and correlation. In order to further verify this mechanism, I checked if informed short selling takes place in the data, whilst controlling for several of the determinants of short selling, including short selling costs. The results show evidence of both informed and momentum-based non-informed short selling taking place. Overall, the results have several policy implications for regulators. The results suggest that the relationship between short selling and future excess correlation is driven by informative short selling, thus confirming the sophistication of short sellers and their proven importance for market efficiency and price informativeness (Boehmer and Wu, 2013). On the other hand, I could not dismiss that also non-informative momentum-based short selling is taking place in the sample. The good news is that I did not find evidence of a potentially detrimental price-impact effect of common short selling for illiquid stock, which is the sort of predatory effect that regulators often fear. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

En quoi l'absence d'intérêts économiques communs entre les pays membres de l'OCDE affaiblit-elle les nouvelles législations internationales basées sur le Soft Law en vue de lutter contre l'opacité financière et fiscale des centres financiers offshore ? L'optimisation fiscale consiste à utiliser les règles de droit pour réduire en toute légalité sa charge fiscale. Mais la frontière entre l'optimisation fiscale et l'évasion fiscale est ténue pour ne pas dire perméable. De plus en plus, les notions d'optimisation fiscale et de fraude fiscale ne font plus qu'une, tant les règles de droit sont facilement contournables et ses limites aisément franchissables. Ce phénomène est tout particulièrement avéré sur le plan de la fiscalité internationale. La problématique de cette thèse met en lumière les difficultés du Soft Law à réguler les centres financiers offshore, tant l'absence d'intérêts (économiques) communs semble flagrante entre les pays anglo-saxons et l'Europe continentale sur la question. Or l'intérêt commun (qu'il soit économique, culturel, sécuritaire, environnemental) constitue la clef de voûte du succès d'une législation basée sur le Soft Law à l'international. L'intérêt commun paraît inexistant voire inaccessible en matière de lutte contre l'optimisation fiscale, dès lors que celle-ci vise principalement à protéger le modèle social de l'état providence des pays d'Europe continentale. Une dichotomie de taille à l'heure où les pays anglo-saxons s'en écartent toujours plus. / How does the lack of shared economic interests among OECD member countries weaken new international laws-which are based on soft law-that aim to contribute to the fight against the financial and fiscal opacity of offshore financial centers? Tax optimization involves using the rules of law to legally reduce a tax burden. But the line that separates tax optimization and tax evasion is tenuous and one could even say porous al best. Increasingly, it indeed appears that the issues of tax optimization and tax-fraud are becoming one, as the rules of law can be easily circumvented and the limits easily crossed. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the field of international taxation. This thesis deals precisely with the issue of difficulties of Soft Law in regulating offshore financial centers. Indeed, the absence of common economic interests is blatant between the Anglo-Saxon countries and continental Europe on this issue, thus finding a common interest (that could be economic, cultural, environmental or security-related) appears to be key to the success of legislation based on Soft Law internationally. The common interest seems unattainable when it comes to combating tax optimization, since the main aim is to protect the social model of the welfare state in continental European countries. A dichotomy of size at the time when the Anglo-Saxon countries are increasingly lacking in such a model.

Depuis les scandales financiers notamment d’Enron, Worldcom, Vivendi et Parmalat, la transparence est au cœur de tous les débats dès que la situation l'exige. Ainsi, tout le monde appelle à la transparence. Cette invocation est partagée par des politiciens, des avocats, des économistes, des financiers et l'opinion publique. Ainsi transparence souhaité par tous et qui correspond à la quantité d'informations diffusées par les entreprises, est devenu l'instrument privilégié de la régulation des marchés financiers. De nombreux pays occidentaux ont adopté des lois pour garantir la sécurité des marchés et des investisseurs. En France, il existe des lois comme la loi sur les Nouvelles Régulations Economiques (NRE) de 2001, la loi sur La Sécurité Financière (LSF) de 2003 et la loi Breton de 2005. Au niveau européen, il existe aussi des lois et les plus importantes sont la Directive Transparence de 2013, sur l'harmonisation des obligations de transparence concernant à l'information sur les émetteurs dont les valeurs mobilières sont admises à la négociation sur un marché réglementé, Directive concernant les Marchés d’Instruments Financiers (MiFID) 2014, la directive Abus de Marché (MAD) de 2014 et European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) de 2012. Cependant au sein des sociétés, on assiste à une instrumentalisation de l’information, orchestrant des « guerres » entre dirigeants et actionnaires. La transparence est ainsi détournée de son rôle premier pour satisfaire les intérêts égoïstes de ces personnes. Grâce à une manipulation de l’information dont il est dépositaire, le dirigeant peut mettre en place des stratégies dans le but de conserver son fauteuil. Les actionnaires dépositaires du contrôle de la société, peuvent opérer un contrôle purement économique, et n’agiront pas dans l’intérêt de la société mais dans leur intérêt patrimonial, en fonction d’une stratégie de création de valeur et d’investissement préalablement arrêtée. / Since financial scandals including Enron, Worldcom, Vivendi and Parmalat, transparency is at the heart of all discussions as soon as the situation requires. Thus, everyone calls for transparency. This invocation is shared by politicians, lawyers, economists, financiers and public opinion. Thus the transparency desired by all and which corresponds to the amount of information published by companies, became the privileged instrument of regulation of financial markets. Many Western countries have adopted laws to guarantee the safety of the markets and investors. In France, there are laws such as Act New Regulations Economic (NRE) of 2001, the Law on Security Finance (LSF) of 2003 and 2005 Breton law. A European level, there are also laws and the most important are the 2013 Transparency Directive, on harmonization of the transparency requirements for information about issuers whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market, Directive concerning the markets in Financial Instruments (MiFID) of 2014, Market Abuse Directive Abuse (MAD) of 2014 and 2012 European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR). However within societies, there is a manipulation of information, orchestrating “wars” between officers and shareholders. Transparency is thus diverted from its role as first to satisfy the selfish interest of these persons. Through the manipulation of information which he is the depositary, the leader can implement policies ti keep his chair. The custodians of the control of the company shareholders, can operate a purely economic control, and will not act in the interest of society but in their heritage interest, based on a previously stopped creating value and investment strategy.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The evolution of policy regarding the black bourgeoisie -- Issues in the struggle for black capitalism -- The roles and effects of NAFCOC (National African Federation Chamber of Commerce) and FABCOS (Foundation of Business and Consumer Service) -- The development of black capitalists in the urban areas -- Constraints on, and the performances of black entrepreneurs -- 'Normalisation' of the economic playing field. / South Africa

Notre étude vise à interroger le goût artistique des financiers du xviiie siècle, à travers l'analyse de leurs comportements face aux différents acteurs du monde de l'art. qu'ils soient financiers collectionneurs, financiers amateurs, financiers artistes, ou encore financiers mécènes, ces manieurs d'argent, parfois jalousés, parfois adulés pour leur fortune, évoluent dans une sphère complexe, où rivalité et excentricité mondaine se mêlent aux codes de bienséance et de magnificence de la société nobiliaire. sévèrement critiqués au xviiie siècle, les financiers du siècle des lumières sont pleinement réhabilités dans la société, grâce, peut-être, à leur conformisme avec les us et coutumes de leurs contemporains. cherchant à égaler leurs semblables dans le paraître, nous pouvons nous interroger sur la manière dont les financiers, qu'ils soient fermiers généraux, receveurs des finances ou encore trésoriers, collectionnent leurs œuvres. ainsi, existe-t-il une manière ' financière ' de collectionner / Our study aims at questioning the artistic taste of the financiers of the eighteenth century, through the analysis of their behaviors vis-a-vis the different actors of the world of art. Whether financial collectors, financial amateurs, financial artists, or financial sponsors, these money handlers, sometimes jealous, sometimes adulated for their fortune, evolve in a complex sphere, where rivalry and eccentricity mundane mingle with the codes of decency And the magnificence of the noble society. Severely criticized in the eighteenth century, the financiers of the age of enlightenment were fully rehabilitated in society, perhaps thanks to their conformity with the habits and customs of their contemporaries. Seeking to equal their fellows in appearance, we may question the manner in which the financiers, whether general farmers, receivers of finance, or even treasurers, collect their works. Thus, is there a 'financial' way of collecting

Cette thèse fait appel à la théorie des ondelettes pour estimer le paramètre de mémoire longue dans le cadre stationnaire et non stationnaire lors de la modélisation des séries financières, et pour l'estimation non paramétrique de la copule lors de l'examen de leurs interdépendances. L'avantage de la méthode des ondelettes comparée à l'analyse de Fourier est d'être parfaitement localisée dans le domaine temporel et celui des fréquences.Dans une première étape, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation de la dynamique des séries de variations. À cette fin, nous proposons un modèle économétrique qui permet de tenir compte, en plus de la composante mémoire longue dans la moyenne, une dépendance de long terme dans la variance conditionnelle.D'une part, nous étudions les liens de causalité entre les séries obtenus par décomposition en ondelettes à chaque niveau de résolution. D'autre part, nous nous orientons vers la théorie de cointégration fractionnaire. À cet égard,nous estimons un modèle vectoriel à correction d'erreur dans lequel la vitesse d'ajustement à l'équilibre de long terme est plus lente que la vitesse associée à la cointégration linéaire. L'atout de cette approche est de détecter la présence d'une relation de long terme en plus des fluctuations de court terme et de mettre en œuvre des liens de causalité durables.Dans une deuxième étape, nous proposons une analyse des dépendances multivariées entre les risques financiers et leurs impacts sur les mesures de risques communément rencontrées en gestion des risques. Nous exposons une application de la théorie des copules à l'analyse de la structure des dépendances entre différentes séries financières. Les résultats empiriques obtenus montrent que la structure de dépendance devient accentuée lorsque les séries sont filtrées de l'effet mémoire. Ensuite, nous étudions l'effet du changement de la structure de dépendance dans la frontière d'efficience et dans les mesures du risque sur l'ensemble des portefeuilles optimaux en considérant le modèle moyenne-variance-copules et en élaborant une mesure du risque basée sur l'approche CVaR-copules. Les résultats empiriques prouvent que nous sommes loin des portefeuilles optimaux de Markowitz.Enfin, nous proposons un nouvel estimateur dans le cadre des ondelettes qui constitue une extension de celui de Shimotsu et Phillips (2005, 2010). / This thesis uses wavelet theory to estimate the long memory parameter in the stationary and non stationary framework when modeling financial time series, and non parametric estimation of the copula in the examination of their interdependencies. The advantage of the wavelet method compared to the Fourier analysis is to be fully localized in the time domain and that of the frequency. In a first step, we are interested in modeling the dynamics of series of variations. To this end, we propose an econometric model that takes into account, in addition to the long memory component in the mean, a long term dependence in the conditional variance. On the first hand, we study the causal links between the series obtained by wavelet decomposition at each level of resolution. On the second hand, we are moving towards the theory of fractional cointegration. In this regard, we consider a vector error correction model in which the speed of adjustment to the long run equilibrium is slower than the speed associated with the linear cointegration. The advantage of this approach is to detect the presence of a long term relationship in addition to short term fluctuations and implement long run causal links.In a second step, we deal a multivariate analysis of dependencies between risks and their impacts on financial measures of risk commonly used in risk management. We present an application of copula theory to analyze the structure of dependencies between different financial series. The empirical results show that the dependence structure becomes accentuated when the series are filtered from the memory effect. Next, we investigate the effect of changing the structure of dependence in the efficiency frontier and the risk measures on all optimal portfolios considering the mean-variance-copulas model and developing a risk measure based on the CVaR-copula approach. The empirical results show that we are far from optimal portfolios Markowitz . Finally, we propose a new estimator in the wavelet domain which is an extension of the estimator of the Shimotsu and Phillips (2005, 2010).

My thesis focuses on the risk-taking behavior of financial agents, aiming particularlyat better understanding how risk attitudes can change over time. It alsoexplores the implications that these changes have on financial markets, and on theeconomy as a whole.The first paper, which is a joint work with Kim Oosterlinck and Andrey Ukhov,studies how risk aversion of financial markets’ participants is affected by the SecondWorld War. The literature links extreme events to changes in risk aversion but failsto find a consensus on the direction of this change. Moreover, due to data limitationsand difficulties in estimation of risk aversion, the speed of the change in risk aversionhas seldom been analyzed. This paper develops an original methodology to overcomethe latter limitation. To estimate changes in attitude toward risk, we rely on thedaily market prices of lottery bonds issued by Belgium. We provide evidence on thedynamic of risk attitude before, during and after the Second World War. We findsubstantial variations between 1938 and 1946. Risk aversion increased at the outbreakof the war, decreased dramatically during the occupation to increase again afterthe war. To our knowledge, this finding of reversal in risk attitude is unique in theliterature. We discuss several potential explanations to this pattern, namely changesin economic perspectives, mood, prospect theory, and background risk. While theymight all have played a role, we argue that habituation to background risk mostconsistently explains the observed behavior over the whole period. Living continuouslyexposed to war-related risks has gradually changed the risk-taking behavior ofinvestors.In the second paper, I derive a measure of risk aversion from asset prices andanalyze what are its main drivers. Given the complexity of eliciting risk aversionfrom asset prices, few papers provide empirical evidence on the dynamics of riskaversion in a long-term perspective. This paper tries to fill the gap. First, I providea measure of risk aversion that is original, both because of the length of its sampleperiod (1958- 1991) and the methodology used. I study the relationship betweenthis new measure of risk aversion and several key economic variables in a structuralvector autoregression. Results show that risk aversion varies over the period. Aworsening of economic conditions, a decrease in stock prices or a tighter monetarypolicy lead to an increase in risk aversion. On the other hand, an increase in riskaversion is linked to a larger corporate bond credit spread and has an adverse effecton stock prices.The third paper explores the impact of asset price bubbles on the riskiness offinancial institutions. I investigate the effect of a real estate boom on the financialstability of commercial banks in the United States using exogenous variations intheir exposure to real estate prices. I find that the direction of the effect dependson bank characteristics. Although higher real estate prices have a positive impacton bank stability on average, small banks and banks that operate in competitivebanking markets experience a negative effect. I reconcile these findings by providingevidence that higher real estate prices benefit commercial banks by raising the valueof collateral pledged by borrowers but at the cost of an increase in local bankingcompetition. This increase in competition affects banks that have a low marketpower more severely, which explains why small banks and banks facing a high degreeof competition display relatively lower stability during a real estate boom. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse étudie l'évolution des carrières, des rôles et de l’influence des Directeurs Financiers au regard du processus de financiarisation en France. En analysant la financiarisation et les Directeurs Financiers à travers une approche institutionnaliste, cette recherche présente leurs relations réciproques depuis les années 1980. Alors que le processus de financiarisation a influencé l'évolution de la profession de Directeur Financier, ces derniers ont de leur côté contribué à la financiarisation de différentes manières. Au moyen d'une approche méthodologique mixte, basée sur 1 040 Curriculum Vitae de Directeurs Financiers et 58 entretiens, cette thèse offre une étude approfondie et à grande échelle de l'évolution des Directeurs Financiers au regard du processus de financiarisation en France. / This dissertation investigates the evolution of the Chief Financial Officers’ (CFO) backgrounds, roles and agencies along with the financialization process in France. By studying financialization and CFOs from an institutional perspective, it presents their reciprocal relationships since the 1980s. While the financialization process has influenced the evolution of the CFO profession, CFOs also have various repercussions on financialization. Thanks to 1,040 resumes of CFOs and 58 interviews analyzed through a multiphase mixed method, this dissertation offers both a large scale and an in-depth study of the evolution of the CFOs along with the financialization process.

Les pertes financières dues à la faiblesse ou à l’insuffisance des moyens de contrôle en leur sein ont contraint les organisations internationales à se doter de mécanismes de contrôle capables de contrôler suffisamment leurs ressources financières et d’assurer efficacement la protection de leurs intérêts financiers contre les atteintes qui leurs faites. Car, la réussite de leurs missions dépend dans une large mesure de la bonne utilisation de leurs ressources financières. Les mécanismes juridiques ainsi mis en place, dans le cadre de cette protection, permettent d’effectuer des contrôles financiers aux moyens d’audits et d’appliquer des sanctions contre les infractions qui portent atteinte à leurs intérêts financiers. C’est dans cette perspective que les Etats membres sont mis à contribution. Mais, la participation des Etats à cette protection varie en fonction des organisations internationales (OI). En s’appuyant sur l’exemple de l’Union européenne (UE), qui a su très tôt concevoir un ensemble d’instruments juridiques efficaces, la présente thèse aborde le cadre juridique et les difficultés de la protection des intérêts financiers des OI. Pour cela, outre l’UE, deux autres OI, à savoir l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) et l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) sont prises en exemple pour analyser les mécanismes de protection des intérêts financiers des OI à la lumière de quelques scandales financiers qui ont permis de mettre à jour l’inefficacité de leurs mécanismes de protection. / Financial losses caused by lack of appropriate means of control has led international organizations to implement some mechanism that help them to protect their financial resources from diversion. Indeed, in order to reach their goals, international organizations need a good financial management. Legal mechanisms put in place to protect financial assets of international organizations allow them to oversee their financial management and help them prosecute those who commit financial crimes against international organizations. In doing so, international organization need cooperation from Member States. But this cooperation depends on each international organizations. This dissertation aims to show how, within the European Union (EU), the United Nations (UN) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), what are the legal mechanisms that enable international organizations to prevent and to prosecute those who commit financial crimes against them.

This paper investigates the relationship between business developers and start-ups in the field of sustainability. More specifically, the study analyzes how and why Swedish business developers, in terms of incubators, financiers, and advisors, implement sustainability in their cooperation with start-ups. Each year, thousands of businesses are founded which need support in various ways, it could be anything from advising to financial help. Ever since the UN launched Agenda 2030 and the Government of Sweden launched its new climate policy, it is clear that everyone needs to do something to help the world towards a better future. This study is based on qualitative interviews with six different business developers and applies the theories: stakeholder and shareholder theory, triple bottom line, creating shared value, green growth, and open innovation. The result showed that how business developers implement sustainability in their cooperation with start-ups varies, but is based on economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Some developers work more actively than others, but it is done through an exchange of knowledge between business developers and start-ups. Further, why business developers use sustainability is either as a tool to gain a competitive advantage and help start-ups grow or to increase their profits.