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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Vliv měnové a fiskální politiky na hospodářský cyklus / The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Business Cycle

Pikhart, Zdeněk January 2011 (has links)
The purpose of this diploma thesis is to examine the impact of monetary and fiscal policy upon business cycle and the long term growth on the example of Swiss economy. The research approach is the analysis of monetary and fiscal indicators related with gross domestic product. Theoretical part explains business cycle theories, which consider cause of economic fluctuations in monetary and fiscal policy and further describes stabilization role of this particular policies and develop relevant problems within it. In practical part there is conducted research of monetary and fiscal influence upon Swiss business cycle with eligible indicators. The final part summarizes the most important knowledge and provides appropriate recommendations to reduce cyclical volatility of the product and to create a suitable economic and political framework for a functioning economy in the long term.
182

Analýza vývoja slovenskej ekonomiky od roku 1993 / Analysis of the Slovak economy since 1993

Pročka, Peter January 2010 (has links)
Diploma thesis studies macroeconomical and fiscal progress of the Slovac Republic from the year 1993 with the strong focus on reformative arrangements in the area of public finance in the time period 2003 and 2004. The content targets evaluation of the causes of the refomative packet and his significance for the following progress of the slovac economy and fiscal area. The first part of the thesis evaluates economic policy till the year 2002, which passes over against background of the transformation process of the national economy, together with the identification of the status which led to the preparation and confirmation of the reformative legislation. Next part of the work studies the content of the accepted arrangaments itself and changes, which were brought to the Slovac Republic. The third part of the thesis follows the analytical evaluation of the real changes from the macroeconomical and fiscal part of view. Final part extends the knowledge with the international format through the comparation of the similar reform projects in Hungary, Estonia and Latvia and at the same time evaluates the stage and potential risks of the current economical and fiscal progression of the Slovac Republic
183

Impactos fiscais da participação eleitoral: um estudo sobre a adoção do recadastramento biométrico nos municípios brasileiros / Fiscal impacts of political turnout: a study on the adoption of biometric registration in Brazilian municipalities

Coelho, Giulia Giraldi Rocha 17 May 2019 (has links)
De acordo com a teoria tradicional, governantes eleitos adotam políticas conforme as preferências do eleitor mediano. No entanto, a presença de abstenção nas eleições pode levar a uma diferença entre a preferência dos eleitores efetivos e da população com um todo. O Brasil se destaca por ser um dos países com voto obrigatório com maior percentual de eleitores faltosos nas eleições. O recadastramento biométrico representa uma oportunidade para se estudar os mecanismos de incentivo para participação política, permitindo verificar seu impacto sobre as políticas públicas, em particular as despesas públicas municipais. Por meio de uma metodologia que combina variáveis instrumentais e um modelo de diferenças em diferenças, encontram-se evidências de que o recadastramento biométrico aumentou, em média, oito pontos percentuais a taxa de participação eleitoral nos municípios que passaram pela política. Por sua vez, esta elevação da participação reduziu as despesas em saúde e assistência social. Além do uso do recadastramento biométrico ser inédito na literatura brasileira na área de Economia Política, o mesmo fornece um mecanismo para se verificar como a ampliação da votação entre indivíduos com maior educação influencia as despesas públicas, uma abordagem pouco comum na literatura já existente, cujo foco é a ampliação da partipação eleitoral de camadas menos privilegiadas da sociedade / According to mainstream theory, elected governments adopt policies in order to address the preferences of the median voter. However, low turnout rates can lead to a difference between the preference of voters and the preference of the population as a whole. Despite compulsory voting, Brazil stands out among other countries as it computed high rates of abstention during recent elections. Biometric registration represents an opportunity for the study of the mechanisms behind the decision of voting, which ultimately impacts public policies. By means a methodology that combines instrumental variables and differences in differences, we find evidence that the biometric registration increased, on average, eight percentage points the turnout rate in the cities that have already been completed the registration. This increase of turnout, in turn, decreased health and social assistance expenditures. In addition, the study of the biometric registration has no precedent in the Brazilian Political Economy literature, as it provides a mechanism to verify how the enfranchisement of individuals with higher education affects public expenditure, and unusual fact in the traditional literature, which focuses on the enfranchisement of less educated voters
184

Ensaios sobre política fiscal: perspectivas histórica, teórica e empírica / Essays on fiscal policy: historical, theoretical and empirical perspectives

Fernandes, Carlândia Brito Santos 12 June 2015 (has links)
Esta tese tem como foco a política fiscal no longo prazo e é composta por quatro ensaios. O objetivo do primeiro ensaio é compreender o papel da política fiscal em trajetória histórica, de 1970 aos anos recentes, conhecer os fatores que a influenciam e dar base para a análise empírica do segundo ensaio. Assim, os ensaios I e II estão diretamente conectados e compõem a primeira parte da pesquisa. O objetivo do ensaio II é investigar, utilizando a metodologia de componentes não observáveis e a análise de cointegração de Johansen (1988), o padrão da política fiscal discricionária brasileira em relação aos termos de troca e ao nível de atividade, entre 1991 e 2014. O objetivo do ensaio III é analisar, através de um modelo que utiliza Lewis (1954) e que considera um ambiente de economia dual, o impacto da política fiscal no desenvolvimento econômico. O objetivo do quarto ensaio é investigar para grupos de países, através de técnicas de GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) duas possíveis não linearidades: entre política fiscal e crescimento econômico e entre padrão de política fiscal e termos de troca. Os principais resultados são: há uma relação de longo prazo entre as variáveis saldo fiscal estrutural, produção industrial (proxy para o PIB) e os termos de troca; a política fiscal brasileira é pró-cíclica em relação ao nível de atividade econômica, mas contracíclica em relação aos termos de troca; há uma armadilha de desenvolvimento-fiscal; o impacto da política fiscal no crescimento econômico é não linear; há uma relação na forma de U invertido entre gastos públicos em investimento e crescimento econômico, para os países de renda baixa (LIC) e entre o padrão da política fiscal e os termos de troca, para os países de renda alta (HIC). Finalmente, os resultados para o padrão da política fiscal convergem para o consenso de que os países em desenvolvimento adotam políticas pró-cíclicas e os desenvolvidos contracíclicas. / This thesis focuses on fiscal policy in the long run and is specifically divided into four essays. In order to give foundation for the second essay the aim of the first essay is to understand the role of fiscal policy in historical trajectory, from 1970 to recent years, and to know the factors that influence it. Thus, the essays I and II are directly linked and constitute the first part of this study. Using the methodology of unobservable components and the Johansen\'s (1988) cointegration analysis, the aim of the II essay is to investigate the pattern of the Brazilian discretionary fiscal policy in relation to terms of trade and the level of economic activity, between 1991 and 2014. Setting forth a theoretical model based on Lewis (1954) and by assuming a dual economy, the third essay analyzes the impact of fiscal policy on economic development. Applying GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) techniques the fourth essay investigates to groups of countries two possible nonlinearities: between fiscal policy and economic growth and between the pattern of fiscal policy and terms of trade. The main results are: there is a long-run relationship between the variables structural fiscal balance, GDP and the terms of trade; Brazil\'s fiscal policy is procyclical on the level of economic activity but countercyclical in relation to the terms of trade; there is a fiscal-development trap; the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth is nonlinear; there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between public investment and growth for low-income countries (LIC), and between the standard of fiscal policy and the terms of trade for high-income countries (HIC). Finally, the results on the pattern of fiscal policy converge to the consensus that developing countries adopt procyclical policies and developed adopt countercyclical fiscal policy.
185

Ciclos políticos e resultados eleitorais: um estudo sobre o comportamento do eleitor brasileiro / Political cycles and electoral results: a study on the behavior of the Brazilian electorate

Nakaguma, Marcos Yamada 21 July 2006 (has links)
O presente trabalho investiga as causas determinantes da existência de ciclos eleitorais na política fiscal dos estados brasileiros. Para tanto, propõe-se uma metodologia para a decomposição dos ciclos eleitorais, procurando identificar as parcelas devidas ao oportunismo e à atividade sinalizadora dos governantes. O objetivo é investigar se, e em que medida, os eleitores são capazes de: (1) captar as sinalizações de competência emitidas pelos governantes, em conformidade com os modelos de ciclos políticos; e (2) identificar e punir os políticos oportunistas, em conformidade com os modelos de controle eleitoral. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o eleitorado recompensa a parcela oportunista dos ciclos, tanto nas receitas quanto nas despesas orçamentárias. Este resultado, no entanto, deve ser qualificado pela evidência de que o efeito do oportunismo sobre as chances de reeleição tem diminuído ao longo do tempo, indicando uma evolução na capacidade do eleitor de identificar e punir as manipulações eleitoreiras. Com relação à parcela de competência dos ciclos eleitorais, as estimativas evidenciam que o processo de sinalização de competência se dá, principalmente, através das variáveis da receita orçamentária. Este resultado está de acordo com os modelos de ciclos políticos racionais e indica que, pelo menos durante o período final da amostra, os ciclos na receita estão sendo induzidos pela atividade sinalizadora dos governantes. / The present work investigates the causes that determine the existence of political budget cycles in Brazilian Federal States. In this way, it is proposed a methodology to decompose the political cycles, trying to identify the parcels that are due to the opportunism and to the signaling activity of the governors. The aim is to investigate whether the electorate is capable of: (1) capture the competence signals sent by the governors, according to the models of the political cycles; and (2) identify and punish the opportunistic politics, according to the models of electoral control. The results indicate that the electorate rewards the opportunistic cycles in both revenue and public spending. This result, however, must be qualified by the evidence that the effect of the opportunism on the chances of reelection have diminished along the time, indicating an evolution in the capacity of the voters to identify and punish the electoral manipulations. With respect to the competence parcel of the cycles, the estimation indicates that the competence signaling occurs mainly through the budget revenue variables. This result is in accordance with the models of rational political cycles and indicates that, at least during the last period of the sample, the budget cycles are being induced by the signaling activity of the governors.
186

Administração da dívida pública: um estudo para o caso brasileiro / Public debt management: the Brazilian case

Horta, Guilherme Tinôco de Lima 03 June 2011 (has links)
Esta dissertação busca estudar estratégias eficientes para a gestão da dívida pública brasileira. Utiliza-se uma metodologia recorrente na literatura, que consiste em estimar e simular a economia através de um modelo estrutural Novo-Keynesiano e, em seguida, verificar qual o comportamento da relação Dívida/PIB para vários tipos de composição da dívida. Trabalha-se, portanto, com uma análise de risco e retorno para diversas carteiras da dívida, em uma abordagem focada na fronteira eficiente. Duas classes de modelos são utilizadas: backward-looking (BL) e o forward-looking (FL). A estimação foi realizada por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e a amostra utilizada foi trimestral, variando do primeiro trimestre de 1999 ao terceiro trimestre de 2010. Os resultados principais indicaram que, quando se trabalha com um modelo FL, as carteiras eficientes são compostas quase que exclusivamente por títulos indexados à inflação. Por outro lado, quando se utiliza um modelo BL, os resultados indicam que as carteiras eficientes são híbridas, sendo compostas por títulos de diferentes indexadores, incluindo grande parte de títulos indexados à inflação. / This dissertation studies efficient strategies for Brazilian public debt management. We use a common methodology in the literature, as we estimate and simulate the economy through a New-Keynesian structural model. Then we verify the Public Debt/GDP indicator behavior, considering different debt compositions. We utilize a risk/return analysis for each debt composition in an efficient frontier approach. Two types of models are specified: backward-looking (BL) and forward-looking (FL). We estimate the model by Ordinary Least Squares using a quarterly sample, available from the first quarter of 1999 to the third quarter of 2010. The main results show that when the economy has forward-looking features, efficient compositions are formed almost exclusively by inflation-linked bonds. In the other hand, when we utilize a backward-looking specification, results indicate that efficient compositions are formed by different types of bonds, including a large part of inflation-linked bonds.
187

Essay on fiscal policy, public debt, and growth : applications to Vietnam / Essai sur la politique fiscale, la dette publique, et la croissance : applications au Vietnam

Le, Duc Anh 13 January 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse vise à contribuer à des études récentes portant sur les effets des dépenses publiques, de la fiscalité, de la dette publique et de la productivité totale des facteurs sur la croissance économique, en particulier dans le cas du Vietnam. Avant d’aller plus loin, cette thèse présente un aperçu du contexte économique du Vietnam au cours des dernières décennies, notamment en termes de croissance économique, de contrôle de l’inflation, de système fiscal et son renouvellement, de la réduction de la pauvreté et de la dette publique. D’une part, cette thèse distingue la dette publique en deux types : la dette intérieure et la dette extérieure et fournit un message principal selon lequel une augmentation de l’impôt sur le rendement des actifs peut avoir un impact positif sur les valeurs d’équilibre des principales variables macroéconomiques exprimées en ratios de capital physique (consommation, dépenses publiques et dette intérieure). Deuxièmement, parmi les autres facteurs de production, seule la main-d’œuvre provinciale exerce un effet positif sur la croissance économique provinciale alors que les dépenses publiques n’ont pas d’effets significatifs sur la croissance au cours de la période 2000-2007. Enfin, la décentralisation des dépenses publiques favorisera la croissance économique si la part des dépenses des collectivités locales est suffisamment faible, part déterminée par le rapport de l’élasticité des dépenses des collectivités locales à la somme des élasticités des collectivités locales et du gouvernement central. Les résultats de l’estimation montrent que la décentralisation des dépenses publiques dans le cas du Vietnam a un impact positif sur la croissance économique, un niveau plus élevée de décentralisation des dépenses publiques conduisant à une croissance économique plus élevée. / This thesis aims to contribute to recent studies which carry out the effects of government expenditure, taxation, public debt, and total factor productivity on economic growth, especially in case of Vietnam. Before going to further, this thesis introduces an overview onVietnam’s economy context in some recent decades. For instance, economic growth, inflation control, taxation system and its renewal, poverty reduction, and public debt issue. First, this thesis distinguishes public debt by two types, domestic and external debt and delivers a main message that an increase of tax on returns to assets can positively impact the steady-state values of main macroeconomic variables expressed in ratios of physical capital (consumption, public expenditure, domestic debt). Second, among other production factors, only provincial labor force exerts a positive impact on the provincial economic growth while government expenditure has no significant effect on growth for our sample during the 2000-2007 period. Finally, decentralization in government expenditure will promote economic growth if the share of local government expenditure is low enough that determined by the ratio of elasticity of local government expenditure to sum of local government and central government elasticities. Estimation results show that decentralization in government expenditure in case of Vietnam has a positive impact on economic growth, the higher level of decentralization in government expenditure leads to higher economic growth.
188

A política fiscal influencia a política monetária no Brasil? Uma abordagem sob o ciclo de negócios / The fiscal policy influences the monetary policy in Brazil? A business cycle approach

Thomas, William de Abreu Pereira 25 February 2010 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se a política fiscal brasileira influencia a política monetária por meio do impacto nas variações do hiato do produto. Dentro desse contexto, será avaliado qual foi o comportamento cíclico da política fiscal no ciclo de negócios. Para isto, será usado a metodologia da OCDE de decomposição do saldo orçamentário no saldo ciclicamente ajustado (política discricionária) e no saldo cíclico (estabilizadores fiscais). A metodologia requer a estimação de elasticidades para identificar a parte cíclica do saldo orçamentário do governo. Essa tarefa será realizada por um importante programa de seleção automática de modelos chamado Autometrics. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a política fiscal não tem atuado de maneira contra-cíclica após o estabelecimento do regime de metas de inflação. O que para o lado monetário é desfavorável, uma vez que aumenta o peso relativo do instrumento monetário (taxa de juros) quando o Banco Central objetiva reduzir as variações do hiato do produto. / The objective of this work is to verify if the Brazilian fiscal policy influences the monetary policy through output gap variation impacts. In this context, an evaluation of the behavior of the fiscal policy in the business cycle is done. In order to it, the OCDE methodology will be used to decompose the budget balance in the cyclically-adjusted budget balance (discretionary policy) and cyclically budget balance (automatic stabilizers). The methodology requires the estimation of elasticities to identify the cyclical part of the government budget balance. This task will be done by using an important program of automatic model selection named Autometrics. The founded results indicated that the fiscal policy has not been working in a countercyclical form after the establishment of inflation target. This result is unfavorable for the monetary side because it increases the relative weight of the monetary tool (interest rate) when the Central Bank objective is to reduce the variation of output gap.
189

Relation entre les marchés financiers et la politique budgétaire dans les économies émergentes asiatiques / Linkages between fiscal policy and financial market in emerging asian economies

Bui, Duy Tung 05 December 2018 (has links)
La politique budgétaire procyclique a suscité de nombreuses inquiétudes dans les économies émergentes en raison de ses conséquences négatives sur l’activité économique (ralentissement de la croissance, chômage). Ce travail prolonge ces débats à travers une nouvelle perspective puisque nous examinons les relations bidirectionnelles entre la politique budgétaire et les marchés boursiers sur un panel de 22 économies émergentes de la région Asie-Pacifique au cours de la période 1990 à 2015. Nous estimons tout d’abord une variété de modèles VAR en panel. Les résultats empiriques montrent que les politiques budgétaires dans ces pays ont tendance à être procycliques pour répondre aux rendements des marchés boursiers. Le comportement procyclique se retrouve à la fois dans les dépenses et les recettes publiques. D’autre part, une tentative de consolidation budgétaire dans ces pays a un effet positif sur les cours des actions. Cette étude examine également l’effet non linéaire de la politique budgétaire (mesurée par la dette publique domestique) sur le niveau de développement financier dans la région Asie-Pacifique. Les gouvernements des pays émergents se caractérisent par un degré institutionnel financier moins développé ainsi qu’une forte présence puisqu’ils intervienne sur le marché de la dette domestique. Cette étude montre enfin qu’un meilleur degré des institutions financières aide à discipliner les gouvernements. Les résultats suggèrent un effet négatif de la dette publique sur le développement financier, mais seulement pour un faible niveau de liberté et d’intégration financière. Une liberté et une intégration financière plus élevée réduiraient l’effet d’éviction de la dette publique domestique. / Pro-cyclical fiscal policy has raised concern in many emerging economies due to its adverse consequences to the economic activities (GDP slowdown, unemployment). This thesis takes a different approach to the issue, which aims to examine the bidirectional relationships between fiscal policy and stock market activities in a panel of 22 emerging Asia-Pacific economies over the period 1990-2015. We estimate a variety of Panel Vector Autoregressive models. The empirical results show that fiscal policies in these countries tend to a pro-cyclical path in responding to stock market movements. The pro-cyclical behavior is found with both government expenditure and government revenue. On the other hand, a fiscal consolidation attempt has a rewarding effect on stock prices. This study also investigates the nonlinear effect of fiscal policy (measured by the total domestic public sector debt) on the level of financial development in the Asia-Pacific region. Government of countries emerging are caracterized by a less developed degee of financial institutions and are very present by intervening in the domestic debt market. This study shows that a better degree of financial institution helps to discipline governments. The results suggest a negative effect of domestic public sector debt on financial development, but only at low level of financial freedom and integration. Higher financial freedom and financial integration would reduce the crowding-out effect of domestic public debt.
190

Ciclos políticos e resultados eleitorais: um estudo sobre o comportamento do eleitor brasileiro / Political cycles and electoral results: a study on the behavior of the Brazilian electorate

Marcos Yamada Nakaguma 21 July 2006 (has links)
O presente trabalho investiga as causas determinantes da existência de ciclos eleitorais na política fiscal dos estados brasileiros. Para tanto, propõe-se uma metodologia para a decomposição dos ciclos eleitorais, procurando identificar as parcelas devidas ao oportunismo e à atividade sinalizadora dos governantes. O objetivo é investigar se, e em que medida, os eleitores são capazes de: (1) captar as sinalizações de competência emitidas pelos governantes, em conformidade com os modelos de ciclos políticos; e (2) identificar e punir os políticos oportunistas, em conformidade com os modelos de controle eleitoral. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o eleitorado recompensa a parcela oportunista dos ciclos, tanto nas receitas quanto nas despesas orçamentárias. Este resultado, no entanto, deve ser qualificado pela evidência de que o efeito do oportunismo sobre as chances de reeleição tem diminuído ao longo do tempo, indicando uma evolução na capacidade do eleitor de identificar e punir as manipulações eleitoreiras. Com relação à parcela de competência dos ciclos eleitorais, as estimativas evidenciam que o processo de sinalização de competência se dá, principalmente, através das variáveis da receita orçamentária. Este resultado está de acordo com os modelos de ciclos políticos racionais e indica que, pelo menos durante o período final da amostra, os ciclos na receita estão sendo induzidos pela atividade sinalizadora dos governantes. / The present work investigates the causes that determine the existence of political budget cycles in Brazilian Federal States. In this way, it is proposed a methodology to decompose the political cycles, trying to identify the parcels that are due to the opportunism and to the signaling activity of the governors. The aim is to investigate whether the electorate is capable of: (1) capture the competence signals sent by the governors, according to the models of the political cycles; and (2) identify and punish the opportunistic politics, according to the models of electoral control. The results indicate that the electorate rewards the opportunistic cycles in both revenue and public spending. This result, however, must be qualified by the evidence that the effect of the opportunism on the chances of reelection have diminished along the time, indicating an evolution in the capacity of the voters to identify and punish the electoral manipulations. With respect to the competence parcel of the cycles, the estimation indicates that the competence signaling occurs mainly through the budget revenue variables. This result is in accordance with the models of rational political cycles and indicates that, at least during the last period of the sample, the budget cycles are being induced by the signaling activity of the governors.

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