O Modelo de Equações Estruturais (MEE) é habitualmente ajustado para realizar uma análise confirmatória sobre as conjecturas de um pesquisador acerca do relacionamento entre as variáveis observadas e latentes de algum estudo. Na prática, a maneira mais recorrente de avaliar a qualidade das estimativas de um MEE é a partir de medidas que buscam mensurar o quanto a usual matriz de covariâncias clássicas ou ordinárias se distancia da matriz de covariâncias do modelo ajustado, ou a magnitude do afastamento entre as funções de discrepância do modelo hipotético e do modelo saturado. Entretanto, elas podem não captar problemas no ajuste quando há muitos parâmetros a estimar ou bastantes observações. A fim de detectar irregularidades no ajustamento resultantes do impacto provocado pela presença de outliers no conjunto de dados, este trabalho contemplou alguns indicadores conhecidos na literatura, como também considerou alterações no Índice da Qualidade do Ajuste (ou GFI, de Goodness-of-Fit Index) e no Índice Corrigido da Qualidade do Ajuste (ou AGFI, de Ajusted Goodness-of-Fit Index), ambos nas expressões para estimação de parâmetros pelo método de Máxima Verossimilhança, que consistiram em substituir a tradicional matriz de covariâncias pelas matrizes de covariâncias computadas com os seguintes estimadores: Elipsoide de Volume Mínimo, Covariância de Determinante Mínimo, S, MM e Gnanadesikan-Kettenring Ortogonalizado (GKO). Através de estudos de simulação sobre perturbações de desvio de simetria e excesso de curtose, em baixa e alta frações de contaminação, em diferentes tamanhos de amostra e quantidades de variáveis observadas afetadas, foi possível constatar que as propostas de modificação do GFI e do AGFI adaptadas pelo estimador GKO foram as únicas que conseguiram ser informativas em todas essas situações, devendo-se escolher a primeira ou a segunda respectivamente quando a quantidade de parâmetros a serem estimados é baixa ou elevada. / The Structural Equation Model (SEM) is usually set to perform a confirmatory analysis on the assumptions of a researcher about the relationship between the observed variables and the latent variables of such a study. In practice, the most iterant way of evaluating the quality of the estimates of a SEM comes either from procedures of measuring how distant the usual classic or ordinary covariance matrix is from the covariance matrix of the adjusted model, or from the magnitude of the hiatus in discrepancy functions of both the hypothetical model and the saturated model. Nevertheless, they may fail to capture problems in the adjustment in the occurrence of either several parameters to estimate or several observations. This study included indicators known in the literature in order to detect irregularities in the adjustment resulting from the impact caused by the presence of outliers in the data set. This study has also considered changes in both the Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) and the Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI) in the expressions for parameter estimation by Maximum Likelihood method, which consisted in replacing the traditional covariance matrix by the robust covariance matrices computed through the following estimators: Minimum Volume Ellipsoid, Minimum Covariance Determinant, S, MM and Orthogonalized Gnanadesikan-Kettenring (OGK). Through simulation studies on disturbances of both symmetry deviations and excess kurtosis in both low and high fractions of contamination in different sample sizes and quantities of affected observed variables it has become clear that the proposals of modification of both the GFI and the AGFI adapted by the OGK estimator were the only ones able to be informative in all these situations. It must be considered that GFI or AGFI must be used when the number of parameters to be estimated is either low or high, respectively.

A busca de sistemas de comunicação eficientes e econômicos é cada vez maior, principalmente com o aumento da demanda por tráfego e banda de transmissão. Conhecidas pela utilização eficiente de largura de banda, as redes ópticas de segmentação espectral flexível têm sido intensamente estudadas e são consideradas boas candidatas para a próxima geração de redes. Tais redes flexíveis utilizam formatos de modulação multinível e multiplexação multiportadora. Sistemas com alta capacidade de transmissão devem ser extremamente confiáveis, pois a falha em um dispositivo ou enlace da rede acarreta enorme perda de dados. Por isso, as técnicas de proteção e restauração do tráfego devem ser eficientes, de modo a garantir a sobrevivência da rede. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo capaz de lidar com cada requisição de conexão, encontrar um caminho óptico para transmissão e reservar outro caminho para recuperação do tráfego em caso de falha na rede. A seleção dos caminhos primário e de proteção utiliza a técnica smart-fit, que escolhe a solução com menor custo final, definido pela distância da rota percorrida somada ao custo do índice inicial da faixa espectral alocada, buscando equilibrar a escolha entre a posição no espectro e rota escolhida. Além disso, são definidos custos diferentes para slots de frequência livres e compartilhados, a fim de incentivar o compartilhamento espectral em caminhos de proteção. Dentre as técnicas de alocação espectral, a varredura com janela espectral varre o espectro em todos os enlaces da rota, slot por slot, em busca de uma faixa livre com tamanho suficiente para atender uma demanda. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma técnica chamada busca lógica, que lida simultaneamente com todos os enlaces da rota ao realizar operações lógicas com seus espectros. Em seguida, é realizada uma convolução entre a janela espectral, com tamanho da demanda, e o espectro resultante. A partir desse resultado, é possível saber as posições no espectro onde a demanda poderá ser alocada. Tal técnica, como será demonstrado, é mais veloz que a varredura com janela espectral. Para garantir a eficácia e confiabilidade do algoritmo, utilizando o software MATLAB, avaliou-se a probabilidade de bloqueio e probabilidade de bloqueio de banda, a fragmentação espectral média na rede, o grau de compartilhamento, a taxa de utilização espectral e a taxa de capacidade reservada. O algoritmo desenvolvido foi capaz de organizar o tráfego na rede de modo ordenado e pouco fragmentado, além de utilizar de maneira eficiente os recursos destinados à proteção. / The search for efficient and economical communication systems is increasing, especially with the increased demand for traffic and bandwidth transmission. The elastic optical networks, well known for their efficient using of bandwidth, have been thoroughly studied and are considered good candidates for the next generation networks. Such flexible networks use multilevel modulation formats and multicarrier multiplexing. Systems with high transmission capacity should be extremely reliable, as a failure in a device or link brings huge data loss. Therefore, traffic protection and restoration techniques should be efficient, to ensure network survivability. In this work, we propose an algorithm capable of managing each connection request, finding an optical path for transmission and a protection path to recover traffic in case of network failure. The selection of the primary and protection path uses the smart-fit technique, which chooses the solution with the lower final cost, defined by the route\'s distance plus the index\'s cost of the first slot of the allocated spectrum, in order to balance the choice between the position in the spectrum and the chosen route. In addition, different costs for free or shared frequency slots are defined, so as to encourage spectral sharing in protection paths. Among the spectrum allocation techniques, scanning with spectrum window scans the spectrum in all links of the route, slot by slot, searching for a free band large enough to meet the demand. In this work, we developed a new technique, called logical search, that simultaneously deals with all the links in the route, by performing logical operations with them. Then, a convolution is performed between a spectrum window, with the same size of the demand, and the resulting spectrum. From this result, it is possible to know all the positions in the spectrum where the demand may fit. This technique, as will be shown, is faster than the scan with spectrum window. To guarantee the efficiency and reliability of the algorithm, using the MATLAB software, we evaluated the blocking probability and bandwidth blocking probability, the average spectral fragmentation in the network, the shareability ratio, the spectral utilization ratio and the spare capacity ratio. The developed algorithm was able to organize the traffic in an orderly and less fragmented way, and use the protection resources efficiently.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate Feedback-Informed Therapy (FIT) (Miller & Bertolino, 2015) in the form of the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) and Group Session Rating Scale (GSRS) scales when used in network therapy within the social services. The study is quantitative and is based on collected ORS and GSRS forms from 10 network therapies, including 94 people. The material is collected by network teams in four municipalities in Sweden; Norrköping, Enköping, Gothenburg and Botkyrka. The protagonists have completed an ORS on three occasions during the treatment period; before, during and after. The closest relatives, mainly parents, have made parallel estimates on the same occasions. In each network therapy, a network meeting and a follow-up network meeting have been held. All participants have completed a GSRS after the meetings. Of the study participants, 38% estimated a Clinical Significant Change in ORS after the network therapy. 50% estimated a positive change that did not exceed the limit of clinical significance. 12% estimated a small deterioration. In the cases of a Clinically Significant Change or major change, the meeting participants at the network meetings have estimated high on the GSRS (36.5 in the first meeting and 37.1 in the second meeting. In those cases with a small positive change or decrease, the participants have estimated lower on the GSRS (33.5 in first and 31.8 in others). The results indicate that network therapy gives a good effect if measured with ORS and that this effect appears early in the treatment. The study also indicates that the limit value for GSRS does not appear to be lower in Network Therapy than in other group therapy. Furthermore, the study points out that the network therapies that have network meetings with balance from the different sectors in the protagonist's life provide the best results both on the GRSR and ORS. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka Feedback-informerad terapi (FIT) (Miller & Bertolino, 2015) i form av skattningsskalorna Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) och Group Session Rating Scale (GSRS) när de används i nätverksterapi inom socialtjänsten. Studien är kvantitativ och utgår från insamlade ORS- och GSRS-formulär från 10 nätverksterapier som inkluderat 94 personer. Materialet är insamlat av nätverkslag i fyra kommuner i Sverige: Norrköping, Enköping, Göteborg och Botkyrka. Studiedeltagarna har fyllt i en ORS-skattning vid tre tillfällen under behandlingstiden; före, under tiden och efter. De närmast anhöriga, oftast föräldrar, har gjort parallella skattningar vid samma tillfällen. I varje nätverksterapi har det hållits ett nätverksmöte och ett uppföljande nätverksmöte. Samtliga deltagare har fyllt i en GSRS efter mötena. Av studiens deltagare skattade 38 % en klinisk signifikant förändring (KSF) på ORS efter nätverksterapin. 50 % skattade en positiv förändring som inte översteg gränsen för klinisk signifikans. 12 % skattade en försämring. I fallen med en klinisk signifikant förändring eller stor förändring har mötesdeltagarna på nätverksmötena skattat högt på GSRS (36,5 i första mötet och 37,1 i andra mötet. I de fall med liten positiv förändring eller minskning har deltagarna skattat lägre på GSRS (33,5 i första och 31,8 i andra). Resultaten pekar på att nätverksterapi ger god effekt om man mäter med ORS och att denna effekt visar sig tidigt i behandlingen. Studien pekar också på att gränsvärdet för GSRS inte verkar ligga lägre i Nätverksterapi än i annan gruppterapi. Vidare pekar studien på att de nätverksterapier som har nätverksmöten med balans från de olika sektorerna i huvudpersonens liv ger bäst resultat både på GRSR och ORS.

Submitted by Juliana Mansur (juliana.kopp@fgv.br) on 2016-02-22T13:14:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JULIANA MANSUR_VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 1961862 bytes, checksum: c1bd07a7bcc2dfd3f04c3b85b4581a3a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2016-02-25T14:29:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JULIANA MANSUR_VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 1961862 bytes, checksum: c1bd07a7bcc2dfd3f04c3b85b4581a3a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-02-29T11:47:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JULIANA MANSUR_VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 1961862 bytes, checksum: c1bd07a7bcc2dfd3f04c3b85b4581a3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-29T11:47:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JULIANA MANSUR_VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 1961862 bytes, checksum: c1bd07a7bcc2dfd3f04c3b85b4581a3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Although cross-cultural leadership research has thrived in international business literature, little attention has been devoted to understanding the effectiveness of non-western theories beyond their original contexts. The purpose of this study is to examine the cross-cultural endorsement of paternalistic leadership, an emerging non-western leadership theory, using data from GLOBE project. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses we found measurement equivalence of a scale derived from GLOBE’s data, which enabled us to compare the endorsement of paternalistic leadership dimensions across 10 cultural clusters and 55 societies. Our study revealed that there are significant differences in the importance societies give to each dimension, suggesting that paternalism as leadership style is not universally nor homogeneously endorsed. Furthermore, results suggest that different patterns of endorsement of each of these dimensions give rise to idiosyncratic shades of paternalistic leadership across societies. Implications for theory and future research on international business are discussed. / Paternalistic leadership is a flourishing area in leadership literature, traditionally assumed to be culture bounded. However, empirical evidences have suggested that rather than national cultures, the conditions under which paternalistic leaders are effective can be related to the fit between the style of a leader and that of his or her followers. In the present research, we focus on paternalistic leadership and contrast it with empowering leadership, as two opposite ways on how leaders influence followers, to explore the individual conditions under which both styles can be effective. Adopting a follower-centered approach, we base our arguments on person-supervisor (P-S) fit theory and regulatory focus theory to propose that leadership effectiveness may be contingent to followers’ own values and motivational needs. We expected paternalistic leadership behaviors (e.g, authority, benevolence, support) to supply motivational needs for predominantly prevention-focused followers, and empowering leadership behaviors (e.g. empowerment, encouragement and autonomy) to supply motivational needs for predominantly promotion-focused followers. Using data collected from two experimental studies and a business simulation, we found support for these ideas, showing that fit increased followers’ perception of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes, such as in-role and creative performance.

Research suggests that there is a plethora of information on the size and shape of the average and plus sized women in South Africa (Winks, 1990; Pandarum, 2009; Muthambi, 2012; Afolayan & Mastamet-Mason, 2013 and Makhanya, 2015). However, there is very little information on petite women‟s body shapes, their body measurements and their shopping behaviour, especially in South Africa, for manufacturing ready-to-wear garments. The purpose of this petite women study was to investigate the shapes and sizes of a sample of petite South African women and develop size charts for the upper and lower body dimensions. This study used a mixed-method; purposive, non-probability sampling method to achieve the objectives of the study. A (TC)² NX16 3D full body scanner and an Adam‟s® medical scale were used to collect the body measurement data of 200 petite South African women, aged between 20-54 years with an average height range of 157cm, residing in Gauteng (Pretoria and Johannesburg). Other data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire to collect the subjects‟ demographic information such as, age, height, weight, etc.; and the psychographic questionnaire to gather the petite subjects‟ demographics as well as their perceptions and preferences on currently available ready-to-wear shirt and trouser garments. Of the 200 subjects that were initially recruited, based on the petite women‟s body height that ranged from 5‟ 4” (163 cm) and below, the most prevalent body shape profile that emerged from the dataset, was the pear body shape which was evident in 180 of the 3D full body scanned petite women subjects. Therefore, the anthropometric data for these 180 subjects was used in the development of the experimental upper and lower body dimensions size charts and as the basis for the fit test garments developed in this study. The collected data was analysed and interpreted in Microsoft Excel and the IBM SPSS Statistics 24 (2016) software package, using principal component analysis (PCA) to produce the experimental size charts for the upper and lower body dimensions necessary for creating prototype shirt and trouser garments. Regression analysis was used to establish the primary and secondary body dimensions for the development of the size charts and for determining the size ranges. The experimental upper and lower body dimensions size charts were developed for sizes ranging from size 6/30 to size 26/50. Subsequently, the accuracy of the size charts developed in this study was evaluated by a panel of experts who analysed the fit of the prototype shirt and trouser garments, manufactured using measurements for a size 10/34 size range from the size chart, on a sample of the petite subjects. The fit of these garments was also compared with the fit of garments manufactured using the 3D full body scanned measurements of a size 10/34 petite tailoring mannequin, that is currently commercially available for use in the production of garments for petite women in South Africa. The shirt and trouser prototype garments developed using the size 10/34 upper and lower body dimensions size chart measurements had, overall, a better quality of fit than the garments made to fit the current, commercially available, size 10/34 mannequin. These findings thereby confirmed that the data extracted from the (TC)² NX16 3D full body scanner and the size charts subsequently developed using the data, has the potential to provide better/improved fit in garments for petite South African women than data hitherto published. From the evidence of this study, it is recommended that the South African garment manufacturing industry needs to revise the current sizing system for petite women to accommodate the body dimensions and shape variations that currently prevail amongst consumers. The South African garment manufacturers and retailers also need to familiarise themselves with the needs, challenges and preferences of the petite consumers‟ target market that purchase ready-to-wear shirt and trouser garments in South Africa. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M.ConSci. (Department of Life and Consumer Science)

A busca de sistemas de comunicação eficientes e econômicos é cada vez maior, principalmente com o aumento da demanda por tráfego e banda de transmissão. Conhecidas pela utilização eficiente de largura de banda, as redes ópticas de segmentação espectral flexível têm sido intensamente estudadas e são consideradas boas candidatas para a próxima geração de redes. Tais redes flexíveis utilizam formatos de modulação multinível e multiplexação multiportadora. Sistemas com alta capacidade de transmissão devem ser extremamente confiáveis, pois a falha em um dispositivo ou enlace da rede acarreta enorme perda de dados. Por isso, as técnicas de proteção e restauração do tráfego devem ser eficientes, de modo a garantir a sobrevivência da rede. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo capaz de lidar com cada requisição de conexão, encontrar um caminho óptico para transmissão e reservar outro caminho para recuperação do tráfego em caso de falha na rede. A seleção dos caminhos primário e de proteção utiliza a técnica smart-fit, que escolhe a solução com menor custo final, definido pela distância da rota percorrida somada ao custo do índice inicial da faixa espectral alocada, buscando equilibrar a escolha entre a posição no espectro e rota escolhida. Além disso, são definidos custos diferentes para slots de frequência livres e compartilhados, a fim de incentivar o compartilhamento espectral em caminhos de proteção. Dentre as técnicas de alocação espectral, a varredura com janela espectral varre o espectro em todos os enlaces da rota, slot por slot, em busca de uma faixa livre com tamanho suficiente para atender uma demanda. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma técnica chamada busca lógica, que lida simultaneamente com todos os enlaces da rota ao realizar operações lógicas com seus espectros. Em seguida, é realizada uma convolução entre a janela espectral, com tamanho da demanda, e o espectro resultante. A partir desse resultado, é possível saber as posições no espectro onde a demanda poderá ser alocada. Tal técnica, como será demonstrado, é mais veloz que a varredura com janela espectral. Para garantir a eficácia e confiabilidade do algoritmo, utilizando o software MATLAB, avaliou-se a probabilidade de bloqueio e probabilidade de bloqueio de banda, a fragmentação espectral média na rede, o grau de compartilhamento, a taxa de utilização espectral e a taxa de capacidade reservada. O algoritmo desenvolvido foi capaz de organizar o tráfego na rede de modo ordenado e pouco fragmentado, além de utilizar de maneira eficiente os recursos destinados à proteção. / The search for efficient and economical communication systems is increasing, especially with the increased demand for traffic and bandwidth transmission. The elastic optical networks, well known for their efficient using of bandwidth, have been thoroughly studied and are considered good candidates for the next generation networks. Such flexible networks use multilevel modulation formats and multicarrier multiplexing. Systems with high transmission capacity should be extremely reliable, as a failure in a device or link brings huge data loss. Therefore, traffic protection and restoration techniques should be efficient, to ensure network survivability. In this work, we propose an algorithm capable of managing each connection request, finding an optical path for transmission and a protection path to recover traffic in case of network failure. The selection of the primary and protection path uses the smart-fit technique, which chooses the solution with the lower final cost, defined by the route\'s distance plus the index\'s cost of the first slot of the allocated spectrum, in order to balance the choice between the position in the spectrum and the chosen route. In addition, different costs for free or shared frequency slots are defined, so as to encourage spectral sharing in protection paths. Among the spectrum allocation techniques, scanning with spectrum window scans the spectrum in all links of the route, slot by slot, searching for a free band large enough to meet the demand. In this work, we developed a new technique, called logical search, that simultaneously deals with all the links in the route, by performing logical operations with them. Then, a convolution is performed between a spectrum window, with the same size of the demand, and the resulting spectrum. From this result, it is possible to know all the positions in the spectrum where the demand may fit. This technique, as will be shown, is faster than the scan with spectrum window. To guarantee the efficiency and reliability of the algorithm, using the MATLAB software, we evaluated the blocking probability and bandwidth blocking probability, the average spectral fragmentation in the network, the shareability ratio, the spectral utilization ratio and the spare capacity ratio. The developed algorithm was able to organize the traffic in an orderly and less fragmented way, and use the protection resources efficiently.

I denna studie har problematik kring avancerad gestbaserad navigering bejakats. Detta främst för att de riktlinjer som länge studerats inom Människa-Datorinteraktion (MDI) inte har etablerats på de plattformar där gestbaserad navigering är central. Det råder tvetydigheter angående hur bra interaktion bör tillämpas, då främst genom att stora aktörer inom området valt att applicera sina egna riktlinjer på sina enskilda plattformar.   Tidigare har forskare undersökt naturliga gestmönster hos användare genom att simulera ett händelseförlopp och sedan ge användaren möjligheten att skapa interaktionen. Detta har genomförts med en användargrupp utan tidigare erfarenheter inom denna typ av plattform.   Det denna studie haft som mål att belysa är ifall erfarenheter och behov har en påverkan på hur användare kan tänkas använda sig av avancerad gester. Utöver detta har också designprinciper inom MDI studerats för att se dess relevans till gestbaserad navigation.    Metoden för att samla in denna data har varit två workshops som fokuserat på att finna nya användningsområden för fyra unika gester samt en diskussionsworkshop baserad på kort med frågor.   Från den data som samlats in från representanterna kan man tydligt se att tidigare erfarenheter har en stor påverkan på de konceptuella modeller som representanterna har av användningsområden för avancerade gester. Resultatet visar också på att representanterna fann syften för avancerade gesterna baserat på behov som de själva saknade i dagsläget. Generellt tenderade de förslag som representanterna tagit fram att vara anpassade för  en snäv målgrupp och för  expertfunktionalitet. I denna studie har det varit tydligt att designprinciper inom MDI har en stor påverkan på hur vi interagerar och uppfattar användning av digitala artefakter då främst rörande förståelse, återkoppling, effektivitet och synlighet. / In this study problems concerning advanced gesture-based navigation is affirmed. This is mainly because the guidelines that have long been studied within the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has not been established on the platforms where gesture-based navigation is central. There is ambiguity about how good interaction should be applied, primarily by major players in the area which have chosen to apply their own guidelines on individual platforms.   Previously, researchers have investigated the natural gesture patterns of users by simulating a series of events and then give the user the ability to create interaction. This has been carried out with a group of users with no previous experience in this type of platform.   The present study had the objective to highlight if experience have an impact on how users may use advanced gestures. In addition, design principles within HCI where studied to see its relevance to gesture-based navigation.   The methodology for collecting data has been two workshops that focused on finding new uses for four unique gestures and a discussion workshop based on cards with questions.   From the data gathered from representatives its confirmed that past experiences have a major impact on the conceptual models of uses for advanced gestures. The results also show that representatives found the purposes for advanced gestures based on the needs that they themselves lacked in the current situation. The proposals that representatives developed for the gestures tended to be adapted to a narrow audience and expert functionality. This study, also confirmed that design principles of HCI has a huge impact on how we interact and perceive the use of digital artefacts, mainly regarding understanding, feedback, effectiveness and visibility.

Många företag har idag intranät som misslyckas med att möta användarnas behov och det mest förekommande klagomålet är att användarna inte hittar vad de letar efter. Detta leder till att företagen tappar både tid och pengar på att ha personal som inte kan nyttja systemet på ett effektivt sätt, vilket ofta leder till dyra utbildningskostnader och produktivitetsförluster. Den främsta anledningen till att information inte hittas är att det saknas en konsekvent navigation som ger tydliga indikationer på vart användaren ska ta sig för att finna det den letar efter. Design och struktur i gränssnitt spelar även en stor roll för hur användarna förstår och tolkar gränssnitt och ett klassiskt tillvägagångsätt för designers är att utveckla utifrån datorparadigmets grafiska gränssnitt, vars bekymmer oftast är att de tenderar att bli visuellt giriga och minneskrävande. Idag sker även en stark utveckling av mobila enheter och hur dess gränssnitt kan optimeras för att underlätta för användaren till den mobila kontexten och de begränsningar det medför. För att göra detta bör designers utveckla naturliga interaktioner vilket ska främja den kognitiva belastningen. I denna studie undersöks därför hur designriktlinjer för naturliga interaktioner och mobilitet påverkar användbarheten och användarvänligheten för arbete i en stationär datormiljö. Studien har genomförts på uppdrag av CLX Networks som skapar lösningar för bland annat sms, röst och data. Uppdraget har inneburit att förbättra företagets intranäts meny som ansetts bristfällig av CLX. I denna studie genomfördes först ett användartest på CLXs befintliga intranäts meny samt fem stycken intervjuer med de som arbetar med support som använder systemet, inom huvudområdena hittbarhet, handlingsbarhet, användbarhet och mobil användarvänlighet. Vidare gjordes en struktureringsmetod för att låta informanterna själva visualisera en tänkt meny. Resultaten från den empiriska studien användes för att skapa en interaktiv prototyp. Designprinciper för hittbarhet, handlingsbarhet, användbarhet och naturliga interaktioner har nyttjats i skapandet av den nya menyn. Utifrån de undersökningar som har genomförts i denna studie har det framkommit att designprinciper för naturlig interaktion och mobilitet har en positiv inverkan på användarvänligheten gällande menyn i grafiska gränssnitt i en stationär datormiljö. Studien visar även att en kombination av de två synsätten, naturliga interaktioner och datorparadigmet underlättar användandet och den kognitiva belastning som tidigare var ett bekymmer för de anställda. / Today many companies have intranet failing to meet the users need and the most frequent complaint is that users do not find what they are looking for. This leads companies to lose both time and money on having employees that are unable to utilize the system in a sufficient manner, which often leads to expensive educational costs and loss of productivity. The primary reason that information is not found is that there is a lack of a consistent navigation tool that clearly indicates where the user should go to find what he/she is looking for. Design and structure in an interface plays a large role when it comes to how users understand and interpret an interface. However, the difficulty is that it tends to be visually disruptive and provide a cognitive load. Currently are a strong development of mobile devices taking place and questions are raised regarding how these interfaces can be optimized to make it easier for the user. Especially, when it comes to the mobile context and the limitations it causes. To make it easier are designers advised to develop natural interactions which are supposed to ease the cognitive load. This study therefore explores how design principles stemming from natural interactions, together with the mobility, affect the usability and ease of use for work in a desktop environment. The study has been conducted upon request of CLX Networks, a company that provide solutions for, among others, sms, voice and data. The assignment has entailed suggestions of improvements of the company’s intranet menu, which has been considered as inadequate by CLX. In this study, a user test of CLX’s current intranet menu was performed as well as five interviews with employees that work and use the system. The interviews concerned the topics of findability, actability, usability and mobile usability. Continuously was a card sorting performed to let the informants themselves visualize a proposed menu. The results from the empirical investigation were used to create an interactive prototype. Design principles from findability, actability, usability and natural interactions have been utilized in the creation of the new menu. Based on the investigations performed in this study is it possible to conclude that design principles from natural interactions and the mobility have a positive influence on ease of use concerning the menu in the graphical interface in a desktop environment. The study also confirms that a combination of the two viewpoints, natural interactions and desktop paradigm that facilitate the usage and cognitive load, which previously was troublesome for the employees.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to research the environment in which the IT-artifact exist, rather than the IT-artifact itself. Researching how founders of software startups manage their growth strategies, by researching essential internal and external factors and how they are represented in the founder’s growth strategy. This thesis is interested in the growth journey of startups, therefore we will study both software startups and software SMEs (small medium size enterprise). Research question: How does strategic management choices in the internal and external environment affect growth for software startups? Method: In this research we use a deductive approach, furthermore a qualitative research method was applied in order to gain a deeper understanding about the companies researched to answer our research question. We applied a comparative case study design as we wanted to analyze different cases/ companies and compared them both to each other using more or less identical methods. Semi-structured interviews were used as our preliminary data collection method as it allowed for flexibility. Conclusion: There is no perfect management strategy for software startups to achieve growth. The software industry is complex and rapidly changing, therefore the need to adapt and change the strategy to internal and external environment is essential to achieve growth. This research shows that the three most important factors affecting management strategies for growth in software startups are; (1) customers, (2) competitive advantage and (3) culture. Talented employees influence all the internal and external factors though the entire growth journey, both startups and SMEs. As the startup grows into being an SME, the internal organization factors become more important as well as scalability to achieve growth. / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka den miljö i vilken IT-artefakten existerar, snarare än själva IT-artefakten. Denna studie syftar vidare till att undersöka hur grundare av software startups hanterar sina tillväxtstrategier, detta genom att undersöka viktiga interna och externa faktorer och hur de representeras i tillväxtstrategin. Denna studie syftar vidare till att studera tillväxt-resan för software startups, därför kommer vi studera både software startups och software SME:s (små och medelstora företag). Forskningsfråga: Hur påverkar strategiska managementval i den interna och externa miljön tillväxten för software startups? Metod: I denna forskning använder vi en deduktiv ansats, även en kvalitativ forskningsmetod användes för att få en djupare förståelse om de företag som studerades för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågan. Vi använde en komparativ design av fallstudier eftersom vi ville analysera olika fall/företag och jämföra dem med/mot varandra med mer eller mindre identiska metoder. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som vår preliminära metod för insamling av data eftersom det möjliggjorde flexibilitet i intervjuerna. Slutsats: Det finns ingen perfekt managementstrategi för software startups för att uppnå tillväxt. Programvaruindustrin (software) är komplex och förändras snabbt, därför är behovet av att anpassa och ändra strategin till intern och extern miljö avgörande för att uppnå tillväxt. Denna forskning visar att de tre viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar förvaltningsstrategier för tillväxt i software startups är; (1) kunder, (2) konkurrensfördel och (3) kultur. Talangfulla anställda påverkar alla dessa interna och externa faktorer genom hela tillväxtresan, både startups och små och medelstora företag (SME). När startups:en växer till att bli ett SME blir de interna organisations faktorerna viktigare samt skalbarhet för att uppnå tillväxt.

Bakgrund: På dagens arbetsmarknad råder det en hård konkurrens om kompetent personal. Organisationer har sett potentialen i att utvidga marknadsföringens användningsområde och skapa ett arbetsgivarvarumärke, ett så kallat employer brand(EB). Corporate social responsibility (CSR)-innehåll i en platsannons har visats ha enpositiv inverkan på organisationsattraktivitet, vilket är en dimension av EB. En särskiljning mellan olika aspekter av CSR i en platsannons har dock inte gjorts. Denna uppsats tar således upp denna stafettpinne och undersöker dessutom hur CSR kananvändas i syfte att organisationer ska kunna stärka sitt EB i syfte att attrahera kompetentpersonal. Att finna implikationer gällande generation Y:s preferenser kring CSR i förhållande till val av arbetsgivare anses som ett steg närmare målet att attrahera ung kompetent personal och således även ett steg närmare hållbar human resourcemanagement (HRM). Syfte: Att bidra med en vidare förståelse kring CSR:s betydelse i organisationers arbetemed att stärka sitt EB och på så sätt kunna attrahera kompetent personal i förhållande till individer inom en specifik kohort; generation Y. Metod: Utefter studiens syfte valdes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med mindre inslag av kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Fyra manipulerade platsannonser togs fram som undersökningsverktyg; en platsannons innehållande en lägre grad av CSR, en platsannons innehållande intern CSR, en platsannons innehållande extern CSR samt en platsannons innehållande en högre grad av CSR. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av tre experimentella fokusgrupper där respondenterna individuellt fick besvara tvåsvarsformulär. Vidare genomfördes en fokusgruppintervju med respektive experimentellfokusgrupp. Slutsats: Attraktiviteten gentemot en organisation ökar när CSR-innehållet ökar. Indikationer på att individer tillhörande generation Y finner intern CSR, i förhållande tillextern CSR, mer attraktivt vid val av arbetsgivare. Vidare indikeras att organisationer kan använda CSR i kampen om kompetent personal, särskilt intern CSR för att differentiera sig som arbetsgivare gentemot konkurrenter och således stärka sitt EB. / Background: In todays labor market, there is hard competition for competent staff. Organizations have seen the potential of expanding the scope of marketing and creatingan employer brand, a so-called employer brand (EB). Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) content in a job advertisement has been shown to have a positive impact onorganizational attractiveness, which is a dimension of EB. However, a distinctionbetween different aspects of CSR in a job advertisement has not been made. This essayaddresses this lack of research and also examines how CSR can be used in order fororganizations to strengthen their EB, in order to attract competent staff. Findingimplications regarding Generation Ys preferences around CSR in relation to choice ofemployer is considered as a step closer to the goal of attracting young competent staff andthus also one step closer to sustainable human resource management (HRM). Purpose: To contribute to a wider understanding of the importance of CSR in organizations' efforts to strengthen their EB, and thus attract competent staff in relation to individuals of a specific cohort; Generation Y. Methods: In coherence with the purpose of the study, a qualitative research method was chosen with a hint of emphasis on quantitative research methodology. Four manipulatedjob advertisements were presented as a research tool; a job advertisement containing alower degree of CSR, a job advertisement containing internal CSR, a job advertisement containing external CSR, and a job advertisement containing a higher degree of CSR. The study was conducted using three experimental focus groups where respondents individually responded to two response forms. Furthermore, a focus group interview was conducted with each experimental focus group. Conclusion: The attractiveness towards an organization increases as CSR contentincreases. There are indications that individuals of generation Y find internal CSRrelative to external CSR more attractive when choosing an employer. Furthermore, it isindicated that organizations can use CSR in the struggle for competent personnel, especially internal CSR, to differentiate themselves as employers against competitors, thus strengthening their EB.