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In order to meet higher performance demands on brushless motor controllers, motor feedback signals must meet correspondingly higher standards. Brushless motor controllers require angular feedback for motor commutation, and generally for one or more of the following: torque, velocity or position regulation. These feedback categories impose different requirements on the control system. In many brushless motor applications, sinusoidal encoders have significant advantages over square-wave encoders. Signal processing techniques for sinusoidal encoder feedback signals are considered in the context of a brushless motor positioning system. In particular, a method is presented for correcting gain and offset measurement errors based on ellipse-fitting techniques. / Master of Science

nÃo hà / O cenÃrio de incerteza no mercado de capitais brasileiro, durante o perÃodo eleitoral, contribuiu para a formaÃÃo de clusters de volatilidade, que tornou difÃcil a precificaÃÃo dos ativos negociados na bolsa brasileira. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa visa investigar se este cenÃrio de incerteza poderia ter acarretado na quebra de algum dos maiores bancos brasileiros com capital aberto. As aÃÃes dos bancos analisados foram: Banco do Brasil ON, Bradesco PN e ItaÃUnibanco PN. A MÃtrica para essa pesquisa foi a de Value-at-Risk (VaR). Dois desses modelos sÃo ditos incondicionais no que se refere à variÃncia: o VaR Gaussiano incondicional e o VaR Best Fitting incondicional. Os outros dois modelos sÃo chamados de condicionais, assumindo que a volatilidade varia ao longo do tempo. A mÃtrica que melhor representou as sÃries temporais atravÃs do Backtesting foi o VaR Logistic condicional. A partir da estimaÃÃo do melhor modelo, identificou-se que os bancos nÃo quebrariam, mas poderiam ter acumulado expressiva desvalorizaÃÃo. / The scenario of uncertainty in Brazilian capital market, during the election period, contributed to the formation of volatility clusters, that made it difficult to pricing of the securities traded on the Brazilian stock exchange. In this context, this research aims to investigate if this scenario of uncertainty could have led to the breakdown of some of the largest Brazilian banks with open market. The actions of the banks analyzed were: Bank of Brazil ON, Bradesco PN and ItaÃUnibanco PN. The metric for this research was to Value-at-Risk (VaR). Two models that are said unconditional as regards the variance: unconditional Gaussian VaR and VaR Best Fitting unconditionally. The other two are called conditional models, assuming that the volatility varies over time. The best metric that represented the time series by Backtesting was conditional Logistic VaR. From the estimation of the best model, it was identified that the banks would not break, but could have accumulated significant devaluation.

No description available.

L'étude de l'apparence de surfaces par analyse photométrique est un domaine de recherche actif, avec de nombreuses applications par exemple pour étudier de la qualité de surfaces, la rugosité des objets, leur apparence, etc. Le sujet de cette thèse concerne plus particulièrement l'étude de surfaces opaques, par l'acquisition de la géométrie et de la réflectance. Cela nous a conduit à une analyse des modèles mathématique de réflectance, permettant de représenter les matériaux. Afin d'offrir une description physiquement plausible des matériaux opaques, notre première contribution principale concerne la mise en oeuvre d'un modèle à base de microfacettes Lambertiennes interfacées. Il généralise différents modèles de la littérature incluant des surfaces planes diffuses ou spéculaires et rugueuses diffuses ou spéculaires grâce à trois paramètres physiques : couleur, rugosité et indice de réfraction. Il permet de prendre en compte la transmission des flux lumineux pénétrant sous la surface ainsi que les réflexions multiples entre microfacettes et de restituer les effets de rétrodiffusion lumineuse et d’anisotropie. Notre seconde contribution principale concerne la réalisation d'un système complet d'acquisition de la géométrie et de la réflectance d'objets à partir d'images HDR. Notre méthodologie correspond à une chaîne de reconstruction complète et automatique, uniquement à partir d'images, permettant d'obtenir un niveau de précision intéressant et un faible coût de mise en place et de temps de traitement comparé aux méthodes existantes. Notre méthode permet d'extraire des échantillons de réflectance suffisamment nombreux pour identifier les paramètres de modèles de réflectance avec les données acquises. / The study of surface appearance by photometric analysis is an active area of research, with various applications concerning the analysis of surface roughness or appearance ... The subject of this PhD dissertation relates to the study of opaque surfaces, through the acquisition of their geometry. Our study leads us to an analysis of mathematical reflectance models, for representing materials appearance. To provide a physically plausible description of opaque surfaces, the first major contribution concerns the implementation of a model based on Lambertian interfaced microfacets. This model generalizes several approaches often referenced in the literature, and includes flat diffuse or specular surfaces as well as diffuse or specular microfacets with three physically-based parameters: color, roughness and refractive index. It makes it possible to take into account the transmission of the light flux entering below the surface as well as multiple reflections between microfacets, while handling backscattering and anisotropy. The second main contribution of this work concerns the impolementation of a complete acquisition system for estimating geometry and reflectance from HDR images. Our methodology is based on a complete and automatic reconstruction framework, achieving a higher level of precision, a lower cost of implementation and a shorter processing time compared to photometry-based existing methods.

Detta är en kandidatuppsats i designteknik som innehåller en studie om hur flera kjolmodeller med olika trådriktningar skiljer sig virtuellt mot verkligt. På dagens modeföretag är de två främsta metoderna för avprovning verklig och virtuell som används i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Dessvärre har inte alla företag tillgång till virtuell-avprovning då detta är en kostsam investering för företagen och flera menar på att det inte blir likadant virtuellt som i verkligheten. För att bemöta dessa tankar har tre olika kjolmodeller konstruerats, blivit uppsydda och provats av verkligt respektive virtuellt. En enkät har därefter utformats och skickas ut till 30st konstruktörer i branschen. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan kjolarna med samma trådriktning. 3D simuleringsprogrammet CLO kan framhäva tygets mekaniska egenskaper och ge ett så likt resultat som möjligt. Baserat på denna studie är förhoppningen att fler företag ska våga investera och börja arbeta i 3D för att således minimera antal provplagg och värna mer om miljön. / This is a Final Bachelor Degree Thesis in design technology that investigate how several skirts with different grainlines differ in reality to virtually. The two most common methods for today's product development are garment fitting in 3D and physical fittings. Unfortunately, 3D fitting is a very expensive investment for a company and some argue that it does not become the same result virtual as in reality. To respond to these thoughts, three skirts has been constructed, sewn, and fitted virtual as physical. Thereafter, a questionnaire have been created and sent to 30 pattern makers. The results of the survey show that there are similarities between the skirts with the same grainlines. The 3D simulations program CLO has the opportunity to emphasize the mechanical properties of the fabric to give the same result as possible. Through this study, the hope is to encourage companies to invest and start working in 3D in order to minimize the number of sample garments and protect the environment.

Denna kandidatuppsats utfördes i samarbete med designteam från två svenska konfektionsföretag och riktas mot designteknik inom ämnesområdet textilteknologi. Studien syftar främst till att undersöka likheter och skillnader mellan 3D-avprovning och fysisk avprovning och vilka eventuella fördelar eller risker som 3D-avprovningar i så fall kan medföra i produktutvecklingen. Studien undersöker även, via uppföljningsintervju, designteamens upplevelser av att analysera 3D-avprovningar. Tidigare studier visar att företag i konfektionsbranschen använder 3D-avprovningar som verktyg för att bland annat reducera ledtiden i produktutvecklingen, genom att inte vara bundna till fysiska avprovningar och prototyper. Även om 3D-användning gör tidsbesparing möjlig så har fysisk avprovning en betydande faktor för produktens slutliga komfort och estetik. Respektive designteam, som inte hade erfarenhet av 3D, fick därför analysera och kommentera 5 stycken 3D-simulerade plagg. Dessa kommentarer jämfördes sedan med kommentarer från utförda designteamens fysiska avprovningar. Jämförelsen visade att designteamens önskade justeringar vid 3D-avprovning skulle medföra fler design- och mönsterändringar än vid fysisk avprovning. Detta tyder på att beslut som avgör plaggets passform och design inte bör utföras genom enbart 3D-avprovningar. Inga justeringar utfördes via beslut i 3D, endast fysiska avprovningar har legat som grund för designteamens eventuella vidare produktutveckling av plaggen. Hade designteamen däremot utfört justeringar baserat på 3D-avprovningar, parallellt med ändringar baserat på fysiska avprovningar, hade följande fysiska prototyper troligtvis medfört synliga skillnader i passform och design. Dock visade intervjuer med erfarna användare av 3D, samt uppföljningsintervjuerna med designteamen, att designteam kan använda 3D-teknik som kommunikationsverktyg, i ett tidigt skede i produktutvecklingen. Detta för att verifiera att designteamet har en gemensam uppfattning om plaggets generella utformning. / This bachelor’s thesis is written with a focus on design technology in the field of textile technology and was in a collaboration with design teams from two Swedish clothing companies. The study is primarily aimed to examine similarities and differences between 3D-fitting and physical fitting. The study also investigates what benefits or risks 3D-fitting might result in regarding the garment development. Further, the study examines each of the design team's individual experiences of analyzing 3D-fitting via follow-up interview. Previous studies show that companies in the clothing industry use 3D-fitting as a tool to reduced lead time in garment development, by not being tied to physical fitting and physical prototype. Although 3D use makes time saving possible, physical fitting is a significant factor for the comfort and aesthetics of the final garment. Each design team, having no prior experience in 3D, analyzed and commented on 5 pieces of 3D simulated garments. These comments were then compared with comments from the design teams’ physical fittings. The comparison showed that the design teams desired adjustments in 3D-fitting would result in more design and pattern changes than at the physical fitting. This indicates that decisions that effects deign or fit of the garment should not be performed only by decisions via 3D-fitting. No adjustments where done from decisions in 3D, only the physical fittings have been the basis for the design team's further product development of the garments. However, if the design team had made adjusted based on 3D fittings, in parallel with changes based on physical fittings, the following physical prototypes would likely show visible differences in fit and design. Interviews with experienced users of 3D, and follow-up interviews with the design teams, showed that design teams can use 3D technology as a communication tool, in the early stage of the garment development. This would be to verify that the design team has a common idea of garment's general design and fit.

The fitting room is an important part of a clothing store, it's often where the customer decides if they want to buy the garment or not. Therefore it is important that the customer can feel safe and comfortable when they are trying the clothing. A typical fitting room in Sweden today has only one bright spotlight that emits light either towards the face or from the ceiling above. This study explores possible lighting solutions that take into account the customer's experience in the fitting room. The study aim to increase understanding of the importance of a good light in fitting rooms, so that customers gets a nice experience and that clothes, body shape and facial features are shown in a natural way. The issue therefore included how lighting can affect the customer's perception of the clothing and how the perception of body shape, facial features and the clothes change in different lighting solutions. To answer these questions, observations were made in various clothing stores, followed by an experimental study divided into two parts. The first part was a practical part where trying different lighting directions were tested on a mannequin, which resulted in three selected lighting solutions. The second part was a full-scale study. 15 people evaluated a fitting room with three different lighting solutions. The result demonstrates the importance of natural shadows and contrasts on the face and body and that it is important to consider how light falls and avoid glare. This is done by well-placed or shielded fixtures and by using several different lighting directions. The lighting in fitting rooms should be adapted to the type of clothes and customer group. / Provrummet är en viktig del i en klädbutik, det är ofta där kunden beslutar om plagget ska köpas eller inte. Det är därför viktigt att kunden kan känna sig trygg och bekväm vid klädprovningen. Ett typiskt provrum i Sverige idag har endast en ljuspunkt som belyser kunden antingen rakt framifrån eller ovanifrån. I denna studie undersöks tänkbara belysningslösningar som tar hänsyn till kundens upplevelse i provrummet. Studiens syfte var att öka förståelsen för hur viktigt det är med en god belysning i provrum, för att kunden ska få en bra upplevelse och att kläderna, kroppens form och anletsdrag ska framhävas på ett naturligt sätt. Frågeställningen innefattade därför hur belysningen kan påverka kundens upplevelse av klädprovningen och hur upplevelsen av kroppens form, anletsdrag och kläderna förändras i olika belysningslösningar. För att besvara dessa frågor gjordes observationer i olika klädbutiker, därefter genomfördes en experimentell studie som delades in i två delar. Första delen var en praktiskt prövande del där olika ljusriktningar testades på en skyltdocka. Denna resulterade i tre belysningslösningar att gå vidare med. Andra delen var en fullskalestudie där ett provrum byggdes upp med de tre olika belysningslösningar som sedan 15 stycken personer fick studera med hjälp av ett frågeformulär. Resultatet visar på vikten av att belysningen skapar naturliga skuggor och kontraster på kropp och ansikte, och att det är viktigt att tänka på hur ljuset faller, samt att belysningen inte är bländande. Detta görs genom välplacerade eller avskärmade armaturer och med flera olika ljusriktningar. Studien visar att belysningen i provrum bör anpassas efter typ av kläder och kundgrupp.

In flexible fitting, the high-resolution crystal structure of a molecule is deformed to optimize its position with respect to a low-resolution density map. Solving the flexible fitting problem entails answering the following questions: (A) How can the crystal structure be deformed? (B) How can the term "optimum" be defined? and (C) How can the optimization problem be solved? In this dissertation, we answer the above questions in reverse order. (C) We develop PFCorr, a non-uniform SO(3)-Fourier-based tool to efficiently conduct rigid-body correlations over arbitrary subsets of the space of rigid-body motions. (B) We develop PF2Fit, a rigid-body fitting tool that provides several useful definitions of the optimal fit between the crystal structure and the density map while using PFCorr to search over the space of rigid-body motions (A) We develop PF3Fit, a flexible fitting tool that deforms the crystal structure with a hierarchical domain-based flexibility model while using PF2Fit to optimize the fit with the density map. Our contributions help us solve the rigid-body and flexible fitting problems in unique and advantageous ways. They also allow us to develop a generalized framework that extends, breadth-wise, to other problems in computational structural biology, including rigid-body and flexible docking, and depth-wise, to the question of interpreting the motions inherent to the crystal structure. Publicly-available implementations of each of the above tools additionally provide a window into the technically diverse fields of applied mathematics, structural biology, and 3D image processing, fields that we attempt, in this dissertation, to span. / text

Abstract The neutral B mesons B0 and B0s can under go flavor changing oscillations due to interactions by the weak force. Experiments which measure the frequency of these state transitions produce extremely noisy results that are difficult to analyse. A method for extracting the frequency of B mesons oscillations using the continuous wavelet transform is developed here. In this paper the physics of B meson mixing is related, leading to the derivation of a function describing the expected amount of mixing present in B0 and B0s meson decays. This result is then used to develop a new method for analysing the underlying frequency of oscillation in B mixing. An introduction to wavelet theory is provided in addition to details on interpreting daughter wavelet coefficient diagrams. Finally, the effectiveness of the analysis technique produced, referred to as the Template Fitting Method, is investigated through an application to data generated using Monte Carlo methods.