一、研究目的：彈性製造系統（ＦＭＳ）是近年來相當受到重視的生產系統，但如欲 使其發揮有效的生產功能，必須配合靈活的控制決策，其中，加工機排程決策與物料 搬運系統的控制決策扮演了重要的角色。本文以這兩項決策為討論的重點，希望達成 下列的目的：１）探討影響ＦＭＳ績效的重要變數有那些；２）探討加工機排程法則 與自動搬運車（ＡＧＶ）分派法則間的交互關係；３）在考慮系統狀況及目標數值之 下，決定加工機排程法則與ＡＧＶ分派法則的最適組合。 二、文獻：根據近年來國內外相關文獻顯示，對於加工機排程法則與物料搬運系統之 研究，多數採取獨立探討的觀點，不考慮二者之間的交互關係；然而實務上，此二者 的決策間具有相當密切的關係。此外，在以往的研究中，系統績效的評估多以流程時 間（FLOW TIME ）為主，但依據美國學術界在１９８６年所作實際調查結果，業者最 關心的卻為工件之準時交貨。 三、研究方法：本文建立一個一般化的ＦＭＳ模式，並採取非連續事件模擬方法來模 據系統的運作情形，藉以比較出不同決策法則所達成的系統績效。此外，並以相關分 析法求取系統績效與若干系統變數間的相關係數，藉以探討系統績效與系統變數間的 交互關係。 四、研究結果：１）影響ＦＭＳ系統績效的主要變數大致分為五類－－ＡＧＶ系統變 數、彈性加工中心（ＰＭＣ）系統變數、工件加工條件、產品需求狀況及其他影響因 素；２）經由模據分析發現：ａ）在一定工件抵達頻率下，以明顯延誤成本（ＡＴＣ ）排程法則有最佳的績效表現；ｂ）工件抵達頻率不同，則加工機排程法則與ＡＧＶ 分派法則的最適組合也隨之不同。

Canadian children have policy and infrastructure rich environments, but their physical activity levels are among the lowest in the world. The disconnection between opportunities to be active and actual physical activity suggests that factors other than policies and resources need to be investigated in the Canadian context. Finding ways to increase physical activity levels is critical in order for children to obtain adequate levels throughout childhood. Fundamental motor skill proficiency and positive perceptions of physical competence have been previously identified as factors that may contribute to physical activity engagement across childhood. This dissertation examined the developmental trajectories of fundamental motor skill proficiency (FMS), perceptions of physical competence (PPC), physical activity (MVPA), and sedentary behaviour (SB) from kindergarten to grade 2, in both cross-sectional and longitudinal samples of children. Three interrelated studies were conducted to address the overall purpose. The aim of study 1 was to examine the change in the relationship between fundamental motor skill proficiency and perceptions of physical competence from early to the beginning of middle childhood. The Test of Gross Motor Development–2 (TGMD- 2) and The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children were used to measure FMS and PPC from kindergarten to grade 2 (n=250). Motor skills improved from kindergarten to grade 2, while PPC was high in both kindergarten and grade 2. Mixed design analyses of variance revealed overall significant effects for object control skills and PPC from kindergarten to grade 2. Furthermore, boys had higher object control skills and girls had higher locomotor skills and perceived physical competence. The aim of study 2 was to examine the levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviours sequentially from kindergarten to grade 2. A sample of 176 cross-sectional and 21 longitudinal participants wore Actigraph GT1M accelerometers for ≥ 10hrs per day for 7 days to measure physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Physical activity levels were lower in grade 2, while sedentary behaviour was higher. Pearson product- moment correlations revealed sedentary behaviour tracked more consistently over time than MVPA or total physical activity. The aim of study 3 was to examine whether perceptions of physical competence mediated the relationship between motor competence as the predictor variable and both physical activity and sedentary behaviour as dependent variables among children in grade 2 or 3. The TGMD-2 measured FMS and Actigraph GT1M accelerometers measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour for 129 grade 2–3 children. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children and The Self- Perception Profile for Children were used to assess PPC. Overall, PPC did not mediate the relationship between object control skills and MVPA or SB. Also, the path between object control skills and MVPA was significant for boys as were the paths between MVPA and SB for boys and girls. / Graduate

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate how some high school students experience their school's health work as well as their view on/understanding of health. Since the study is conducted in collaboration with the Swedish Institute FMS particular attention will be paid to a special intervention, named FMS. The research questions read: How is health presented in the students’ stories about the school’s health work? Where does the school's health work take place according to the students' stories? How do the students experience the subject Sport and Health? How do the students experience FMS:s health intervention? Method: A qualitative method has been used where nine students have been interviewed individually with the ambition to understand the phenomenon from the interviewees own perspective. A total of 18 interviews have been conducted since all participating students were interviewed on two different occasions. Results: Health for the students is primarily about feeling good and having the energy to perform. The pathogenic perspective appears the most when talking about physical health, while the salutogenic perspective becomes clearer when they argue about mental health and even more clear in social health. When the students talk about the opportunities and difficulties they experience about their own health, it mainly involves physical activity and diet. Here is a picture of how students seem to be about improving their health by being physically active and eating "good". Occasions when it is not possible to be physically active or to eat "good" therefore means that the students experience a difficulty for their own health. The school’s health work seems to, according to the student’s stories, mainly take place in the subject of Sport and Health, which is a subject the majority experiences provides good information and is fun. All students experience that the health intervention FMS has given them a deeper insight into what they can and can not do and what they need to improve with themselves. Overall, the interviewees describe how they think the FMS has been very good and fun. Conclusions: Regardless of whether a health work has a pathogenic or salutogenic perspective is it important for the school to think about how health is expressed in education and other health initiatives as it can ultimately affect students' approach to their health. / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur några gymnasieelever upplever sin skolas hälsoarbete samt deras syn på/förståelse av hälsa. Då studien genomförs i samverkan med Svenska Institutet FMS kommer särskild uppmärksamhet att ägnas åt en speciell hälsoinsats, kallad FMS. Frågeställningarna lyder: Hur framställs hälsa i elevernas berättelser om skolans hälsoinsatser? Var sker skolans hälsoarbete enligt elevernas berättelser? Hur upplever eleverna ämnet Idrott och hälsa? Hur upplever eleverna FMS:s hälsoinsats? Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts där nio elever har intervjuats individuellt med ambitionen att förstå fenomenet ur de intervjuades egna perspektiv. Totalt har 18 intervjuer genomförts då samtliga deltagande elever intervjuades vid två olika tillfällen. Resultat: Hälsa för eleverna handlar främst om att må bra och att ha ork till att prestera. Det patogena perspektivet framträder starkast när de talar om fysisk hälsa, medan det salutogena perspektivet blir tydligare när de resonerar om psykisk hälsa och än tydligare vid social hälsa. När eleverna talar om vilka möjligheter och svårigheter de upplever kring den egna hälsan rör det främst fysisk aktivitet och kost. Här framträds en bild av hur det för eleverna verkar handla om att man ska främja sin hälsa genom att vara fysiskt aktiv och att äta ”bra”. Tillfällen då det inte är möjligt att vara fysiskt aktiv eller att äta ”bra” ter sig därför för eleverna till att upplevas som en svårighet för den egna hälsan.   Skolans hälsoarbete verkar enligt elevernas berättelser främst ske i ämnet Idrott och hälsa, vilket är ett ämne som majoriteten upplever ger bra information och är roligt. Hälsoinsatsen FMS upplevs av samtliga elever ha givit dem endjupare insikt i vad de kan och inte kan göra samt vad de behöver förbättra med sig själva. Det beskrivs överlag i intervjuerna hur de tycker att FMS har varit väldigt bra och roligt. Slutsats: Oavsett om ett hälsoarbete har en patogen eller salutogen utgångspunkt är det viktigt för skolan att fundera över hur hälsa kommer till uttryck i såväl undervisning som övriga hälsoinsatser då det i slutändan kan påverka elevers förhållningssätt till sin hälsa.

The thesis documents findings of a study conducted to develop a project based financial management system (PBFMS) whose role was viewed as a contributor to the successful delivery of projects leading to improved financial performance of small and medium construction enterprise (SMCEs). In particular, the PBFMS was viewed as a facilitator {function) for the efficient and effective conduction of the strategic management, project planning and control processes. Thus an adequate PBFMS was seen as one which, facilitates the efficient and effective delivery of projects with a view to provide enhanced enterprise performance. In pursuit of this aim, theory and practices relating to the development, operation and use of a PBFMS were investigated and analysed from both literature and field work leading to findings being reported in the thesis. In addition, the actual financial management systems of SMCEs were investigated to determine the extent to which their attributes match those of the proposed PBFMS model. The motivation for embarking on the study was brought about by three aspects observed in Botswana. Firstly, was the frequently documented poor delivery of projects, that is, for a sustained period of time, projects were being delivered beyond stipulated times, above agreed cost, and below specified quality. In some worst scenarios, projects were being abandoned at various stages execution but before completion. Secondly, the investigation was also prompted by the frequent financial failures of enterprises that were being recorded in the construction industry. Thirdly, the conduct of the proprietors of the construction enterprises was also frequently circumspect, particularly in matters relating to financial management. Thus in pursuing the study, a number of premises were made. Firstly, the financial management systems of the SMCEs were considered inadequate to fulfil their functions, that is, they were incapable of facilitating the strategic management, project planning and control process. It was also speculated that management of SMCEs were not committed to the PBFMS i.e. they did not participate, get involved and did not comply with the policies regarding the planning, developing, and operation of financial management systems. As a result, PBFMS were unable to play their role of facilitating to the successful delivery of projects for improved contribution to the financial performance of SMCEs. The second premise was that financial models available are either too generic to guide SMCEs in financial management matters or the strategic component is not linked to the operational plans to execute the strategy. For those which are meant for construction enterprises, they normally prescribe practices for project planning and control without including the strategic element and vice versa. In essence there is a gap in each of the models available for use by the SMCEs. It is the closing of this perceived gap in knowledge that the results of the thesis contribute in finding a solution to the mentioned problem. Thus the study aimed at answering two research questions: (i) Do SMCEs have adequate PBFMS that facilitate the effective delivery of projects for enhanced financial performance? and (ii) Is there a relationship between the adequacy PBFMS and poor performance of SMCEs? To facilitate the answering of these two question two hypothesis were formulated namely: Hoi: The PBFMS of SMCEs are adequate to facilitate the delivery of projects; and Ho2: The adequacy of the PBFMS is positively correlated with the performance of SMCEs. To test the two questions a research process was planned and executed in several steps. Firstly, a survey strategy using the questionnaire was selected as the most appropriate method to provide a snap shot of the existence of attributes of PBFMS and to investigate associated practices relating to their development and operation. The method was considered more appropriate and effective in gathering large data in a short space of time in line with the doctoral time framework. Construction enterprises registered with Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board (PPADB) for building and civil work in classes A, B, C and D were surveyed. The internal quantity surveyor, estimator or accountant were requested to respond on matters relating PBFMS on behalf of the SMCEs. The sampling frame from which the SMCEs considered for study were obtained from the two government departments which work closely with PPADB, the Department of Building and Engineering Services (DBES) and Department of Roads (DR). The sample sizes for each group category (small and medium) were determined using Krajcie and Morgan (1970) table. Stratified and systematic random sampling was used to select the identity of the members to form a sample fro study from the sampling frame. The second step was to design the questionnaire to probe the three aspects identified as constituting the PBFMS namely the strategic management; project planning and control; and management commitment. Essentially the questionnaire sought to investigate the knowledge, tools, techniques, practices, opinions and attitudes of those who design, develop, operate and use the PBFMS in the SMCEs. To ensure a high quality design, the questionnaire was given to experts in the subject area to provide some comments on its suitability and was also piloted on four enterprises. Data collected was analysed using mainly the SPSS software and involved application of various statistical techniques including cross-tabs, ratio analysis, ttests and correlational tests. A total of 101 completed questionnaires were received, made up of 55% and 46% small and medium enterprises, respectively. The demographic profile of SMCEs confirmed some of the expected results, for example, majority (59%) of the respondents were owner/managers confirming the dominance of the owner in SMCEs. Majority of SMCEs (59%) were more than 9 years old, with medium enterprises being more mature (60% older than 9 years) than the small sized enterprises (49% older than 9 years). Majority (56%) of SMCEs had 10 or more employees, with medium sized enterprises having more employees (75% with 10 or more) than the small sized enterprises (42% with 10 or more). SMCEs performed more of building work alone (48%) than both building and civil work (48%) or maintenance (11%) and no enterprise performed civil work (0%) alone. Majority of SMCEs (65%) acted as main contractors as opposed to sub-contractors, though as expected sub-contracting was seen more in small (20%) than medium (10%) enterprises. Lastly, the public sector (central and local authorities) provided majority (65%) of the SMCEs jobs. However, if parastatals which are wholly owned by government were added, the public sector job market adds up to 73% (65%+8%). The testing of the major two major hypothesis resulted in the following conclusion. The results indicated that the first hypothesis was supported, that is, in a majority of SMCEs operating in Botswana the PBFMS were found to be adequate in facilitating the delivery of projects. The results were therefore not in agreement with the basic premise made at the commencement of the study. In view of the finding, it suggests that SMCEs in Botswana have adequate systems that support the efficient and effective project planning and control. Secondly, management is committed to the 'welfare' of the PBFMS in terms of complying and supporting their development and operation. However, like any human endeavour, there are weaknesses in the PBFMS, for example, they were found inadequate in facilitating the strategic management process, including lack of linking the process to the operational process in order to execute the strategy. They were also found weak in one of the most crucial process of project management; that of project control. The second major investigation showed a weak link between the adequacy of a PBFMS and performance. Secondly, the results also indicated that the SMCEs which had adequate PBFMS performed better than their counterparts. The first results were not surprising since the cause of poor performance were shown as three pillars (business environment, client/representatives and enterprise factors). However, the second results emphasise that SMCEs with adequate PBFMS posted better performance than their counterparts with inadequate systems. In this way the role of PBFMS in contributing to better performance was illustrated by the results. Some recommendations are proposed resulting from the findings and how to achieve a deeper understanding of the subject. Firstly, SMCEs should pay more attention to matters pertaining to strategic management to ensure a long-term view of their enterprises. Secondly, when a strategic plan is developed, it must be implemented through operational plans as a means of executing the strategy. Thirdly, concerted effort should made in ensuring that the projects are controlled as it is the only way to achieve sustained profitability and satisfied customers. Fourthly, as a way of providing a deeper understanding of the subject, it is suggested a longitudinal study could be undertaken to yield a more encompassing investigation than a cross sectional study which captured only one business cycle of the industry (down turn). Lastly, the study could be replicated in another industry with a similar profile like the construction industry in Botswana, for example, Namibia or/and the study could include large enterprises to provide means of comparing the different profiles of enterprises. / Business Management / D. B. L.

The subject of this thesis is a suggestion on mechanism for automatic interfacing of boring and facing heads with CNC U-axis on horizontal machining centres made in Tajmac-ZPS company. The thesis is terminated in modal analysis which is done in the point of view of the constructed boring head´s behaviour.

There have been numerous studies on formal methods but little utilisation of formal methods in the commercial world. This can be attributed to many factors, such as that few specialists know how to use formal methods. Moreover, the use of mathematical notation leads to the perception that formal methods are difficult. Formal methods can be described as system design methods by which complex computer systems are built using mathematical notation and logic. Formal methods have been used in the software development world since 1940, that is to say, from the earliest stage of computer development. To date, there has been a slow adoption of formal methods, which are mostly used for mission-critical projects in, for example, the military and the aviation industry. Researchers worldwide are conducting studies on formal methods, but the research mostly deals with path planning and control and not the runtime verification of autonomous systems. The main focus of this dissertation is the question of how to increase the pace at which formal methods are adopted in the business or commercial world. As part of this dissertation, a framework was developed to facilitate the use of formal methods in the commercial world. The framework mainly focuses on education, support tools, buy-in and remuneration. The framework was validated using a case study to illustrate its practicality. This dissertation also focuses on different types of formal methods and how they are used, as well as the link between formal methods and other software development techniques. An ERP system specification is presented in both natural language (informal) and formal notation, which demonstrates how a formal specification can be derived from an informal specification using the enhanced established strategy for constructing a Z specification as a guideline. Success stories of companies that are applying formal methods in the commercial world are also presented. / School of Computing

: leaves 122-134 / There have been numerous studies on formal methods but little utilisation of formal methods in the commercial world. This can be attributed to many factors, such as that few specialists know how to use formal methods. Moreover, the use of mathematical notation leads to the perception that formal methods are difficult. Formal methods can be described as system design methods by which complex computer systems are built using mathematical notation and logic. Formal methods have been used in the software development world since 1940, that is to say, from the earliest stage of computer development. To date, there has been a slow adoption of formal methods, which are mostly used for mission-critical projects in, for example, the military and the aviation industry. Researchers worldwide are conducting studies on formal methods, but the research mostly deals with path planning and control and not the runtime verification of autonomous systems. The main focus of this dissertation is the question of how to increase the pace at which formal methods are adopted in the business or commercial world. As part of this dissertation, a framework was developed to facilitate the use of formal methods in the commercial world. The framework mainly focuses on education, support tools, buy-in and remuneration. The framework was validated using a case study to illustrate its practicality. This dissertation also focuses on different types of formal methods and how they are used, as well as the link between formal methods and other software development techniques. An ERP system specification is presented in both natural language (informal) and formal notation, which demonstrates how a formal specification can be derived from an informal specification using the enhanced established strategy for constructing a Z specification as a guideline. Success stories of companies that are applying formal methods in the commercial world are also presented. / School of Computing / M. Sc. (Computing)

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多樣少量的生產型態乃是傳統式工廠於１９８０年代所面臨的最大衝擊之一，而彈性 製造系統則是傳統式工廠舒解其困境並獲致競爭優勢之最佳武器，一般而言，彈性製 造系統包括綜合加工中心、物料搬運系統及電腦控制三大子系統，而根據統計顯示工 件實際在機器上加工作業之時間僅佔其在系統中總時間之３５％左右，其耗費在等待 、搬運及儲存之時間卻高達６５％，故物料搬運系統影響系統作業績效之巨，由此可 見一斑，本研究之研究目的即針對以無人搬運車構成彈性製造系統之自動搬運系統時 ，探討搬運系統之設計與控制原則，藉此使廠商能有較進一步的認識，並可作為日後 規劃與設計之依據。許多文獻報告都採用等候理論、數學規劃等技術來進行這方面之 研究，雖然其優點在於簡單、迅速可求得最佳研究，但卻無法反應系統的真車狀況， 故本研究方法仍使用非連續－事件（Discrete-Event）模擬技術模擬自動搬運系統， 來評估系統各種設計與控制方案之作業績效，以推導出一般之原則，雖然模擬較為複 雜及耗時，不過其較能符合實際之要求。本研究首先依據已知之機器佈置、機器數目 、工件的加工條件與加工時間以及工件之到達率等條件，找出無人搬運車之最適搬運 路徑（Routes），然後決定搬運車應有之數目與速度，以及無人搬運車所配備充電電 池之最低容量（Capacity）需求，最後並透過模據評估無人搬運車各項派車方式對系 統績效之影響。本研究發現第一、無人搬運車之路徑選擇影響系統之作業績效甚巨， 而其路徑之決定原則不只在使搬運車承載工件之搬運總長度最小，尚要考慮搬運車空 車行走之總長度，第二、搬運車之數目與速度對系統之產出有顯著之影響，第三、無 人搬運車之最低電池容量可由模擬中搬運車每次生，產週期之平均利用率推算出，如 此可避免電池容量超出所需之成本增加，同時也能防止搬運車於生產過程中耗盡電池 ，而需更換電池或充電之時間浪費，第四、搬運車之派工方式對系統績效有顯著之影 響。