Muitas pesquisas tem sido feitas em processamento digital de sinais (PDS) na tentativa de se avaliar o sinal de fala para diagnosticar doenças da laringe. Medidas acústicas têm sido propostas de forma a avaliar indiretamente o trato glotal por meio do sinal de voz coletado através de microfone convencional. Para isso, o modelo paramétrico Liljencrants-Fant (LF) foi desenvolvido para representar o sinal glotal em condições normais e patológicas. Tais parâmetros apresentam vantagens sobre medidas acústicas por possuírem características fisiológicas reais das pregas vocais. Assim, podendo ser empregados para identificação de doenças da laringe. Além da estimação dos parâmetros LF, no domínio do tempo (parâmetros T), a forma de onda da derivativa glotal também pôde ser quantificada através dos parâmetros identificados na literatura por parâmetros R (Rd, Ra, Rk e Rg), parâmetros quocientes Q (SQ, OQ, CQ, AQ e NAQ), parâmetros B1 e B2 que são as extensões de bandas do pulso derivativo LF, e o parâmetro ece, que relaciona os parâmetros &#946 e Ta. Os parâmetros B1 e B2 e ece apesar de serem propostos na literatura, não são encontrados resultados diferentes a essas duas medidas. Os resultados mostraram que os parâmetros B não foram confiáveis na discriminação entre as vozes, por outro lado, o parâmetro ece mostrou-se ser opção na discriminação entre as vozes normais, nódulo e Reinke. O objetivo deste trabalho é direcionar a atenção sobre o sinal glotal, estimando-o automaticamente mediante técnicas de PDS aplicadas ao sinal de fala, visando extrair parâmetros que identifiquem as condições normais e patológicas da laringe. Por fim foram propostos os parâmetros TRp e TRs, visando dissociar os efeitos de primeira ordem dos de ordem superior na fase de retorno do pulso glotal com a finalidade de estimar a real não-linearidade do sub-sistema glotal, retratando as condições normais e patológicas da laringe. Por fim foram propostos os parâmetros TRp e TRs, visando dissociar os efeitos de primeira ordem dos de ordem superior na fase de retorno do pulso glotal com a finalidade de estimar a real não-linearidade do sub-sistema glotal, retratando as condições fisiológicas do movimento das pregas vocais. Com um nível de confiança de 95%, o parâmetro de primeira ordem (TRp) é efetivo na discriminação do Edema de Reinke, porém mostrou-se ineficaz na detecção do nódulo. Em relação ao parâmetro de ordem superior, conclui-se que o TRs é um excelente detetor de vozes patológicas (nódulo e Edema de Reinke), porém não é capaz de discriminar as patologias. / Many researches has been conducted in digital signal processing (DSP) atempting to evaluate the physiological conditions of larynx. Acoustical parameters have been proposed to evaluate the glotal tract from voice signal. One technique proposed is the Liljencrants-Fant model (LF) developed to represent normal and pathologic conditions of the larynx. Those parameters compare favourably as far as real physiologic characteristic of vocal folds is concerned. So, a primary use of the model is the larynx pathologic identification. Beyond LF parameters estimation, (T parameters in the time domain), the waveform of glotal pulse derivative also can be quantified through, R parameters (Rd, Ra, Rk and Rg), quocient parameters (SQ, OQ, CQ, AQ and NAQ), B parameters (B1 and B2) that are band extension of the LF glotal pulse derivative and the ece parameter that in fact, is a relationship between &#946 and Ta. Although proposed in the literature, no results are found, related to B and ece parameters. Our founds show that B parameters do not present good results in voice discrimination, however, ece parameter seems to be good option to discriminate normal voice, nodulo and Reinke edema. The main purpose of this work is to estimate the glotal signal from the voice signal using DSP techniques in order to obtain parameters that identifies the physiological larynx condition. In order to estimate the shape of return phase of glotal pulse, twoparameters have been proposed in this work. The first one evaluates the pulse (TRp, in other words, the first order component of the return phase. The second is responsible to evaluate superior orders components of the return phase (TRs), i.e, the non-linear component of the glotal pulse. With 95% of confidence level, TRp is effective in Reinke edema discrimination however it is inefficient for nodule e dection. By the other hand, the TRs parameter works well to detect pathologic voice however is unable to discriminated them.

The aim of this thesis was to describe the evolution of body size, level of motor and physical skills of children aged 13 and 15 years. The research was carried out in primary schools in the South Bohemian Region. The results were processed for each age group separately, they were compared with the reference files and are presented in tables and graphs. To compare the files, there was used Student´s T-test and Z-score. The boys also filled in a questionnaire in which they answered how often in sports and what sports they pursue. A similar questionnaire was presented to their parents. Questionnaires were also focused on diet and nutrition.

Muitas pesquisas tem sido feitas em processamento digital de sinais (PDS) na tentativa de se avaliar o sinal de fala para diagnosticar doenças da laringe. Medidas acústicas têm sido propostas de forma a avaliar indiretamente o trato glotal por meio do sinal de voz coletado através de microfone convencional. Para isso, o modelo paramétrico Liljencrants-Fant (LF) foi desenvolvido para representar o sinal glotal em condições normais e patológicas. Tais parâmetros apresentam vantagens sobre medidas acústicas por possuírem características fisiológicas reais das pregas vocais. Assim, podendo ser empregados para identificação de doenças da laringe. Além da estimação dos parâmetros LF, no domínio do tempo (parâmetros T), a forma de onda da derivativa glotal também pôde ser quantificada através dos parâmetros identificados na literatura por parâmetros R (Rd, Ra, Rk e Rg), parâmetros quocientes Q (SQ, OQ, CQ, AQ e NAQ), parâmetros B1 e B2 que são as extensões de bandas do pulso derivativo LF, e o parâmetro ece, que relaciona os parâmetros &#946 e Ta. Os parâmetros B1 e B2 e ece apesar de serem propostos na literatura, não são encontrados resultados diferentes a essas duas medidas. Os resultados mostraram que os parâmetros B não foram confiáveis na discriminação entre as vozes, por outro lado, o parâmetro ece mostrou-se ser opção na discriminação entre as vozes normais, nódulo e Reinke. O objetivo deste trabalho é direcionar a atenção sobre o sinal glotal, estimando-o automaticamente mediante técnicas de PDS aplicadas ao sinal de fala, visando extrair parâmetros que identifiquem as condições normais e patológicas da laringe. Por fim foram propostos os parâmetros TRp e TRs, visando dissociar os efeitos de primeira ordem dos de ordem superior na fase de retorno do pulso glotal com a finalidade de estimar a real não-linearidade do sub-sistema glotal, retratando as condições normais e patológicas da laringe. Por fim foram propostos os parâmetros TRp e TRs, visando dissociar os efeitos de primeira ordem dos de ordem superior na fase de retorno do pulso glotal com a finalidade de estimar a real não-linearidade do sub-sistema glotal, retratando as condições fisiológicas do movimento das pregas vocais. Com um nível de confiança de 95%, o parâmetro de primeira ordem (TRp) é efetivo na discriminação do Edema de Reinke, porém mostrou-se ineficaz na detecção do nódulo. Em relação ao parâmetro de ordem superior, conclui-se que o TRs é um excelente detetor de vozes patológicas (nódulo e Edema de Reinke), porém não é capaz de discriminar as patologias. / Many researches has been conducted in digital signal processing (DSP) atempting to evaluate the physiological conditions of larynx. Acoustical parameters have been proposed to evaluate the glotal tract from voice signal. One technique proposed is the Liljencrants-Fant model (LF) developed to represent normal and pathologic conditions of the larynx. Those parameters compare favourably as far as real physiologic characteristic of vocal folds is concerned. So, a primary use of the model is the larynx pathologic identification. Beyond LF parameters estimation, (T parameters in the time domain), the waveform of glotal pulse derivative also can be quantified through, R parameters (Rd, Ra, Rk and Rg), quocient parameters (SQ, OQ, CQ, AQ and NAQ), B parameters (B1 and B2) that are band extension of the LF glotal pulse derivative and the ece parameter that in fact, is a relationship between &#946 and Ta. Although proposed in the literature, no results are found, related to B and ece parameters. Our founds show that B parameters do not present good results in voice discrimination, however, ece parameter seems to be good option to discriminate normal voice, nodulo and Reinke edema. The main purpose of this work is to estimate the glotal signal from the voice signal using DSP techniques in order to obtain parameters that identifies the physiological larynx condition. In order to estimate the shape of return phase of glotal pulse, twoparameters have been proposed in this work. The first one evaluates the pulse (TRp, in other words, the first order component of the return phase. The second is responsible to evaluate superior orders components of the return phase (TRs), i.e, the non-linear component of the glotal pulse. With 95% of confidence level, TRp is effective in Reinke edema discrimination however it is inefficient for nodule e dection. By the other hand, the TRs parameter works well to detect pathologic voice however is unable to discriminated them.

The following master thesis deals with creating a computational model for acoustic wave distribution by the human vocal tract and then the space around a human head. Detailed mapping of the sound field around the human head is important for more accurate measurement of the human voice. Part of this work is the creation of three-dimensional finite element model of the human head and the vocal tract during phonation of the vowel /:a/ based on the data from the computational tomography. Further the literature search of the function of the vocal tract, biomechanics of the making of the human voice, an overview of the computational models so far published in the literature and in literature reported measurements of the distribution of the human voice by the vocal tract and then in the space around the head . The following is the actual numerical solution of the acoustic waves distribution from the vocal cords through the vocal tract and then the space around the human head when thinking of acoustic absorption on the walls of the vocal tract and on the skin of the head for different types of waking of the model. The results are compared with previously published measurements of the distribution of the human voice and mainly the distortion of the frequency spectra at each specific node in the space around the head and in its vicinity of where the sensor microphones are typically placed are analyzed. Results of the computational modeling will eventually be used for frequency correction for various positions of the microphones scanning the voice distribution in its diagnosis, speech or singing.

[pt] Seja F uma função definida de um espaço de Banach real X para um espaço de Banach real Y e g um ponto pertencente a Y. Descrevemos um algoritmo para calcular as soluções u da equação F de u igual a g. Inicialmente, o algoritmo parte de uma curva c no domínio, a qual é escolhida de modo a interceptar substancialmente o conjunto crítico de F. Calculamos através de métodos de continuação uma componente da imagem inversa de F de c e definimos essa componente de forma abstrata: grafo completamente espelhado. Claramente, os métodos de continuação padrão têm melhores chances de sucesso em diferentes pontos iniciais. Fornecemos argumentos geométricos para a abundância ocasional de soluções e uma busca estruturada dessas. Três exemplos são considerados detalhadamente. O primeiro é uma função do plano no plano, em que podemos validar os resultados com auxílio de um software. O segundo conjunto de exemplos é obtido a partir da discretização de um problema de Sturm-Liouville não linear com um número inesperado de soluções. Por último, calculamos as seis soluções aproximadas de um problema estudado por Solimini. / [en] Let F be a definite function from a real Banach space X to a real Banach space Y and g a point belonging to Y. We describe an algorithm for calculating the solutions u of the equation F of u equal to g. Initially, the algorithm starts from a curve c in the domain, which is chosen so as to substantially intercept the critical set of F. We calculate through continuation methods a component of the inverse image of F of c and define this component in an abstract way: graph completely mirrored. Clearly, standard continuation methods have better chances of success at different starting points. We provide geometric arguments for the occasional abundance of solutions and a structured search for these. Three examples are considered in detail. The first is a function of the plan in the plan, in which we can validate the results with the help of software. The second set of examples is obtained from the discretization of a non-linear Sturm-Liouville problem with an unexpected number of solutions. Finally, we calculate the six approximate solutions of a problem studied by Solimini.

Während wir Konversationen führen, senden wir akustische Signale, die nicht nur den Inhalt des Gesprächs betreffen, sondern auch eine Fülle an Informationen über den Sprecher liefern. Traditionellerweise wurden Sprachverständnis und Sprechererkennung als zwei voneinander unabhängige Prozesse betrachtet. Neuere Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch eine Integration in der Verarbeitung von Sprach- und Sprecher-Information. In dieser Dissertation liefere ich weitere empirische Evidenz dafür, dass Prozesse des Sprachverstehens und der Sprechererkennung auf neuronaler und behavioraler Ebene miteinander interagieren. In Studie 1 präsentiere ich die Ergebnisse eines Experiments, das funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) nutzte, um die neuronalen Grundlagen des Sprachverstehens unter wechselnden Sprecherbedingungen zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie deuten auf einen neuronalen Mechanismus hin, der funktionelle Interaktionen zwischen sprach- und sprecher-sensitiven Arealen der linken und rechten Hirnhälfte nutzt, um das korrekte Verstehen von Sprache im Kontext von Sprecherwechseln zu gewährleisten. Dieser Mechanismus impliziert, dass die Sprachverarbeitung, einschließlich des Erkennens von linguistischer Prosodie, vornehmlich von Arealen der linken Hemisphäre unterstützt wird. In Studie 2 präsentiere ich zwei fMRT-Experimente, die die hemisphärische Lateralisierung der Erkennung von linguistischer Prosodie im Vergleich zur Erkennung der Sprachmitteilung respektive der Sprecheridentität untersuchten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine deutliche Beteiligung von Arealen in der linken Hirnhälfte, wenn linguistische Prosodie mit Sprecheridentität verglichen wurde. Studie 3 untersuchte, unter welchen Bedingungen Hörer von vorheriger Bekanntheit mit einem Sprecher profitieren. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Hörer akustische Sprecher-Information implizit während einer Sprach-Aufgabe lernen und dass sie diese Information nutzen, um ihr Sprachverständnis zu verbessern. / During natural conversation, we send rich acoustic signals that do not only determine the content of conversation but also provide a wealth of information about the person speaking. Traditionally, the question of how we understand speech has been studied separately from the question of how we recognize the person speaking either implicitly or explicitly assuming that speech and speaker recognition are two independent processes. Recent studies, however, suggest integration in the processing of speech and speaker information. In this thesis, I provide further empirical evidence that processes involved in the analysis of speech and speaker information interact on the neural and behavioral level. In Study 1, I present data from an experiment which used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural basis for speech recognition under varying speaker conditions. The results of this study suggest a neural mechanism that exploits functional interactions between speech- and speaker-sensitive areas in left and right hemispheres to allow for robust speech recognition in the context of speaker variations. This mechanism assumes that speech recognition, including the recognition of linguistic prosody, predominantly involves areas in the left hemisphere. In Study 2, I present two fMRI experiments that investigated the hemispheric lateralization of linguistic prosody recognition in comparison to the recognition of the speech message and speaker identity, respectively. The results showed a clear left-lateralization when recognition of linguistic prosody was compared to speaker recognition. Study 3 investigated under which conditions listeners benefit from prior exposure to a speaker''s voice in speech recognition. The results suggest that listeners implicitly learn acoustic speaker information during a speech task and use such information to improve comprehension of speech in noise.

A belt of Early Proterozoic rocks crops out in the Cottonwood Cliffs area, northwest Arizona. The belt contains an eastern and a western assemblage separated by the Slate Mountain fault. The western assemblage consists of mafic to felsic metavolcanic rocks, metapelites, and metaconglomerates. The eastern assemblage consists of phyllites, felsic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks, metagraywackes, and metagabbro bodies. The belt is bounded to the east by foliated granodiorite. The Valentine granite intruded the belt on the west and north. Steeply-plunging lineations and fold axes, and northeast-trending vertical foliation dominate the structural fabric. The regional elongation direction is near-vertical, as indicated by mineral and pebble lineations, and is parallel to fold axes. Although only one deformational event is evident, the intensity of that event may have obliterated evidence of any earlier deformation. Tertiary basalts and the Peach Springs Tuff locally overly the metamorphic rocks. Cenozoic normal faults in the area are mostly of minor displacement.

The present study provides the results of detailed mapping and analysis of structures encountered in Seguelen pit of Siguiri gold mine, Guinea, where the Siguiri mine is geo-tectonically located in the Baoulé-Mossi domain of Man Shield in West African craton. The gold deposit is hosted in low-grade metamorphic sediments of turbidites sequences which form part of the Lower Proterozoic of Birimian Super group. Three rock formations of Balato, Fatoya and Kintinian underlay the overall pits. The Siguiri gold mine is characterized by the deep weathering profile, developed over the rocks reaching 200 m below the surface in some areas and often capped by the lateritic gravel or duricrust. The rock formations at Seguelen area are characterised by strong bedding monotonously dipping towards SW and trending NW-SE. The lithology of the host rocks has strong control on the disseminated mineralisation throughout the deposit. Two domains of rock formations are clearly distinguished at Seguelen:  Fatoya Formation(Ffm) domain ; and  Kintinian Formation (Kfm) domain. The two domains are separated by a contact zone of 1.7 m wide parallel to bedding and characterised by the presence of quartz fragments as well as thinly sheeted shale and black shale. This contact zone is identified as disconformity. The major tectonic deformation which has affected the region is known as D2 corresponding to the Eburnean orogeny. The major D2 related structures is the regional thrust striking N-S over an area of 12 km long and 3 km wide and within which corridors all Siguiri gold Mine open pits are located. In the N-S trending structures, there is east-northeast shortening and north-northwest extension. There is pervasive hydrothermal alteration (carbonatization and sideritization) and supergene alteration in the all pits. The hydrothermal alteration attests the intensity of hydrothermal fluid-flow over the host rocks. The hydrothermal fluids flowed along the fractures and within the wall rocks through bedding plans to form numerous auriferous quartz veins bearing disseminated sulphides through chemical reaction between fluids and wall rocks, which are remarkable at Seguelen pit. Three quartz vein sets are distinguished at Seguelen:  NNE-SSW quartz vein set  NE-SW quartz vein set  NW-SE quartz vein set The NE-SW and NNE-SSW quartz veins are often lenticular and associated with the bulk mineralisation.

The word endogenic means growing or proceeding from within, it is commonly used to describe the process of tectonic movement and earth crust formation caused by the extrusion of magmatic material. My project is a metaphorical exploration of the geological term “endogenic process” as well as an exploration of a design approach based on the term.The work explores soft form-bearing structures and textile bodies that contrast in relation to the hard framework of the rectangular room. It touches on material hierarchies in the living environment and the field of spatial design. The research explores the relationship between interior bodies and spatial frameworks. It aims to highlight the importance of the subject within the framework of the rectangular space that divides the interior of most buildings. My work involves exploring the endogenic process as a way of relating to the creative process and through the use of soft structures and drapery creating furniture that engages people with the spatial framework of the rectangular room. It is an exploration of spatial furniture that constitutes a connection and physical involvement between bodies and space, a kind of furniture providing a multiplicity of possibilities.

Veckbildning i bitumenbaserade tätskiktmattor är ett problem som är känt i branschen. Problemet uppstår oftast på underlagstak av trä som är byggda under årets fuktigaste period, oktober-november, och vecken börjar då att bildas i slutet av våren i takt med den ökande solinstrålningen. Vecken bildas när underlagstaket torkar ut och krymper, det leder till att tätskiktets infästningspunkter skjuts ihop och ett materialöverskott av tätskiktsmatta bildas – ett tillräckligt stort materialöverskott visar sig i form av ett veck. Idag kan veckbildningen leda till att tätskiktsmattor måste bytas ut av estetiska skäl. Denna rapport utreder vilka faktorer som påverkar risken för veckbildning. Rörelser i både trä och tätskikt har studerats. Träets rörelser är direkt beroende av dess fuktkvot, när träet torkar ut krymper det också. För att utreda de faktorer som påverkar träets fuktighet har fuktberäknings-programmet WUFI använts. WUFI har nyttjats för att göra en parameterstudie där olika parametrar har jämförts, till exempel: platser i landet, inbyggnadsfuktkvoter, tidpunkter för inbyggnad etc. Till skillnad från de flesta andra material krymper bitumenbaserade tätskikt initialt till följd av uppvärmning från solen. Hur träet och tätskiktet påverkar varandra till följd av deras inbördes rörelser har utretts i form av en hypotes. Antagandet utgår från att tätskiktets mekaniska infästningspunkter i underlagstaket är en viktig del - ju kortare avstånd mellan infästningspunkterna, desto högre är risken för veckbildning. Beräkningar, utifrån antagandet, har gjorts för att kunna jämföra olika utföranden med varandra. Faktorer som leder till minskad risk för veckbildning är att minska fuktkvotsändringen och därmed fuktrörelserna genom att bygga tak med så låg inbyggnadsfuktkvot som möjligt, till exempel genom att bygga under våren/sommaren. Vid byggnation under höst/vinter kan fuktkvoten hållas nere med en avfuktare. Att använda takplywood i stället för råspont leder till minskade rörelser i underlagstaket. En annan åtgärd som skulle minska risken för veckbildning är att öka den maximalt tillåtna krympningen i tätskiktet. / Creasing in roofing membranes is a problem that is familiar in the industry. The issue usually occurs on wooden roof deckings constructed during the wettest period of the year, October-November. The creases then begin to form at the end of the spring due to the increasing solar radiation. When the roof decking dries out and shrinks, the creases start to form. The shrinking leads to the attachment points of the roofing membrane getting pushed together. That creates an excess of material - a sufficiently large surplus of material appears in the form of a crease. Today, the formation of creases can lead to roofing membranes having to get replaced for aesthetic reasons. This report investigates the factors that affect the risk of creasing. Both the movement in the wood and the roofing membrane have been examined. The wood's motions are directly dependent on its moisture content. When the wood is drying, it's also shrinking. The moisture calculation program WUFI has been used to investigate the factors that affect the wood's moisture. The investigation is in the form of a parameter study where different parameters have been compared, for example, places in the country, built-in moisture ratios, built-in times, and more. Unlike most other materials, bituminous roofing membranes initially shrink due to heating from the sun. How the wood and the roofing membrane affect each other as a result of their respective movements has been investigated in the form of a hypothesis. It assumes that the mechanical attachment points of the roofing membrane in the roof decking are of importance - the shorter the distance between the attachment points, the higher the risk of creases. Calculations, based on the assumption, have been made to compare different roofing components with each other. Factors that lead to a reduced risk of creasing are to reduce the moisture ratio change and thus the moisture movements by building roofs with as low a built-in moisture ratio as possible, for example, by constructing in the spring/summer. When constructing during autumn/winter, the moisture ratio can be kept down with a dehumidifier. Using roof plywood instead of tongued and grooved board leads to reduced movements in the roof decking. Another measure that would reduce the risk of creasing is to increase the maximum allowable shrinkage in the roofing membrane.