Tesis por compendio / [ES] El objetivo general de esta Tesis ha sido avanzar en el estudio de los determinan-tes o características que pueden conducir a una colaboración exitosa entre los actores del sistema agroalimentario. Para ello, se analizaron las actividades de cooperación desarrolladas por explotaciones agrícolas, empresas agroalimentarias, instituciones y organizaciones vinculadas a la agroalimentación, que realizan ac-tividades innovadoras en España y América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). La investigación aborda diferentes ámbitos en los que se producen colaboraciones innovadoras. Se trata del ámbito científico, del ámbito de las plataformas multiac-tores y del ámbito de los agricultores y sus instituciones. Se ha estructurado en tres capítulos, correspondientes cada uno a un artículo científico publicado en una revista internacional. Cada uno de ellos aborda un aspecto específico para cumplir el objetivo general que se acaba de señalar. El primer artículo se titula "Collaboration for social innovation in the agri-food system in Latin America and the Caribbean". Este estudio tiene por objeto reali-zar una revisión del estado del conocimiento, utilizando técnicas bibliométricas, de la colaboración innovadora en los sistemas alimentarios y rurales de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Concretamente se analizan las actividades de coopera-ción desarrolladas por explotaciones agrícolas y empresas agroindustriales para emprender actividades innovadoras. El segundo artículo tiene como título "Collaboration through EIP-AGRI Opera-tional Groups and their role as innovation intermediaries". A través de una en-cuesta a los grupos operativos y mediante un análisis factorial fue posible identifi-car las funciones que estos grupos desarrollan como intermediarios de innovación desde su propia perspectiva. Este tipo de análisis permite abordar la colaboración entre actores de diferentes ámbitos y sectores para cooperar y aportar soluciones innovadoras a los problemas agrícolas. El tercer artículo, "Drivers of joint cropland management strategies in agri-food cooperatives", estudia la colaboración a través de una estrategia innovadora coor-dinada por las cooperativas. El objetivo principal es avanzar en el conocimiento de las características que presentan las cooperativas que lideran este tipo de iniciati-vas. El estudio se basa principalmente en los datos de una encuesta a cooperati-vas, y se ha utilizado una metodología de Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (fsQCA). Los resultados confirman el avance en el estudio de la colaboración innovadora en el sector agroalimentario de ALC. Los principales motores de la colaboración en este ámbito son la innovación social, el conocimiento, la gestión sostenible y el capital social. También se observa un creciente interés en el ámbito científico por estudiar los sistemas de colaboración en ALC. Este interés proviene de científicos de diferentes países, lo que ha generado y potenciado la colaboración internacio-nal de los investigadores. Los resultados del segundo artículo se centran en las acciones de colaboración desarrolladas por plataformas multiactor, como lo son los Grupos Operativos. Las acciones desarrolladas por estos grupos pueden enmarcarse en las funciones de los intermediarios de la innovación. Tres funciones emergieron como las más realiza-das: la gestión del proceso de innovación, la articulación de la demanda, y el apo-yo institucional y la intermediación de la innovación. Por último, en el ámbito de los agricultores y sus instituciones, la investigación se centra en los impulsores del éxito de la colaboración. La innovación social y eco-nómica, el tamaño y la propensión a la cooperación son condiciones presentes en las cooperativas que tienen éxito al abordar iniciativas de gestión conjunta de cul / [CA] L'objectiu general d'aquesta Tesi ha estat avançar en l'estudi dels determinants o característiques que poden conduir a una colaboración exitosa entre els actors del sistema agroalimentari. Per a això, s'analitzaren les activitats de cooperación desenvolupades per explotacions agrícolas, empreses agroalimentàries, institucions i organitzacions vinculades a la agroalimentació, que realitzen activitats innovadores a España i Amèrica Llatina i el Carib (ALC). La investigacicó aborda diferents àmbits en els que es produiexen collaboracions innovadores. Es tracta de l'àmbit científic, de l'àmbit de les plataformes multiactors i de l'àmbit dels agricultors i les seues institucions. S'ha estructurat en tres capítols, corresponents cadascun a un article científic publicat en una revista internacional. Cadascun d'ells aborda un aspecte específic per a acomplir l'objectiu general que s'acaba d'assenyalar. El primer artícle es titula "Collaboration for social innovation in the agri-food system in Latin America and the Caribbean". Aquest estudi té com a objectiu realitzar una revisió de l'estat del coneixement, utilitzant tècniques bibliomètriques, de la collaboració innovadora en els sistemes alimentaris i rurals d'Amèrica Llatina i el Carib (ALC). El segon article té com a títol "Collaboration through EIP-AGRI Operational Groups and their role as innovation intermediaries". A través d'una enquesta als grups operatius i mitjançant un anàlisi factorial va ser possible identificar les fun-cions que aquests grups desenvolupen com a intermediaris d'innovació des de la seua pròpia perspectiva. El tercer artícle, "Drivers of joint cropland management strategies in agri-food cooperatives", estudia la collaboració a través d'una estratègia innovadora coordinada per les cooperatives. L'objectiu principal és avançar en el coneixement de les característiques que presenten les cooperatives que lideren aquest tipus d'iniciatives. L'estudi es basa principalment en les dades d'una enquesta a cooperatives, i s'ha utilitzat una metodologia d'Anàlisi Qualitatiu Comparativo (fsQCA). Els resultats confirmen l'avançament en l'estudi de la col laboració innovadora en el sector agroalimentari de ALC. Els principals motors de col·laboració en aquest àmbit són la innovació social, el coneixement, la gestió sotenible i el capital social. També s'observa un creixent interès en l'àmbit científic per estudiar els sistemes de col·laboració en ALC. Aquest interès prové de científics de diferents països, el que ha generat i potenciat la col·laboració internacional dels investigadors. Els resultats del segon article es centren en les accions de col·laboració desenvolupades per plataformes multiactor, com ho són els Grups Operatius. Les accions desenvolupades per aquests grups poden enmarcarse en les funcions dels intermediaris de la innovació. Tres funcions emergeren com les més realitzades: la gestió del procés d'innovació, l'articulació de la demanda, i el suport institucional i la intermediació de la innovació. Per últim, en l'àmbit dels agricultors i les seues institucions, la investigació es centra en els impulsors de l'éxit de la col·laboració. La innovació social i econòmica, el tamany i la propensió a la cooperació són condicionants presents en les cooperatives que tenen èxit a l'abordar iniciatives de gestió conjunta de cultius. A partir dels resultats exposats, podem concloure que la colaboració per a la innovació social e en el sector rural pot ser una forma d'abordar els problemes estructurals en dife-rents àmbits. El coneixement dels principals determinants de col·laboració en el medi rural i agroalimentari a Espanya i ALC permetrà prendre millors decisions en les organitzacions públiques i privades per a promoure accions innovadores de cooperació en els territoris rurals. Futures investigacions poden basar-se en aquests resultats i avançar en altres característiques que determinen l'éxit de la col·laboració innovadora en el sector agroalimentari. / [EN] The overall aim of this thesis is to identify the determinants of or characteristics that can lead to successful collaboration between actors in the agri-food system. To this end, an analysis is conducted of the cooperation activities developed by farms, agribusiness companies, institutions, and agri-food organisations, which undertake innovative actions in Spain and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The research addresses different domains where innovative collaborations occur; namely, the scientific domain, the multi-actor platform domain, and the domain of farmers and their institutions. The resulting thesis is structured in three chapters, corresponding to three scientific articles published in international journals. Each of them deals with a specific aspect, which together fulfil the aforementioned research objective. The first article is entitled "Collaboration for social innovation in the agri-food system in Latin America and the Caribbean." Using bibliometric techniques, this study aims to review the state of the knowledge on innovative collaboration in LAC's food and rural systems. Specifically, it analyses the cooperation by farms and agribusiness firms to undertake innovative activities. The second article is entitled "Collaboration through EIP-AGRI Operational Groups and their role as innovation intermediaries." A survey to operational groups (OG) and a factor analysis are carried out to identify these groups' perspective on their roles as innovation intermediaries. This type of analysis makes it possible to address the collaboration between actors from different fields and sectors aimed at cooperating and providing innovative solutions to agricultural problems. The third article, "Drivers of joint cropland management strategies in agri-food cooperatives," studies collaboration through an innovative strategy coordinated by cooperatives. The main objective is to advance the knowledge of the characteristics of the cooperatives that head up this type of initiative. The study is mainly based on data from a survey of cooperative managers about their views on the main advantages and drivers of joint land management strategies, and the methodology applied is Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Findings confirm that progress has been made in the study of innovative collaboration in the LAC agri-food sector. The main drivers of collaboration include social innovation, knowledge, sustainable management, and social capital. In the scientific domain, growing academic interest in collaborative systems in LAC can be seen. Studies have been produced by researchers from different countries, which has generated and enhanced collaboration among international researchers. Results from the second article focus on the collaborative actions developed by multi-actor platforms. These actions can be framed as functions of innovation intermediaries. Three of the most common functions identified are innovation process management, demand articulation, and institutional support and innovation brokering. Finally, in the domain of farmers and their institutions, the research focuses on the drivers of successful collaboration. Social and economic innovation, size, and propensity for cooperation characterise the cooperatives that successfully take on a joint cropland initiative. From the results, we can conclude that collaboration for social innovation in the rural sector can be a way to address structural problems in different domains. Knowledge of the main determinants of collaboration in the rural and agri-food environment in Spain and LAC will help public and private organisations to make better decisions aimed at promoting innovative cooperation actions in rural territories. Future research can build on these results and focus on other characteristics that determine successful innovative collaboration in the agri-food sector. / Gracias al Proyecto “Strengthening innovation policy in the agri-food sector” (RTI2018-093791-B-C22) financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and “ERDF A way to build Europe” / Piñeiro, VA. (2022). Innovative Collaboration in Agri-Food Systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185684 / Compendio

Artificial intelligence (AI) holds immense potential to revolutionize the global food system, driving sustainability, enhancing efficiency, and addressing food security challenges. However, the successful integration of AI in the food system demands a deep understanding of the complex interplay between technology, social factors, economic considerations, and ethical implications. This study explores the opportunities and challenges in implementing AI technologies within the Swedish food system, focusing on primary production. The research utilizes an expanded Socio-Technical System Theory (STST) framework, incorporating economic and ethical dimensions alongside the traditional social and technical levels. Literature review and semi-structured interviews provide insights into the dynamics of AI adoption in the Swedish context. The findings reveal that AI adoption in the Swedish food system is currently in the early adopter phase, with broad range applications. However, the study also uncovers significant barriers to widespread AI adoption, including the lack of suitable business models, fragmented data sharing infrastructures, and ethical concerns surrounding data privacy and ownership.  The analysis emphasizes the need for developing user-friendly interfaces, leveraging narrow AI applications, and establishing seamless data flow across the food value chain. The study contributes to the theoretical development of the Socio-Technical System Theory framework by demonstrating the importance of incorporating economic and ethical dimensions in understanding the complex dynamics of AI adoption in socio-technical systems. The findings also have practical implications for policymakers, industry actors, and researchers, emphasizing the significance of context-specific AI development, as well as the need for collaborative innovation processes. The research acknowledges its limitations, including the focus on primary production and the reliance on qualitative methods, and identifies potential areas for future research, such as comparative analyses across different food sectors and the use of quantitative approaches.  In conclusion, this study provides a timely and critical contribution to the understanding of AI's role and potential in transforming the Swedish food system. It indicates the need for developing suitable business plans, establishing data sharing platforms, and ensuring a harmonized data flow to harness the benefits of AI while navigating its challenges and risks, paving the way for a more sustainable and resilient food future. / Artificiell intelligens (AI) har enorm potential att revolutionera det globala livsmedelssystemet, driva hållbarhet, förbättra effektiviteten och hantera livsmedelssäkerhetsutmaningar. Men en framgångsrik integration av AI i livsmedelssystemet kräver en djup förståelse för det komplexa samspelet mellan teknik, sociala faktorer, ekonomiska överväganden och etiska implikationer. Denna studie utforskar möjligheterna och utmaningarna med att implementera AI-teknologier inom det svenska livsmedelssystemet, med fokus på primärproduktionen. Forskningen använder ett utökat ramverk för Socioteknisk Systemteori (STST), som inkluderar ekonomiska och etiska dimensioner tillsammans med de traditionella sociala och tekniska nivåerna. Litteraturöversikt och halvstrukturerade intervjuer ger insikter i dynamiken kring AI-antagande i svensk kontext. Resultaten visar att AI-antagandet i det svenska livsmedelssystemet för närvarande befinner sig i den tidiga antagandefasen, med breda tillämpningar. Studien avslöjar dock också betydande hinder för ett utbrett AI-antagande, inklusive bristen på lämpliga affärsmodeller, fragmenterade datadelingsinfrastrukturer och etiska bekymmer kring dataintegritet och ägande. Analysen betonar behovet av att utveckla användarvänliga gränssnitt, utnyttja smala AI-applikationer och etablera sömlösa dataflöden över hela livsmedelsvärdekedjan. Studien bidrar till den teoretiska utvecklingen av Socioteknisk Systemteori genom att visa vikten av att inkludera ekonomiska och etiska dimensioner för att förstå den komplexa dynamiken kring AI-antagande i sociotekniska system. Resultaten har också praktiska implikationer för beslutsfattare, branschaktörer och forskare, och betonar betydelsen av kontextspecifik AI-utveckling samt behovet av samarbetsinriktade innovationsprocesser. Forskningen erkänner sina begränsningar, inklusive fokus på primärproduktion och beroende av kvalitativa metoder, och identifierar potentiella områden för framtida forskning, såsom jämförande analyser över olika livsmedelssektorer och användningen av kvantitativa metoder. Sammanfattningsvis ger denna studie ett aktuellt och kritiskt bidrag till förståelsen av AI roll och potential i att transformera det svenska livsmedelssystemet. Den pekar på behovet av att utveckla lämpliga affärsplaner, etablera plattformar för datadelning och säkerställa ett harmoniserat dataflöde för att utnyttja AI fördelar samtidigt som man navigerar dess utmaningar och risker, och banar vägen för en mer hållbar och motståndskraftig livsmedelsframtid.

Abstract: An unsustainable food system in Sweden, marked by power imbalances, limited opportunities for smaller producers, and a lack of collaboration, demands solutions. Many workers in the food system operate as smaller producers, while the retail sector is highly concentrated, dominated by a few major retailers. Due to their significant market share, these retailers have the potential to drive production improvements, sustainability, and innovation by actively supporting smaller producers. However, if these issues remain unaddressed, the entire food system risks becoming increasingly vulnerable to future disruptions. This thesis aims to explain the dynamics within the Swedish food value chain, focusing on the collaboration between established retailers and smaller producers. It seeks to understand how this collaboration can be improved by both parties to foster a more sustainable food system. Through qualitative semi-structured interviews employing a dual-perspective approach from both producers and retailers, it sought an understanding of both actors’ perspectives regarding their current experiences and perceptions. Both producers and retailers acknowledge the need for collaboration, but challenges persist, particularly expressed by the producers. The main theory used, The Ladder of Partnership, highlights the necessity for trust, mutual understanding, and investment in collaboration. While some companies are making efforts, more is required for a sustainable food system. Given the retailer’s market influence, they should lead by creating opportunities for smaller producers, making strategic decisions about market inclusion, and excluding less sustainable options. The thesis advocates for accountability and shared responsibility among all actors in the food system to achieve a sustainable future. The study concludes that the Swedish food value chain relies on collaboration among various actors, and without it, the system's functionality would be compromised. / Summary: Walking into a vibrant supermarket opens up a world of diverse choices, showcasing both local and global products and turning grocery shopping into a journey through the interconnected global food system. Each item on the shelf tells a story of its own, a journey from farm to fork. Just as each product on the shelf tells a story, so too does our collective effort to foster a more sustainable future. From supporting smaller producers to advocating for environmental sustainability, every decision we make has an impact, leading to the outcome dependent on our action.  This thesis aims to explain the dynamics within the Swedish food value chain, focusing on the collaboration between established retailers and smaller producers. It seeks to understand how this collaboration could be improved by both retailers and producers regarding the essential support required for fostering a more sustainable food system. Through qualitative semi-structured interviews, this study was focusing on the relationships between producers and retailers, and it sought an understanding of both actors’ perspectives regarding their current experiences and perceptions.  In Sweden, a select few major players are dominating a significant portion of the market share. An unsustainable food system in Sweden, marked by power imbalances, limited opportunities for smaller producers and a lack of collaboration, demands solutions. The entire food system risks becoming increasingly vulnerable to future disruptions if these issues remain unaddressed. The findings reveal a complex network of interconnected factors and actors. Companies operate not only as one actor, but very often as several (e.g. producers, distributor, consumers) influencing the functioning of the entire chain. In essence, the collaboration between retailers and smaller producers in the Swedish food system presents a dynamic interplay of challenges and opportunities. While both parties acknowledge the importance of working together, there are still challenges to overcome, especially from the producers' perspective of working together with retailers.   The main theory used, The Ladder of Partnership, highlights the necessity for trust, mutual understanding, and investment in collaboration. While some companies are making efforts, more is required for a sustainable food system. Given the retailer’s market influence, they should lead by creating opportunities for smaller producers, making strategic decisions about market inclusion, and excluding less sustainable options. The thesis advocates for accountability and shared responsibility among all actors in the food system to achieve a sustainable future. The study concludes that the Swedish food value chain relies on collaboration among various actors, and without it, the system's functionality would be compromised.

The Anthropocene climate crisis and a growing global population present significantchallenges to contemporary food systems and global food security. In response to thesechallenges, a shift towards sustainable and nutritious food alternatives is required. Edibleinsects have emerged as a promising option due to their nutritional profile and potential as asustainable food source. However, despite their acknowledged benefits and widespreadconsumption in many regions, resistance towards insect-based foods persists in Westerncountries. Disgust, unfamiliarity and entrenched food cultures emerge as key obstacles to theadoption of edible insects. To foster acceptance in Western societies, research suggests thatimpactful communication and marketing efforts are essential. This study examines themarketing strategies perceived to be most effective in promoting edible insects and fosteringconsumer acceptance. Insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with foodindustry representatives regarding the challenges and potential avenues for introducing insectproducts in Sweden. The results were compared with previous research and analysed usingconcepts of edibility formation to explain how something can become considered as foodwithin a given sociocultural context. The findings suggest that a mix of practical productinterventions and communication efforts could enhance the acceptance of edible insects.Emphasizing the value of incorporating insects in foods and creating familiar end products,primarily promoted with a focus on the individual benefits of insect consumption. However,widespread acceptance of insects as food in Sweden faces significant barriers that require arange of deliberate and context-specific measures over time. Factors such as availability,competitive pricing, and taste emerge as additional key challenges in this regard.

L'économie circulaire (EC) émerge depuis les années 2000 dans le débat public, en opposition à l'économie linéaire, modèle dominant aux limites économiques et écologiques reconnues. Cette thèse constitue une première confrontation opérationnelle de l'EC à un système socio-écologique dépendant de la pêche, le Pays de la Cornouaille en Bretagne. Le système est délimité dans sa façade maritime avec la pêche côtière, seule considérée comme production locale.L'approche est systémique, multidimensionnelle et dynamique. L'analyse comporte trois volets : le premier sur l'amont du circuit en mer, le deuxième sur l'aval du système à terre et le dernier sur le système complet. Premièrement, le coût caché des rejets est visualisé via une analyse comptable de flux de matière ("Material Flow Cost Accounting" MFCA) adaptée à la pêche, proposé comme outil pertinent pour améliorer la performance économique et environnementale des pêcheurs. Deuxièmement, l’analyse de flux révèle une forte dépendance des activités à terre vis-à-vis des importations et exportations de bioressources halieutiques malgré un apport significatif de la pêche côtière à l'économie locale. Troisièmement, des scenarii sur le sous-système Sardine, du "business as usual" a l'EC, servent à proposer une trajectoire alternative de développement basée sur un "panier" de biens et services territorialises et la construction d'une valeur territoire à partir de ressources halieutiques locales. Pour atteindre cette EC durable, il s'agira d'optimiser l'utilisation des ressources locales et diminuer les externalités négatives, en plus d'aller vers une gouvernance partagée, adaptée à l'échelle du système socio-écologique considéré. / The years 2000 have favored the emergence of "Circular Economy" (CE) in the public debate, as opposed to the "linear economy", the dominant model that led to acknowledged economie and ecological limits. Our work is a first attempt to address the CE to a fishery-dependent socio-ecological System, the Cornouaille region in Brittany. The approach is systemic, multidimensional and dynamic. It implies the identification of marine boundaries, in which only Coastal fisheries are considered as a local production. The analysis is conducted along three main axes: an analysis of the upstream part at sea (fishing), an analysis looking at the downstream value chain, on land, and a third looking at the whole System. First, a Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) analysis adapted to fisheries is proposed as a relevant tool to improve economy and environmental performance of fishers, providing evidence of hidden costs of fish discards.Second, the fish bioresource flow analysis indicates a strong dependency on importation and exportation flows to maintain land-based activities depending on sea products, albeit evidence of a significant contribution of Coastal fisheries to the local economy. Third, the exploration of the sardine sub-system through scenarii, ranging between from "business as usual" to those lined with CE, shows an alternative development trajectory, based upon a potential "basket of goods and services", a "territorial value", specifically linked to local fisheries. To achieve such a sustainable CE, we would need to not only aim at a more efficient use of local marine resources and decrease negative externalities, but also advocate for a shared governance, suited to the scale of the considered localised socio-ecological System.

Bien que Montréal soit située dans un pays capitaliste avancé, certains secteurs de la métropole tels que Montréal-Nord sont plus vulnérables sur le plan de l’accès à l’alimentation que d’autres arrondissements montréalais. Caractérisé par une forte population immigrante, un taux de chômage élevé et une forte proportion de citoyens vivant avec un faible revenu, cet arrondissement se distingue par le fait qu’un ménage sur trois est touché par l’insécurité alimentaire. Les études menées sur le sujet tentent généralement d’identifier les zones plus affectées à l’intérieur de l’arrondissement par le biais d’approches quantitatives et d’analyses spatiales. Ce mémoire propose plutôt d’examiner les diverses formes d’interventions qui cherchent à répondre au problème de la faim sur ce territoire en élaborant une typologie permettant de les organiser selon leur degré de remise en question du système alimentaire. Le système alimentaire actuel génère d’importantes inégalités en termes d’accès à l’alimentation. En le réinvestissant, les citoyens Nord-Montréalais développent graduellement une forme de démocratie alimentaire. Le haut niveau d’insécurité alimentaire à Montréal-Nord démontre que l’approche traditionnelle qui s’articule généralement par des solutions allant du haut vers le bas pour répondre au problème de la faim ne suffit pas à adresser la racine du problème. Une nouvelle approche plus radicale et axée sur des solutions provenant du bas vers le haut, se doit d’être identifiée pour commencer à réfléchir aux nouvelles alternatives qui s’offrent aux citoyens de Montréal-Nord afin de réellement s’attaquer aux causes structurelles de l’insécurité alimentaire. / Although Montreal is located in an advanced capitalist country, certain sectors of the metropolis such as Montreal North are more vulnerable in terms of food access than other Montreal boroughs. Characterized by a large immigrant population, a high unemployment rate and a high proportion of citizens living on low income, this district is distinguished by the fact that one in three households is affected by food insecurity. Studies on the subject generally attempt to identify the most affected areas within the borough by means of quantitative approaches and spatial analyzes. This thesis propose rather propose to examine the various forms of intervention which seek to respond to the problem of hunger in this territory by developing a typology allowing them to be organized according to their degree of questioning of the food system. The current food system generates significant inequalities in terms of food access. By reinvesting it, the citizens of North Montreal are gradually developing a form of food democracy. The high level of food insecurity in Montreal-North demonstrates that the traditional approach, which generally revolves around top-down solutions to addressing the problem of hunger, is not enough to address the root of the problem. A new, more radical approach focused on bottom-up solutions must be identified in order to start thinking about the new alternatives available to the citizens of Montreal-North in order to truly tackle the structural causes of food insecurity.

Le métabolisme urbain désigne l’ensemble des flux d’énergie et de matières mis en jeu par le fonctionnement d’une ville ; il constitue une déclinaison localisée du métabolisme social. La quantification et l’analyse de ces flux sont cruciales pour la définition de politiques qui visent à réduire la consommation de ressources et la production des déchets. Malgré sa mise à l’agenda politique, la génération massive des pertes, gaspillages et déchets alimentaires, documentée en particulier dans les pays des Nords, n’a été analysée qu’à la marge dans les recherches sur le métabolisme urbain. L’objectif de cette thèse interdisciplinaire est de développer une méthode de quantification du métabolisme alimentaire urbain et d’analyser ses déterminants en lien avec les pertes, gaspillages et déchets alimentaires. La thèse aborde en premier lieu la caractérisation et la quantification du métabolisme alimentaire urbain. Cette partie quantitative s’appuie sur une étude de cas de la capitale française, Paris, et des territoires adjacents de la région Île-de-France, en 2014. Elle repose sur le développement d’un outil de quantification hybride associant analyse de flux de matière (AFM) et analyse du système alimentaire, sur la définition de la population qui mange (inférieure en taille à la population résidente), et sur la compilation de plusieurs jeux de données, dont certains n’avaient pas été mobilisés à ce jour. Les résultats montrent l’importance du flux de déchets alimentaires. Une part de 19% et 22% des denrées alimentaires, hors boissons, qui approvisionnent la population qui mange à Paris Petite Couronne, d’une part, et en Île-de-France, d’autre part, n’est pas consommée et devient un déchet ; une faible partie est par ailleurs collectée séparément pour être recyclée. L’étape de la consommation seule, à domicile et hors foyer, y contribue de façon significative. Une partie de ces déchets alimentaires pourrait être évitée par la réduction des pertes et gaspillages et une meilleure gestion de la nourriture. Le métabolisme urbain devient plus lisible lorsqu’on reconnait qu’il est intégré dans des pratiques culturelles et des institutions sociales, deuxième aspect abordé dans la thèse. La revue de la littérature montre qu’au stade de la consommation, les pertes et gaspillages ne sont pas seulement le résultat d’actions individuelles, mais de pratiques sous influence de processus sociaux plus larges, comme des changements de styles de vie et de normes de consommation dans des sociétés à revenu élevé. A l’opposé, les politiques de réduction des pertes et gaspillages ne tiennent compte ni des caractéristiques systémiques du métabolisme alimentaire urbain, ni de l’interconnexion entre nourriture et déchets, ni même des multiples déterminants à l’origine des pertes et gaspillages. Des pistes de recherche consistent à explorer la question de savoir comment les sociétés répondent à l’opportunité de réduire les pertes et gaspillages, lorsque le contexte est celui d’un sur-approvisionnement, d’une supposée abondance et d’un phénomène des pertes et gaspillages largement invisible. Les études culturelles peuvent aider à comprendre comment les sociétés font évoluer leurs pratiques culturelles et leurs institutions à l’égard de la réduction des pertes et gaspillages dans un contexte de transition socio-écologique. / Trotz seiner hohen Stellung auf der politischen Tagesordnung wurde das massive Wegwerfen von Essen, das insbesondere in den reichen Ländern dokumentiert ist, in Studien über städtischen Metabolismus bisher wenig beachtet. Ziel dieser interdisziplinären Dissertation ist es, eine Methode zur Mengenbestimmung des städtischen Lebensmittelmetabolismus zu entwickeln und verschiedene Faktoren zu untersuchen, die das Wegwerfen von Essen beeinflussen. In der Dissertation wird zuerst der städtische Lebensmittelmetabolismus beschrieben und mengenmäßig bestimmt. Dieser quantitative Teil stützt sich auf eine Fallstudie über die französische Hauptstadt Paris und die umliegenden Gebiete innerhalb der Île-de-France Region im Jahr 2014. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie groß der Strom der Lebensmittelabfälle ist. 19% und 22% der Menge an Lebensmitteln, ohne Getränke, zur Versorgung der essenden Bevölkerung in Paris Petite Couronne und Île-de-France sind Lebensmittelabfälle. . Ein Teil dieser Abfälle, nämlich der aus weggeworfenem Essen, könnte vermieden werden, wenn Essen anders gehandhabt würde. Das Verständnis des städtischen Metabolismus wird bereichert, wenn er eingebettet in kulturelle Praktiken und soziale Institutionen betrachtet wird. Der Literaturüberblick zeigt, dass das Wegwerfen von Essen zu Hause und außer Haus nicht alleine eine Folge individueller Handlungen ist, sondern von Praktiken unter dem Einfluss gesellschaftlicher Prozesse. Im Gegensatz dazu berücksichtigt Politik weder die systemischen Züge des städtischen Lebensmittelmetabolismus, noch die Verknüpfung zwischen Essen und Abfall und auch nicht die zahlreichen Faktoren, die das Wegwerfen von Essen bedingen oder fördern. Forschungsbedarf besteht darin zu untersuchen, wie Gesellschaften der Einladung weniger Essen wegzuwerfen gegenüberstehen, wenn der Konsumkontext von Überversorgung und vermeintlichem Überfluss geprägt ist und das Wegwerfen von Essen weitestgehend unsichtbar bleibt. / Although it is a priority on the political agenda, the massive generation of food waste reported for high-income societies has been largely neglected in urban metabolism research. The aim of this interdisciplinary PhD thesis is to develop a method to quantitatively analyse urban societies’ food metabolism and its determinants with respect to food waste. The thesis’ main focus is on characterizing and quantifying the urban food metabolism. This quantitative part looks at case studies of the French capital Paris and its neighbouring areas of the Île-de-France region, in the year 2014. The results show that the urban food metabolism of Paris and its region is characterized by significant levels of food waste. 19% and 22% of food, excluding drink, ended up uneaten and turned to food waste in the food supply of the eating population in Paris Petite Couronne and Île-de-France, respectively. Moreover, little food waste was collected separately from other waste and recycled. Part of this food waste could be avoided, as it initially was food that could have been saved and used for human consumption, had it been handled differently. The urban metabolism becomes more legible when it is recognized as embedded in cultural practices and social institutions, another focus in this thesis. At the consumption stage, the literature review demonstrates that food waste is not only the result of individual action, but of practices shaped by broader societal processes. Inappropriately, current food waste reduction policies consider neither the systemic characteristics of the urban food metabolism, nor the interconnectedness between food and waste, nor yet the multiple determinants of food waste origin. Avenues for research include inquiry into how societies respond to the opportunity to reduce food waste, when the context is one of oversupply and perceived abundance of food, and a still largely invisible phenomenon of food waste.

Im heutigen globalisierten Ernährungssystem sind Produktion und Konsum von Lebensmitteln weitgehend entkoppelt, was negative Auswirkungen auf Landwirt*innen und Verbraucher*innen haben kann. Alternative Ernährungsnetzwerke (AFNs) haben das Potenzial, diese Verbindung wiederherzustellen. Es fehlt jedoch an Forschung zu den Wiederverbindungsprozessen in AFNs. Die übergeordnete Forschungsfrage dieser Dissertation ist daher, ob und wie AFNs Produktion und Konsum von Lebensmitteln wieder verbinden. Zur Beantwortung wurden (a) Motivationen für die AFN-Teilnahme erforscht, (b) transformative Prozesse in AFNs untersucht, (c) die relevantesten Interaktionen zwischen Konsument*innen und Produzent*innen für die wirtschaftliche Stabilität von solidarischen Landwirtschaftsbetrieben identifiziert und (d) Faktoren für das Vertrauen in solidarische Landwirtschaft ermittelt. Ein Mixed-Method-Ansatz wurde gewählt, um die Forschungsziele zu erreichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass AFNs zu sechs Arten von Wiederverbindung beitragen: 1. Wiederverbindung von Produzent*innen und Konsument*innen 2. Wiederverbindung von Konsument*innen und Konsument*innen 3. Wiederverbindung von Konsument*innen und Lebensmitteln/ deren Produktion 4. Wiederverbindung von AFNs mit anderen (ernährungsbezogenen) Initiativen 5. Wiederverbindung von AFN-Produzent*inen und -Konsument*innen mit der Ernährungswirtschaft 6. Wiederverbindung von AFN-Produzent*innen und -Konsument*innen mit der Ernährungspolitik Wiederverbindungsprozesse in AFNs fördern das Empowerment von Produzent*innen und Konsument*innen und bieten lokale Lösungen für Probleme des Ernährungssystems. Eine stärkere Vernetzung und Verbreitung von AFNs wäre positiv für einen über die AFN-Nische hinausgehenden Einfluss auf das Ernährungssystem. Als Teil einer gesellschaftlichen Bewegung können AFNs zu einem wertebasierten Ernährungssystem beitragen und im Kleinen ein Beispiel für einen nachhaltigeren Umgang mit Lebensmitteln bieten. / In today’s global food system, food production and consumption are mostly disconnected which has negative implications for producers and consumers. Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) can potentially re-establish links between production and consumption. For a comprehensive understanding of AFNs, more research is needed on how exactly they contribute to reconnection processes. The overarching research objective of this dissertation is, therefore, if and how AFNs reconnect production and consumption. To answer this research question, this dissertation (a) explores what motivates consumers to participate in AFNs, (b) investigates which drivers of transformation occur in AFNs, (c) assesses which consumer-producer-interactions are most relevant for the economic stability of community-supported agriculture farms, and (d) examines which factors determine members’ trust in community-supported agriculture and its farmers. A mixed-method approach is applied to answer these research objectives taking both a producer and consumer perspective into account. The results show that AFNs contribute to six different types of reconnection, namely: 1. Reconnection of producers and consumers 2. Reconnection of consumers and consumers 3. Reconnection of consumers and food (production) 4. Reconnection of AFN with other (food) initiatives 5. Reconnection of AFN participants with the food economy 6. Reconnection of AFN participants with food politics By providing these different types of reconnection, AFNs foster empowerment of producers and consumers and offer spaces to create local-level solutions to existing problems of the dominant food system. For a stronger impact beyond the individual AFN initiative, networking and replication are recommended. As a part of a broader societal movement, AFNs could contribute to creating a value-based food system and be small scale examples of a more sustainable way of food production and consumption.

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