No description available.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta dissertaÃÃo consiste num esforÃo compreensivo em torno das questÃes que permeiam a problemÃtica ambiental, inserida na atual forma de reproduÃÃo social â o capitalismo contemporÃneo. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos no referencial teÃrico marxiano-lukacsiano e recorremos, ainda, Ãs contribuiÃÃes de importantes intelectuais marxistas atentos ao debate ambiental e à sua premÃncia no quadro de prioridades do projeto socialista. O objetivo à reafirmar a gravidade da atual conjuntura socioambiental e compreender, de forma mais concreta, este nosso patente cenÃrio de crise ambiental, transcendendo à aparÃncia dos fenÃmenos, a fim de uma explicaÃÃo coerente, que supere o artificialismo subjetivista e as propostas de resoluÃÃo esvaziadas de conteÃdo e legitimidade, que tentam encontrar soluÃÃes dentro de esferas reformistas tecno-mercadolÃgicas. Nesse Ãnterim, ao mesmo tempo em que o capitalismo transforma-se em green capitalism, presenciamos o agigantamento do complexo militar-industrial, o qual de forma alguma coincide com os interesses da humanidade e da sustentabilidade ambiental, porque aponta, ao fim e ao cabo, sua produÃÃo para fins destrutivos. Buscamos aqui entender quais sÃo os nexos que articulam a atual conjuntura ambiental planetÃria ao sÃcio-metabolismo de reproduÃÃo do capital, com suas diversas fases de ascensÃo e recessÃo, as quais por sua vez conduziram-no a um continuum depressivo, arrastando para o torvelinho de uma crise estrutural as dimensÃes sociais, Ãticas, polÃticas, econÃmicas e ambientais. / This dissertation consists in an effort at understanding the issues that permeate the environmental problem, which is within the current form of social reproduction â the contemporary capitalism. To this end, we ground our work in the Marxian-Lukacsian theoretic references, resorting also to the contributions of important Marxist intellectuals who are attentive to the environmental debate as well as to its urgency in the framework of priorities of the socialist project. Our goal is to reassert the gravity of the current socio-environmental conjuncture and understand in a more concrete way this evident scenario of environmental crisis. We will try to transcend the appearances of the phenomena in order to give a coherent assessment of them. Such an assessment shall surpass all subjectivist artificiality as well as the attempts of resolving the problem which are empty of content and legitimacy and which try to find solutions within the reformist techno-marketing spheres. In the meantime, while capitalism changes into green capitalism, we witness the great enlarging of the industrial-military complex. Such complex does not meet in any way the interests of humanity and of environmental sustainability, for in the end it aims its production for destructive purposes. We seek here to understand the connections that articulate the current planetary environmental conjuncture to the social metabolism of reproduction of the capital. Due to its many phases of rise and recession, the capital reproduction was led to a continuum of depression, dragging the social, ethical, political, economical and environmental dimensions to a swirl of structural crisis.

[pt] Esta pesquisa busca analisar o processo de excreção da atividade de uma pequena fábrica em Visconde de Mauá (RJ), sob perspectiva do conceito Metabolismo Social. O conceito propõe uma analogia do processo metabólico biológico de um organismo vivo e os sistemas sociais. Os organismos mantêm um fluxo contínuo de matéria e energia com o meio ambiente para garantir seu funcionamento, crescimento e reprodução. Igualmente, os sistemas sociais convertem energia e matérias em produtos, serviços e, finalmente, em resíduos. A pesquisa foi distribuída em duas etapas, a primeira parte de um estudo bibliográfico sobre o conceito e aplicações do Metabolismo Social. Na segunda etapa foi composta pelo levantamento do percurso histórico da região Visconde de Mauá e uma análise do processo de excreção da pequena fábrica de laticínios, baseado em uma entrevista a nível gerencial e operacional, e visita à base industrial. O estudo identificou os principais resíduos e riscos ambientais relacionados ao processamento de laticínios na pequena fábrica. O soro excedente foi o efluente com maior risco de contaminação, quando descartado de forma inadequada, devido à alta carga de DBO (demanda bioquímica de oxigênio). Com base na pesquisa, foi projetado um plano de controle e mitigação para efluentes líquidos, resíduos sólidos e emissões de gases durante o ciclo de produção, desde a fase de apropriação de insumos até o consumo final dos produtos. Espera-se que a partir da aplicação das medidas propostas, o processo de excreção da fábrica se torne menos intensivo gerando benefícios no âmbito social, econômico e ambiental. / [en] The research on the waste management of a small dairy factory, located in Visconde de Mauá (RJ), started from the concern with the environmental effects observed in the stream close to the small industry. According to a water quality study in 2012, the stream had a great anthropic impact caused by the industrial occupation of dairy products (Carreño, 2012). The Rio Preto is the largest water body whose main villages are on the banks of the streams. In addition, it is currently the main tourist attraction of Visconde de Mauá. The river has several waterfalls, wells, fishing areas, areas for extreme sports, among other characteristics unique to the place. Thus, the conservation and maintenance of water quality are fundamental to sustain society in Visconde de Mauá. The region underwent several changes in terms of economic activity and landscape transformation. Today, the main activities are tourism and the industrial production of a small dairy factory. Saw cheese is still highly valued by both tourists and locals alike, who many consider it a substitute for meat, as it is easy to conserve in rainy seasons. Such practices provide the economic development and employability of local residents, however, failures in socio-environmental management are observed. The performance of public agencies is deficient in terms of planning, infrastructure and water management, sewage, garbage, real estate speculation, health posts and mobility. This work proposes a qualitative analysis of the waste management of a small dairy factory, under the perspective of the concept Social Metabolism.

SILVA, Emanoela Terceiro. Homem, natureza e crise ambiental no contexto da crise estrutural do capital: uma leitura a partir da ontologia marxista lukacsiana. 2011. 125f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2011. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-02-18T16:49:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-ETERCEIROSILVA.pdf: 965114 bytes, checksum: 722ff9494b7ede5699923ab2b6cefc9d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-02-18T17:29:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-ETERCEIROSILVA.pdf: 965114 bytes, checksum: 722ff9494b7ede5699923ab2b6cefc9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-18T17:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-ETERCEIROSILVA.pdf: 965114 bytes, checksum: 722ff9494b7ede5699923ab2b6cefc9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This dissertation consists in an effort at understanding the issues that permeate the environmental problem, which is within the current form of social reproduction – the contemporary capitalism. To this end, we ground our work in the Marxian-Lukacsian theoretic references, resorting also to the contributions of important Marxist intellectuals who are attentive to the environmental debate as well as to its urgency in the framework of priorities of the socialist project. Our goal is to reassert the gravity of the current socio-environmental conjuncture and understand in a more concrete way this evident scenario of environmental crisis. We will try to transcend the appearances of the phenomena in order to give a coherent assessment of them. Such an assessment shall surpass all subjectivist artificiality as well as the attempts of resolving the problem which are empty of content and legitimacy and which try to find solutions within the reformist techno-marketing spheres. In the meantime, while capitalism changes into green capitalism, we witness the great enlarging of the industrial-military complex. Such complex does not meet in any way the interests of humanity and of environmental sustainability, for in the end it aims its production for destructive purposes. We seek here to understand the connections that articulate the current planetary environmental conjuncture to the social metabolism of reproduction of the capital. Due to its many phases of rise and recession, the capital reproduction was led to a continuum of depression, dragging the social, ethical, political, economical and environmental dimensions to a swirl of structural crisis. / Esta dissertação consiste num esforço compreensivo em torno das questões que permeiam a problemática ambiental, inserida na atual forma de reprodução social – o capitalismo contemporâneo. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos no referencial teórico marxiano-lukacsiano e recorremos, ainda, às contribuições de importantes intelectuais marxistas atentos ao debate ambiental e à sua premência no quadro de prioridades do projeto socialista. O objetivo é reafirmar a gravidade da atual conjuntura socioambiental e compreender, de forma mais concreta, este nosso patente cenário de crise ambiental, transcendendo à aparência dos fenômenos, a fim de uma explicação coerente, que supere o artificialismo subjetivista e as propostas de resolução esvaziadas de conteúdo e legitimidade, que tentam encontrar soluções dentro de esferas reformistas tecno-mercadológicas. Nesse ínterim, ao mesmo tempo em que o capitalismo transforma-se em green capitalism, presenciamos o agigantamento do complexo militar-industrial, o qual de forma alguma coincide com os interesses da humanidade e da sustentabilidade ambiental, porque aponta, ao fim e ao cabo, sua produção para fins destrutivos. Buscamos aqui entender quais são os nexos que articulam a atual conjuntura ambiental planetária ao sócio-metabolismo de reprodução do capital, com suas diversas fases de ascensão e recessão, as quais por sua vez conduziram-no a um continuum depressivo, arrastando para o torvelinho de uma crise estrutural as dimensões sociais, éticas, políticas, econômicas e ambientais.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T16:26:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Fernando Bilhalva Vitoria_Tese.pdf: 1479174 bytes, checksum: f3067ee1efd28b165ce75beef7957896 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T16:26:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Fernando Bilhalva Vitoria_Tese.pdf: 1479174 bytes, checksum: f3067ee1efd28b165ce75beef7957896 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T21:49:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Fernando Bilhalva Vitoria_Tese.pdf: 1479174 bytes, checksum: f3067ee1efd28b165ce75beef7957896 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T21:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Fernando Bilhalva Vitoria_Tese.pdf: 1479174 bytes, checksum: f3067ee1efd28b165ce75beef7957896 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A presente tese sobre “A crise socioecológica no labirinto do capital: uma análise das relações entre humanidade e natureza a partir dos conceitos de entropia e sociometabolismo” tem como ponto de partida o cenário de crise do capitalismo atual, que, em termos históricos, espalhou-se por todas as partes do globo sob o domínio da mercadoria. Ela é perceptível tanto em temos sociais, no desemprego estrutural e na precarização do trabalho, como em termos ecológicos, indo desde a desestruturação dos solos pela agricultura industrial e homogênea até o aquecimento global, com previsões catastróficas para o presente e para o futuro. Esta relação-limite revela, de algum modo, o que Marx chamou de rachadura ou falha metabólica sob as relações produtivas e sociais, a partir do mando do modo de produção capitalista, ou o que Georgescu-Roegen chamou de processo entrópico da irreversibilidade. Com ênfase na síntese destas duas perspectivas teóricas, a tese se situa na problemática da existência de uma crise socioecológica profunda, onde o fundamento teórico-prático desta; repousa no sociometabolismo, no sentido marxista, e na noção de entropia, a partir da bioeconomia, como uma poderosa ferramenta de interpretação e compreensão qualitativa das relações sociais e ambientais no presente tempo com “Um todo manifesto”. A tese visa, assim, contribuir para o campo das ciências humanas na pretensão de propor uma visão ampla e criteriosa das relações entre a humanidade e a natureza e do papel da educação frente a este processo, para além das tramas do capital e da ideologia do desenvolvimento verde. A estrutura da tese consiste num aprofundamento do pensamento de Marx sobre a natureza e o metabolismo, e da questão da entropia em Georgescu-Roegen, bem como da evidência teórico-prática destas duas visões de mundo. Para tanto, ela propõe um todo estruturado para a análise da crise socioecológica: No primeiro capítulo, no marco teórico, recorrendo ao pensamento de Georgescu-Roegen e Marx; no segundo, a dupla visão da crise e os limites do desenvolvimento verde; no terceiro, a historicidade da crise a partir da evolução do metabolismo, até o papel dos sujeitos e da educação como uma das dimensões necessárias para outro sistema metabólico/entrópico e conciliatório entre a humanidade e a natureza no quarto capítulo, onde o metabolismo e a entropia se articulam como um salto de qualidade. / This thesis about "The socio-ecological crisis in the capital labyrinth: an analysis of the relationship between humanity and nature from the concepts of entropy and socio-metabolism" has as its starting point the crisis scenario of the current capitalism, which, in a historical sense, has spread itself all over the world under the domain of the goods. It can be noticed in two ways. The first one is in social terms in cases as structural unemployment and work precariousness, the other one is in ecological terms ranging from soil disruption by industrial and homogeneous agriculture to global warming, with catastrophic forecasts for the present and for the future. This limit relationship reveals, somehow, what Marx called metabolic failure or crack under the productive and social relationships, from the behest of the capitalist production way, or what Georgescu-Roegen called entropic process of irreversibility. Emphasizing the synthesis of these two theoretical perspectives, the thesis lies on the questioning about the existence of a deep socio-ecological crisis, where its theoretical and practical ground lies on socio-metabolism. It is in the Marxist sense, and in the notion of entropy, from the bio-economy, as a powerful tool to have a qualitative interpretation and comprehension of the social and environmental relations in this time with "A whole manifesto". Thus, the thesis aims to contribute to the field of human sciences and intends to propose a careful and wide vision of the relationships between humanity and nature as well as the role of education facing this process, beyond the capital plots and the ideology of green development. The structure of the thesis is a deepening of Marx's thought about nature and metabolism, and the entropy issue in Georgescu-Roegen, as well as the theoretical and practical evidence of these two worldviews. To do so, it proposes a whole structured to analyze the socio-ecological crisis. In the first chapter, in the theoretical framework, using the thought of Georgescu-Roegen and Marx. In the second one, the double vision of the crisis and the limits of green development. In the third chapter, the historicity of the crisis from the metabolism evolution to the role of subject and education as one of the necessary dimensions for other metabolic/entropic and conciliatory system between humanity and nature. Finally in the fourth chapter, where metabolism and entropy are articulated as a leap in quality.

Face aux enjeux socioéconomiques, démocratiques, et environnementaux, la croissance économique comme fin en soi, ou comme condition nécessaire au « développement », est de nouveau remise en cause. Depuis le début du XXIème siècle, suscitant un intérêt grandissant et de vifs échanges, la Décroissance se fraie une place dans le débat. Après avoir resitué son émergence dans la perspective historique de la controverse qui s'est développée, au cours de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, autour de la croissance et du modèle de développement des pays industrialisés, nous suggérons une synthèse des principales idées et des propositions concrètes actuellement portées par ses partisans. Celles-ci soulèvent un certain nombre de questions complexes, pour lesquelles nous proposons d'apporter quelques éclairages à travers un exercice de modélisation prospective. Nous réalisons pour cela une série d'entretiens, qui visent à recueillir différentes visions détaillées et quantifiées de ce que pourraient être, selon les participants, des scénarios de Décroissance, ou - plus largement- des scénarios de transitions souhaitables et soutenables, notamment en termes d'évolution des institutions, des modes de vie et de consommation, pour la France. En parallèle de ces entretiens, nous développons un modèle spécifique de simulation dynamique de l'économie française, construit autour de l'analyse entrées-sorties, sur la base de données publiques, et incorporant un haut niveau de détail. A l'aide de cet outil macroéconomique, nous proposons alors d'explorer, sur un horizon à long terme (2060) les implications possibles de différents scénarios, dont ceux élaborés à partir des entretiens. Nous nous intéressons par exemple aux conséquences possibles en termes d'emploi, de finances publiques, de consommation d'énergie, d'émissions de polluants atmosphériques, et de production de déchets. Les résultats des simulations soulignent l'importance des choix institutionnels, des facteurs culturels, comportementaux, et « non-techniques », et le potentiel de certaines propositions des mouvements de la Décroissance. Ils invitent ainsi à ouvrir le débat autour de la construction collective d'un nouveau projet de société. Dans cette perspective, notre approche offre un support simple et efficace pour la compréhension commune et la délibération collective. / The development paths followed by industrial societies in the last decades have led them in front of complex socioeconomic, democratic and environmental crises, which question the relevance of economic growth, either as a goal in itself, or as a way to achieve “development”. With the emergence of the degrowth movement at the beginning of the 21st century, the call for transitions towards sustainable “post-growth societies” is now consolidating into a multifaceted political project. For the “wealthiest” countries, where the ecological footprint per capita is greater than the global sustainable level, this project may be envisioned as a voluntary, socially sustainable, equitable and smooth downscaling of production and consumption, and thus throughput, to an environmentally sustainable level. Such a project raises numerous questions, for instance: what concrete proposals could initiate such a transition? What could such paths induce in terms of employment, public debt, energy consumption, waste, or greenhouse gas emission mitigation? What structural or institutional obstacles must be overcome and how? Etc. In this research, we offer to discuss such questions with the help of prospective modeling. Our approach involves a series of interviews, conducted, among others, with actors within the Degrowth movement. These are aimed at collecting detailed and quantified visions or narratives about what Degrowth scenarios or – more broadly speaking– scenarios of transition towards sustainable and desirable societies could look like, for France, in the mind of participants, especially in terms of institutions, lifestyles and consumption patterns. In parallel, we have designed and developed a specific dynamic simulation model of the French monetary economy, featuring a high level of detail and disaggregation, based on input-output analysis, and built using public data. Using this macroeconomic tool, we investigate, over the long term (2060), the possible outcomes of different scenarios, including those inferred from the interviews, in terms of employment, public debt, energy consumption, waste and atmospheric emissions. We discuss the potential strengths and weaknesses of the different visions they reflect. Our results highlight in particular the importance of cultural, social, behavioral and “non-technical” factors, stress the potential of various degrowth proposals, and recall the critical need for the collective elaboration of a societal project. In this perspective, our modeling approach provides a simple, yet powerful tool for common understanding and collective deliberation.

This dissertation is based on the conceptual framework of social metabolism and it applies methods of Material and Energy Flow Analysis and Ecological Footprint. It studies interactions between human activities and natural environment in Czech/Czechoslovak territory from the historical perspective (after the division of Czechoslovakia for Czechia and Slovakia together). The term of social metabolism is a metaphor inspired by biology. Society or human economy similarly to a living organism which extracts materials from the earth, processes biophysical materials to maintain itself and emits its wastes back. So the economic system functions in an analogy to a living organism and those processes are called "social" or "industrial" metabolism. This dissertation comprises seven individual empirical studies: (I) An introduction to a research topic covered in following articles. It is based on the work of leading world environmental historian and it interprets selected Czech realities within the context of the world environmental history. (II) The historical series of MEFA indicators together with ecological footprint. (III) An article which applies the ecological footprint method on the ecological farm in comparison to conventional agriculture in the context of more foreign studies on this topic. (IV) An...

Es presenta una recerca activista de geografia crítica sobre el capitalisme balear: el poder, el seu procés d’internacionalització, els fluxos de materials del seu metabolisme social i la seva petjada ecològica. En primer lloc, es vinculen l’economia ecològica i la geografia crítica, amb l’estudi de les mesures biofísiques, les lògiques espacials i els processos socials del capitalisme balear. En segon lloc, es pretén situar el turisme en un lloc central en la via d’acumulació capitalista, desxifrar la seva dinàmica sociopolítica, la geografia de la seva globalització neoliberal i els conflictes socials que genera, particularment la seva contribució a la crisi socioecològica global. En tercer lloc, s’ha pretès esbrinar l’evolució geohistòrica del capitalisme balear, amb l’anàlisi de les geometries del poder, una comptabilitat biofísica, les solucions geogràfiques del capital –deslocalitzacions productives i desplaçaments de les extraccions– i els conflictes socials associats. / Se presenta una investigación activista de geografía crítica sobre el capitalismo balear: el poder, su proceso de internacionalización, los flujos de materiales de su metabolismo social y su huella ecológica. En primer lugar, se vinculan la economía ecológica y la geografía crítica, con el estudio de las medidas biofísicas, las lógicas espaciales y los procesos sociales del capitalismo balear. En segundo lugar, se pretende situar el turismo en un lugar central en la vía de acumulación capitalista, descifrar su dinámica sociopolítica, la geografía de su globalización neoliberal y los conflictos sociales que genera, particularmente su contribución a la crisis socioecológica global. En tercer lugar se ha pretendido averiguar la evolución geohistórica del capitalismo balear, con el análisis de las geometrías del poder, una contabilidad biofísica, las sociones geográfics del capital –deslocalizaciones productivas y desplazamientos de las extracciones– y los conflictos sociales a él asociados. / We are submitting a critical geography activist research paper on Balearic capitalism: the power, its internationalization process, the flows of materials of its social metabolism and its ecological footprint. Firstly, ecological economics and critical geography are linked with the study of biophysical measurements, spatial logics and the social processes of Balearic capitalism. Secondly, an attempt is made to situate tourism in a central place in the path of capitalist accumulation, deciphering its socio-political dynamic, the geography of its neoliberal globalization and the social conflicts generated, particularly its contribution to the global socio-economic crisis. Thirdly, we have attempted to discover the geohistorical evolution of Balearic capitalism, by analyzing the geometries of power, biophysical accounting and the geographical solutions of the capital – relocation of production and movement of the extractions – and associated social conflicts.

Trotz seiner hohen Stellung auf der politischen Tagesordnung wurde das massive Wegwerfen von Essen, das insbesondere in den reichen Ländern dokumentiert ist, in Studien über städtischen Metabolismus bisher wenig beachtet. Ziel dieser interdisziplinären Dissertation ist es, eine Methode zur Mengenbestimmung des städtischen Lebensmittelmetabolismus zu entwickeln und verschiedene Faktoren zu untersuchen, die das Wegwerfen von Essen beeinflussen. In der Dissertation wird zuerst der städtische Lebensmittelmetabolismus beschrieben und mengenmäßig bestimmt. Dieser quantitative Teil stützt sich auf eine Fallstudie über die französische Hauptstadt Paris und die umliegenden Gebiete innerhalb der Île-de-France Region im Jahr 2014. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie groß der Strom der Lebensmittelabfälle ist. 19% und 22% der Menge an Lebensmitteln, ohne Getränke, zur Versorgung der essenden Bevölkerung in Paris Petite Couronne und Île-de-France sind Lebensmittelabfälle. . Ein Teil dieser Abfälle, nämlich der aus weggeworfenem Essen, könnte vermieden werden, wenn Essen anders gehandhabt würde. Das Verständnis des städtischen Metabolismus wird bereichert, wenn er eingebettet in kulturelle Praktiken und soziale Institutionen betrachtet wird. Der Literaturüberblick zeigt, dass das Wegwerfen von Essen zu Hause und außer Haus nicht alleine eine Folge individueller Handlungen ist, sondern von Praktiken unter dem Einfluss gesellschaftlicher Prozesse. Im Gegensatz dazu berücksichtigt Politik weder die systemischen Züge des städtischen Lebensmittelmetabolismus, noch die Verknüpfung zwischen Essen und Abfall und auch nicht die zahlreichen Faktoren, die das Wegwerfen von Essen bedingen oder fördern. Forschungsbedarf besteht darin zu untersuchen, wie Gesellschaften der Einladung weniger Essen wegzuwerfen gegenüberstehen, wenn der Konsumkontext von Überversorgung und vermeintlichem Überfluss geprägt ist und das Wegwerfen von Essen weitestgehend unsichtbar bleibt. / Although it is a priority on the political agenda, the massive generation of food waste reported for high-income societies has been largely neglected in urban metabolism research. The aim of this interdisciplinary PhD thesis is to develop a method to quantitatively analyse urban societies’ food metabolism and its determinants with respect to food waste. The thesis’ main focus is on characterizing and quantifying the urban food metabolism. This quantitative part looks at case studies of the French capital Paris and its neighbouring areas of the Île-de-France region, in the year 2014. The results show that the urban food metabolism of Paris and its region is characterized by significant levels of food waste. 19% and 22% of food, excluding drink, ended up uneaten and turned to food waste in the food supply of the eating population in Paris Petite Couronne and Île-de-France, respectively. Moreover, little food waste was collected separately from other waste and recycled. Part of this food waste could be avoided, as it initially was food that could have been saved and used for human consumption, had it been handled differently. The urban metabolism becomes more legible when it is recognized as embedded in cultural practices and social institutions, another focus in this thesis. At the consumption stage, the literature review demonstrates that food waste is not only the result of individual action, but of practices shaped by broader societal processes. Inappropriately, current food waste reduction policies consider neither the systemic characteristics of the urban food metabolism, nor the interconnectedness between food and waste, nor yet the multiple determinants of food waste origin. Avenues for research include inquiry into how societies respond to the opportunity to reduce food waste, when the context is one of oversupply and perceived abundance of food, and a still largely invisible phenomenon of food waste. / Le métabolisme urbain désigne l’ensemble des flux d’énergie et de matières mis en jeu par le fonctionnement d’une ville ; il constitue une déclinaison localisée du métabolisme social. La quantification et l’analyse de ces flux sont cruciales pour la définition de politiques qui visent à réduire la consommation de ressources et la production des déchets. Malgré sa mise à l’agenda politique, la génération massive des pertes, gaspillages et déchets alimentaires, documentée en particulier dans les pays des Nords, n’a été analysée qu’à la marge dans les recherches sur le métabolisme urbain. L’objectif de cette thèse interdisciplinaire est de développer une méthode de quantification du métabolisme alimentaire urbain et d’analyser ses déterminants en lien avec les pertes, gaspillages et déchets alimentaires. La thèse aborde en premier lieu la caractérisation et la quantification du métabolisme alimentaire urbain. Cette partie quantitative s’appuie sur une étude de cas de la capitale française, Paris, et des territoires adjacents de la région Île-de-France, en 2014. Elle repose sur le développement d’un outil de quantification hybride associant analyse de flux de matière (AFM) et analyse du système alimentaire, sur la définition de la population qui mange (inférieure en taille à la population résidente), et sur la compilation de plusieurs jeux de données, dont certains n’avaient pas été mobilisés à ce jour. Les résultats montrent l’importance du flux de déchets alimentaires. Une part de 19% et 22% des denrées alimentaires, hors boissons, qui approvisionnent la population qui mange à Paris Petite Couronne, d’une part, et en Île-de-France, d’autre part, n’est pas consommée et devient un déchet ; une faible partie est par ailleurs collectée séparément pour être recyclée. L’étape de la consommation seule, à domicile et hors foyer, y contribue de façon significative. Une partie de ces déchets alimentaires pourrait être évitée par la réduction des pertes et gaspillages et une meilleure gestion de la nourriture. Le métabolisme urbain devient plus lisible lorsqu’on reconnait qu’il est intégré dans des pratiques culturelles et des institutions sociales, deuxième aspect abordé dans la thèse. La revue de la littérature montre qu’au stade de la consommation, les pertes et gaspillages ne sont pas seulement le résultat d’actions individuelles, mais de pratiques sous influence de processus sociaux plus larges, comme des changements de styles de vie et de normes de consommation dans des sociétés à revenu élevé. A l’opposé, les politiques de réduction des pertes et gaspillages ne tiennent compte ni des caractéristiques systémiques du métabolisme alimentaire urbain, ni de l’interconnexion entre nourriture et déchets, ni même des multiples déterminants à l’origine des pertes et gaspillages. Des pistes de recherche consistent à explorer la question de savoir comment les sociétés répondent à l’opportunité de réduire les pertes et gaspillages, lorsque le contexte est celui d’un sur-approvisionnement, d’une supposée abondance et d’un phénomène des pertes et gaspillages largement invisible. Les études culturelles peuvent aider à comprendre comment les sociétés font évoluer leurs pratiques culturelles et leurs institutions à l’égard de la réduction des pertes et gaspillages dans un contexte de transition socio-écologique.

Die Dissertation beleuchtet die dringende Notwendigkeit, Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um den Druck auf die Ressourcen der Erde zu mindern und nachhaltige Bedingungen für gegenwärtige und künftige Generationen zu schaffen. Zwei zentrale Strategien werden diskutiert: Die Dekarbonisierung von Energiesystemen und die Reduktion der Emissionen von Haushalten. Diese Strategien sind eng mit Fragen von Gerechtigkeit verbunden, sowohl im Zusammenhang mit einer gerechten Energiewende als auch in der Emissionsminderung von Haushalten. Die Dissertation besteht aus vier Artikeln, die diese Themen vertiefen. Die erste untersucht den Kohleausstieg in europäischen Regionen und die Wahrnehmung der Energiewende durch die davon betroffenen Menschen. Die nächsten beiden untersuchen die Emissionsreduktion auf Haushaltsebene, wobei die sozialen Realitäten der Emittenten analysiert werden, um Reduktionspotenziale zu identifizieren. Die vierte Publikation bietet einen historischen Überblick über Energiekonsummuster und zeigt vergangene und bestehenden Ungleichheiten auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Klimakrise nur unter Berücksichtigung von Ungleichheiten und Ungerechtigkeiten verstanden und angegangen werden kann. Lösungen müssen darauf abzielen, weitere Ungerechtigkeiten zu vermeiden. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation bieten unter anderem wertvolle Erkenntnisse für Entscheidungsträger auf verschiedenen Ebenen, um eine gerechte Transformation zu klimaneutralen Gesellschaften voranzutreiben. Es wird jedoch betont, dass weitere Forschung in diesen Bereichen, einschließlich anderer fossiler Energieträger und betroffener Regionen, sowie unterschiedlicher Lebensstile, entscheidend ist, um effektive Instrumente zur Unterstützung nachhaltiger Praktiken zu entwickeln. / The dissertation underscores the urgent need to address the strain human activities place on the Earth system, emphasizing the necessity for sustainable solutions to ensure the well-being of current and future generations. Mitigating the impacts of the climate crisis requires significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, prompting a closer examination of their sources and contributors. Two primary strategies are proposed: decarbonizing energy systems and reducing household emissions. However, discussions surrounding these strategies often intersect with considerations of justice, highlighting the complex social dimensions of addressing climate change. The dissertation comprises four papers that delve into these issues. The first explores the transition away from coal in European regions, assessing perceptions of justice among affected actors. The subsequent publications focus on emissions reduction at the household level, analyzing social realities and identifying potential avenues for mitigation. The final publication provides a historical perspective on energy consumption patterns, emphasizing past and contemporary societal inequalities. Findings indicate disparities in emissions across households and individuals, necessitating urgent action to reduce per capita emissions. Moreover, sociological frameworks are employed to better understand the ecological dimensions of emissions, revealing complex relationships between social classes and environmental impact. While efforts to combat the climate crisis must prioritize justice and equity, the dissertation also underscores the need for further research. This includes examining alternative energy sources, regions disproportionately affected by climate change, as well as diverse lifestyles. Such research will be essential for developing effective strategies to support sustainable practices and address the complex social dynamics of climate action.