La presente tesis consiste en entender el impacto operativo en las importaciones que realizan las empresas que obtuvieron la certificación OEA en Lima Metropolitana durante los años 2016 – 2019, para lo cual se utilizaron diversas herramientas para la investigación. En ese contexto, nuestro estudio se divide en cinco capítulos, los cuales se describen a continuación: En el primer capítulo, se recopila toda la información sobre el tema de investigación en las tesis precedentes nacionales e internacionales y demás fuentes de información, así como las teorías relacionadas con la certificación OEA para tener un panorama amplio del tema que se va a investigar. Luego, en el segundo capítulo se desarrolla el plan de investigación donde primero se entra en contexto de la situación de la problemática para luego formular las preguntas de investigación y sus respectivos objetivos, tanto el principal como los específicos. De la misma manera, el capítulo tres se aborda la metodología de investigación, donde destacan el tipo de metodología utilizada y que se ajusta al trabajo, el propósito, las categorías y su respectiva clasificación según los objetivos específicos, la delimitación en espacio y tiempo, el diseño de investigación y el proceso de muestro. Asimismo, el capítulo cuatro contiene el análisis y discusión de los resultados por objetivo específico planteado. Asimismo, en el presente capítulo se detalla las barreras de investigación, nuevos hallazgos que no estaban contemplados en el estudio. Finalmente, en el capítulo cinco, se detalla las conclusiones y recomendaciones obtenidas de la investigación. / This thesis consists of understanding the operational impact on imports made by companies that obtained AEO certification in Metropolitan Lima during the years 2016 - 2019, for which various research tools were used. In this context, our study is divided into four chapters, which are described below. In the first chapter, all the information on the research topic in the national and international previous these and other sources of information is compiled, as well as the theories related to AEO certification to have a broad overview of the topic to be investigated. Then, in the second chapter, the research plan is developed, where one first enters the context of the problem situation and then formulates the research questions and their respective objectives, both main and specific. In the same way, chapter three addresses the research methodology, where they specify the type of methodology identified and that fits the work, the purpose, the categories and their respective classification according to the specific objectives, the delimitation in space and time, research design and room process. Likewise, chapter four contains the analysis and discussion of the results by specific objective set. Likewise, this chapter details the research barriers, new findings that were not considered in the study. Finally, in chapter five, the conclusions and recommendations obtained from the investigation are detailed. / Tesis

Diese Arbeit untersucht die zivilrechtlichen Folgen einer außenwirtschaftsrechtlichen Untersagung eines Anteilserwerbs an einer börsennotierten Aktiengesellschaft durch einen unionsfremden Investor im sektorübergreifenden Prüfverfahren nach den §§ 55 ff. AWV, in dem bereits vollzogene Beteiligungserwerbe im Falle einer negativen Investitionskontrolle gemäß § 15 Abs. 2 AWG bereicherungsrechtlich rückabzuwickeln sind, § 812 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Alt. 1 BGB. Die Arbeit fokussiert sich dabei auf Anteilserwerbe von einer Vielzahl von (Alt-)Aktionären und befasst sich in diesem Rahmen sowohl mit außerbörslichen Erwerbsformen als auch mit dem Erwerb im Wege der Einkaufskommission über das elektronische Handelssystem Xetra der Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Wahl der Erwerbsmodalität durch den ausländischen Investor darüber entscheidet, ob die betreffenden (Alt-)Aktionäre Teil des Bereicherungsausgleichs werden. Daran anknüpfend werden die Folgen der bereicherungsrechtlichen Rückabwicklung auf die erlangte Mitgliedschaft aufgezeigt, insbesondere mit Rücksicht auf Kursverluste, in der Schwebezeit veranlasste gesellschaftsrechtliche Kapital- und Strukturmaßnahmen und vom Erwerber entrichtete Steuern. / This publication examines the implications under German civil law of a prohibited share acquisition in a listed stock corporation by a non-EU investor after a cross-sectoral assessment procedure pursuant to sections 55 to 59a of the German Foreign Trade and Payments Ordinance (Außenwirtschaftsverordnung). It analyses a scenario where a transaction has already been closed and is to be reversed under the law of unjust enrichment pursuant to section 15 (2) of the German Foreign Trade and Payments Act (Außenwirtschaftsgesetz) and section 812 (1) of the German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch). The publication focuses especially on share purchases from a large number of existing shareholders and, in this context, deals with acquisitions both over-the-counter and on commission via the electronic exchange system Xetra at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. The publication comes to the conclusion that the acquisition method chosen by the foreign investor determines whether the former shareholders become part of the enrichment compensation. Based on this result, the consequences under the German law of unjust enrichment for the reversal for the shareholder position are discussed, in particular with regard to share price losses, corporate capital and structural measures initiated during the suspension period and taxes paid by the acquirer.

Univ., Diss.--Bern, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [289] - 301.

Money is a public good. The regulation of its creation, supply and distribution is of national and international interest. Monetary stability is an important regulatory goal conducted through an interaction of economic, political, religious factors as well as legislative action. The state plays an intermediary role, bridging domestic interests and international interests. Increasing interdependence between national economic systems and international obligations sometimes leads to the manipulation of systems as well as currency wars. Regulation is done through co-operative international action since domestic regulators are no longer sufficiently equipped to do so. Resultantly, there is an emergence of new structural paradigms to deal with it. Meanwhile, states still enjoy certain residual competences of sovereignty. Numerous legal factors act as constraints on sovereignty with far reaching implications on states’ regulatory space. In light of the divergence of regulatory objectives, there is an apparent need to balance municipal with international interests on the regulation of the monetary system. / Mercantile Law / LLM

Unlike many other international instruments, accession to the WTO does not simply require the commitment of the government to sign and ratify the multilateral agreements. A country needs to make considerable legislative and administrative changes to comply with the standards of the WTO and its members to finalize the negotiation for accession. For governments with impure free market economy policy the challenges amplify. The government of Ethiopia publicly pronounces its adherence to the ideology of the developmental state. On the other hand the nucleus of WTO principles is progressive trade liberalization. Therefore, this dissertation tries to provide some reflection on the paradox created as a result of the divergence in priority between WTO principles and developmental state in the context of Ethiopian desire to join the organization. The research is an interdisciplinary work. The issues that will be discussed are not purely legal in their nature. They have legal, political and economic dimensions. And the main focus of the paper is on trade in services and foreign investment negotiation aspect of the accession. Furthermore the objective of the dissertation is to give some insight for policy makers about the challenges and opportunities that „Developmental State‟ ideology will pose in the accession process of Ethiopia to the WTO. The research is divided into five chapters. Chapter one gives introductory remarks about the concept of the developmental state and accession to the WTO. The limitations of the WTO accession process and an overview of the features of developmental state in the world and particularly in Ethiopia are also briefly discussed in the chapter. The origin and concept of developmental state in the world, in Africa and Ethiopia is discussed in some detail under chapter two. The chapter also tries to show the impact of developmental state policies in the laws of the country that are going to be deliberated in the process of accession. Chapter three is about accession to the WTO. In this chapter the requirements, benefits, challenges and procedures of accession are dealt in depth. The writer debates and tries to show the fact that the system is slowly shifting from rule based negotiation to power and precedent based negotiation. By analyzing the laws of Ethiopia that are inspired by the principles of developmental state against the legal and precedent requirements to join the WTO, I tried to correlate the findings of chapter two and three in chapter four. Specific strategies and advises on how to move the negotiation forward on certain areas are also outlined in this chapter. Finally, conclusion and my summarized recommendations are placed under chapter five. / Economics / LL.M (with specialization in International Economic Law)

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally recognised that diversity of laws may act as a barrier to the development of trade, both at international and regional level. In a globalised era, trade is necessary for economic development and ultimately for the alleviation of poverty. Although the WTO has done extensive work towards the removal of tariff barriers, there is also a need to focus on addressing non-tariff barriers which include legal barriers to trade. Institutionalised legal harmonisation at an international level has provided the necessary impetus for the development of harmonised laws in the area of international trade. The creation of regional economic communities within the purview of the WTO has also given rise to the necessity of legal harmonisation to facilitate intra-regional trade. A number of regional economic communities and organisations have noted legal harmonisation as one of their areas of regional cooperation. This study focuses on the need to harmonise the law of international sale within the SADC region in order to facilitate cross-border trade. The study points out that the harmonisation of sales laws in SADC is important for the facilitation of both inter-regional and intra-regional trade with the aim of fostering regional integration, economic development and alleviating poverty. Although the necessity of harmonising sales laws has been identified, no effort to this end exists currently in the SADC region. This study addresses the mechanisms by which such harmonisation could be achieved by analysing three models which have been selected for this purpose, namely the CISG, the OHADA and the proposed CESL. The main issues addressed include whether SADC Member States should adopt the CISG, join OHADA, emulate the CESL or should use any of the other instruments as a model for creating a harmonised sales law for SADC. In conclusion, it is observed that SADC has its own institutional and operational mechanisms that require a process and instrument tailor-made for the unique needs of the region. It is recommended that SADC should create its own common sales law based on the CISG but taking into account lessons learnt from both the OHADA system and the CESL. A number of legislative, institutional and operational transformative and reform mechanisms are recommended to enable the creation of such a community law and ensure its uniform application and interpretation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat regsdiversiteit die ontwikkeling van internasionale en regionale handel kan strem. In 'n geglobaliseerde ekonomie is internasionale handel noodsaaklik vir ekonomiese onwikkeling en die uiteindelike verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie reeds belangrike werk doen om handelsbeperkinge te verlig, is daar ook 'n behoefte om, afgesien van tariewe, ook ander nie-tarief beperkinge op internasionale handel aan te spreek. Regsdiversiteit is een van hierdie beperkinge. Geïnstitusionaliseerde regsharmonisering op 'n internasionale vlak het reeds elders die nodige stukrag verleen vir die harmonisering van die reg van toepassing op internasionale handel. Die totstandkoming van regionale ekonomiese gemeenskappe binne die raamwerk van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie noodsaak egter verdere regsharmonisering ten einde inter-regionale handel te kan bevorder. 'n Aantal streeksgemeenskappe en –organisasies hanteer reeds regsharmonisering as een van hul areas van samewerking op streeksvlak. Hierdie studie fokus op die behoefte om die internasionale koopreg binne die SAOG streek te harmoniseer ten einde oorgrenshandel te fasiliteer. Die studie toon aan dat harmonisering van die koopreg in die SAOG belangrik is ten einde beide inter-regionale asook intra-regionale handel te fasiliteer met die oog op die bevordering van streeksintegrasie, ekonomiese ontwikkeling en die verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die noodsaaklikheid van 'n geharmoniseerde koopreg geïdentifiseer is, is daar nog geen poging aangewend om dit binne die SAOG streek te bewerkstellig nie. Die studie spreek die meganismes aan waardeur harmonisering bereik kan word deur drie modelle wat vir hierdie doeleindes gekies is te ondersoek, naamlik die Internasionale Koopkonvensie (CISG), OHADA en die voorgestelde gemeenskaplike koopreg-regime van die Europese Unie (CESL). Van die kwessies wat aangespreek word is of the SAOG lidlande die Internasionale Koopkonvensie moet aanneem, by OHADA moet aansluit, alternatiewelik die Europese koopreg of enige van die ander instrumente as model gebruik vir die skep van ‟n geharmoniseerde SAOG koopreg. Ten slotte word daarop gewys dat die SAOG sy eie institusionele en operasionele meganismes het wat vereis dat die proses en instrument pas gemaak moet word vir die streek se unieke behoeftes. Dit word aanbeveel dat die SAOG sy eie gemeenskaplike koopreg moet skep wat op die CISG geskoei is, maar wat ook die lesse geleer uit die OHADA en die EU in ag neem. Ten einde so 'n gemeenskapsreg te kan skep en die uniforme toepassing en interpretasie daarvan te verseker, word 'n aantal wetgewende, institusionele en operasionele hervormingsmeganismes aan die hand gedoen.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to, from an institutional approach, study how the Stockholm importers within the textile sector adapted their foreign trade to the change in economic policy 1720 through 1738. The focus is to investigate to what extent the introduction of new laws, regulations etc. can be an explanation for what happened to Stockholm’s foreign trade, mainly imports, particularly textile imports during the period. It is mainly the economic policies that had been enacted during the Hornian government and their effects that have been studied. This is a period that has seldom been studied in other research.</p><p>This thesis begins when the Russian raids were over. This was a year when the foreign trade still was relatively free and was untouched by the 17th century’s regulations. After 1721 the policies that would be introduced to increase Sweden's level of self-sufficiency and strengthen ties with the North Sea area had several components. Besides the economic policy, the main sources for the thesis are the city toll records.</p><p>The trade policies in the shape of tolls and fees, import and consumption bans etc. and the commercial policies together became different kinds of political tools used for several purposes. The conclusion of this thesis is that the economic policies made the Stockholm importers adapt their trade to the change. The import bans and sumptuary laws had an effect. The economic policies gave rise to an increase in the import of textile raw materials. The rise in toll costs and import fees contributed to displacing the foreign trade towards other areas. The change in the economic policies was successful in the sense that it gave rise to new conditions for domestic production within the textile sector and forced Stockholm's importers to adapt their foreign trade.</p>

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama aktuali lyčių aspekto poveikio ekonominei politikai vertinimo problema. Europos Sąjungoje lyčių lygybė pripažįstama viena iš pamatinių vertybių, o realus jos principų įgyvendinimas praktikoje bei suvokimas visuomenėje atspindi šalies pažangą ir išsivystymo lygį. Šio darbo tyrimo objektas – lyčių aspekto poveikis ekonominei politikai. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizavus mokslinius požiūrius į lyčių lygybę ir lyčių aspekto integravimo strategiją, parengti lyčių aspekto poveikio vertinimo ekonominei politikai metodologiją, konceptualinį modelį, įvertinti lyčių aspekto poveikį makro ir mikroekonomikos lygiu bei pateikti rekomendacijas valstybinėms institucijoms įgyvendinant lyčių lygybės politiką. Disertacijoje atlikta kritinė lyčių lygybės teorijų ir strateginių lyčių lygybę įtvirtinančių dokumentų analizė bei įvertintos juose skelbiamos nuostatos, suformuota lyčių aspekto ekonominėje politikoje koncepcija, pasiūlyta lyčių lygybės tyrimo metodologija makro ir mikroekonominiu lygiu, sukurtas lyčių aspekto poveikio vertinimo ekonominei politikai konceptualinis modelis; pateiktas moterų rūpybos ekomikos indėlio į BVP įvertinimas; atlikta BVP, LR nacionalinio biudžeto ir užsienio prekybos analizė lyčių aspektu, lyčių padėties Lietuvos ir ES darbo rinkoje lyginamoji analizė bei pateiktas Lietuvos moterų verslo modelis. / The dissertation examines the topical issue of assessment of the impact of the gender aspect on economic policy. In the European Union, gender equality is recognised as one of the fundamental values, while the implementation of its principles in practice and the awareness of such principles in society reflect a country’s progress and level of development. The object of research of the dissertation is the impact of the gender aspect on economic policy. The aim of research is, upon analysing scientific approaches to gender equality and gender mainstreaming, to develop a methodology for assessment of the impact of the gender aspect on economic policy and a conceptual model, to assess the impact of the gender aspect at the macro- and micro-economic levels and to provide recommendations to authorities as regards the implementation of gender equality policy. The dissertation carries out a critical analysis of theories of gender equality and strategic documents stipulating gender equality and evaluates their provisions, formulates the concept of the gender aspect in economic policy, proposes a methodology of gender research equality at the macro- and micro-economic levels, develops a conceptual model of assessment of the impact of the gender aspect on economic policy; presents an assessment of the contribution of women’s care economy to GDP; carries out a gender analysis of GDP, the national budget of the Republic of Lithuania and foreign trade, a comparative analysis of the gender... [to full text]

Fortement liées à l’international, les industries françaises du textile ont connu une évolution erratique entre 1871 et 1914. L’adoption de tarifs hautement protectionnistes en 1892 favorise les industriels du coton au détriment de ceux travaillant la laine et la soie. Ces derniers exportent leurs marchandises luxueuses sur des marchés ouverts à la concurrence. Ils profitent peu des marchés coloniaux, moins intéressés par leurs produits. Des politiques hardies d’importation directe de la matière première permettent, notamment à Roubaix, de pallier à certains désavantages. Si plusieurs industriels incitent le gouvernement à réformer ses services commerciaux à l’étranger et à y adjoindre des spécialistes, ils retiennent peu les recommandations des experts concernant l’adoption des moyens propres à favoriser les exportations. Plusieurs carences du commerce français ont été soulignées précocement mais il a été difficile de rapidement appliquer des solutions. Dans un contexte marqué par une concurrence accrue sur les marchés extérieurs, la France s’en tire mieux qu’on a pu le penser. La flexibilité de l’appareil productif français permet d’obtenir de nombreuses commandes dans les créneaux du luxe et du demi-luxe. Son niveau d’intégration, moins élevé que dans d’autres pays, se révèle ainsi parfois être un avantage. Toutefois, l’industrie textile est handicapée par la grande difficulté des patrons à s’associer de manière stable à l’extérieur du clan familial. L’entente se réalise cependant plus aisément et avantageusement pour ceux qui ont une production spécialisée, rare ou brevetée. Les performances et l’organisation des entreprises textiles françaises à l’étranger montrent que le marché national stimulait peu les producteurs à adopter les meilleures conditions de production possibles. Ces sociétés et celles obtenant des succès à l’exportation sont souvent les plus dynamiques et les plus rentables. / Strongly connected to international trade, the French textile industry experienced erratic changes between 1871 and 1914. The adoption of protectionist tariffs in 1892 favor cotton manufacturers at the expense of wool and silk producers. The latter export their luxury merchandise on markets that are open to competition. They deal very little on colonial markets, due to a lack of interest in their products. Bold direct importation policies on raw materials help overcome some disadvantages, especially in Roubaix. Several manufacturers urge the government to reform its foreign trade services and hire specialists, but they do not act upon recommendations from experts regarding the adoption of certain measures to promote exports. Several shortcomings of French trade were pointed out early on, but it proved difficult to apply swift solutions. In the context of greater foreign competition, France performed better than we would have imagined. The flexibility of the French manufacturing industry helps it to obtain several orders in the luxury and semi-luxury goods niches. Its level of integration, weaker than in other countries, sometimes proves to be an advantage. However, the textile industry is crippled by its leaders’ great difficulty to do stable business outside of their families. That said, those who deal in specialized, rare or patented production manage to reach agreements more easily and gain the upper hand. The performance and organization of the French textile industry abroad demonstrate that the domestic market provided little incentive to manufacturers to adopt the best possible conditions for production. These companies and those successful exporting their goods are often the strongest and most profitable.

Unlike many other international instruments, accession to the WTO does not simply require the commitment of the government to sign and ratify the multilateral agreements. A country needs to make considerable legislative and administrative changes to comply with the standards of the WTO and its members to finalize the negotiation for accession. For governments with impure free market economy policy the challenges amplify. The government of Ethiopia publicly pronounces its adherence to the ideology of the developmental state. On the other hand the nucleus of WTO principles is progressive trade liberalization. Therefore, this dissertation tries to provide some reflection on the paradox created as a result of the divergence in priority between WTO principles and developmental state in the context of Ethiopian desire to join the organization. The research is an interdisciplinary work. The issues that will be discussed are not purely legal in their nature. They have legal, political and economic dimensions. And the main focus of the paper is on trade in services and foreign investment negotiation aspect of the accession. Furthermore the objective of the dissertation is to give some insight for policy makers about the challenges and opportunities that „Developmental State‟ ideology will pose in the accession process of Ethiopia to the WTO. The research is divided into five chapters. Chapter one gives introductory remarks about the concept of the developmental state and accession to the WTO. The limitations of the WTO accession process and an overview of the features of developmental state in the world and particularly in Ethiopia are also briefly discussed in the chapter. The origin and concept of developmental state in the world, in Africa and Ethiopia is discussed in some detail under chapter two. The chapter also tries to show the impact of developmental state policies in the laws of the country that are going to be deliberated in the process of accession. Chapter three is about accession to the WTO. In this chapter the requirements, benefits, challenges and procedures of accession are dealt in depth. The writer debates and tries to show the fact that the system is slowly shifting from rule based negotiation to power and precedent based negotiation. By analyzing the laws of Ethiopia that are inspired by the principles of developmental state against the legal and precedent requirements to join the WTO, I tried to correlate the findings of chapter two and three in chapter four. Specific strategies and advises on how to move the negotiation forward on certain areas are also outlined in this chapter. Finally, conclusion and my summarized recommendations are placed under chapter five. / Economics / LL. M. (with specialization in International Economic Law)